The document discusses various alternative fuels that could potentially replace gasoline and diesel in the future due to concerns over depletion of fossil fuels and harmful emissions. It describes some of the key alternative fuels like ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, hydrogen, and gases. Ethanol shows promise because it can be produced from agricultural waste at low cost and reduces harmful emissions from engines. The document also discusses the various ways these alternative fuels can be used in engines and their advantages and disadvantages. Overall, it examines the need to shift to alternative fuels and provides an overview of some of the most promising options.
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels other than conventional fuels like;fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural.
Approximately 90% of our energy are met by fossil fuels Alternative fuels are consumed to provide energy to power an engine.
Well there are a few alternatives:
Bio diesel
Natural Gas
Propane
Hydrogen
Methanol
Ethanol
Electricity
Battery electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, conventional vehicle and now fuel cell vehicles. With the advancement of technology new inventions have been made in auto industry in past few years. Do you know what fuel cell vehicle is? This presentation attributes the features of fuel cell vehicles and how it differs from battery electric, plug-in hybrid electric and conventional vehicles. Also have some light on its feasibility and merits & demerits.
IN OUR COUNTRY EVERY YEAR 10LAKH OF PEOPLE WERE SEVERELY AAFFECTED BY AIR POLLUTION IN WHICH AUTOMOBILES ARE THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO POLLUTION THEREFORE BY IMPLEMENTING RECIRCULATION TECHNOLOGY WE CAN REDUCE POLLUTION GENERATED FROM AUTOMOBILES.
USAGE OF ETHANOL BLENDED PETROL: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF REDUCTION IN ...P singh
An experimental study was conducted to evaluate what extent ethanol blends in Petrol helps in reduction of pollution levels of SI engines exhaust emissions. Ethanol blends E5, E10, E15, E20, E22 were tested and found considerable reductions in the pollutant levels of CO, CO2, HC. The results indicate better combustions in petrol engine with ethanol blends. The reductions in HC and CO were to the extent of 80% to 90% compared to pure petrol fuelled IC engine.
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels other than conventional fuels like;fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural.
Approximately 90% of our energy are met by fossil fuels Alternative fuels are consumed to provide energy to power an engine.
Well there are a few alternatives:
Bio diesel
Natural Gas
Propane
Hydrogen
Methanol
Ethanol
Electricity
Battery electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, conventional vehicle and now fuel cell vehicles. With the advancement of technology new inventions have been made in auto industry in past few years. Do you know what fuel cell vehicle is? This presentation attributes the features of fuel cell vehicles and how it differs from battery electric, plug-in hybrid electric and conventional vehicles. Also have some light on its feasibility and merits & demerits.
IN OUR COUNTRY EVERY YEAR 10LAKH OF PEOPLE WERE SEVERELY AAFFECTED BY AIR POLLUTION IN WHICH AUTOMOBILES ARE THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO POLLUTION THEREFORE BY IMPLEMENTING RECIRCULATION TECHNOLOGY WE CAN REDUCE POLLUTION GENERATED FROM AUTOMOBILES.
USAGE OF ETHANOL BLENDED PETROL: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF REDUCTION IN ...P singh
An experimental study was conducted to evaluate what extent ethanol blends in Petrol helps in reduction of pollution levels of SI engines exhaust emissions. Ethanol blends E5, E10, E15, E20, E22 were tested and found considerable reductions in the pollutant levels of CO, CO2, HC. The results indicate better combustions in petrol engine with ethanol blends. The reductions in HC and CO were to the extent of 80% to 90% compared to pure petrol fuelled IC engine.
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 → CO
-> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
THE INFLUENCE OF CETANE NUMBER AND OXYGEN CONTENT IN THE PERFORMANCE AND EMIS...IAEME Publication
Waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO) and ethanol are attractive renewable energy
sources, as ethanol has a high content of oxygen. However, for this particular study,
direct blending of conventional diesel, WPPO, ethanol and 2-ethyl hexyl nitrate (EHN)
was attempted. The purpose was, firstly, to improve the combustion, ignition quality,
performance and emission characteristics of the WPPO blends. Secondly, EHN has the
potential to reduce emissions of CO, CO2, UHC, NOX and PM. Thirdly, ethanol
improves viscosity and miscibility of biodiesel blends, besides increasing the oxygen
content of WPPO. Five mixing ratios were used in the following order,
50/WPPO25/E25, 60/WPPO20/E20, 70/WPPO15/E15, 80/WPPO10/E10 and
90/WPPO5/E5 for conventional diesel (CD), WPPO and ethanol and respectively.
However, for EHN the mixing ratio was determined by the total quantity of blended fuel
and put at 0.01 %. Complete miscibility was observed with no phase separation allowed
from the blended mixtures throughout the experiment. Performance and emission
characteristics of a stationary single cylinder water-cooled diesel power generator
were evaluated. The results obtained were compared carefully to ASTM standards and
discussed using tables and graph figure curves. The conclusion was that ethanol and
EHN can be used in diesel engine power generators as an alternative fuel to help
improve cetane numbers and to increase the oxygen content without or with
modification with WPPO blends. This is due to the densities 792 kg/m3
, 963 kg/m3
, 825
kg/m3 for WPPO, ethanol and EHN respectively, which are close to CD fuel at 845
kg/m3
. The addition of EHN, reduced emissions and improved engine performance so
that it equalled that of CD fuel
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
There are several advantages and disadvantage of methanol gasoline, however, this alternative energy supply will play a role in meeting the energy wants of the longer term. Methanol may additionally be known as wood alcohol that could be a mix of 85% methanol mixed with 15% gasoline.
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO – straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
WASTE OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FUTURE –A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in t he rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. How ever,due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases c aused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-relia nce of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
1. Alternate Fuels 2016
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Alternate Fuels 2016
ALTERNATE FUELS
ABSTRACT
“Necessity is the mother of invention. Energy crisis is the cry of
future.”
The historical and the present-day civilization are closely
interwoven with energy and in future, our existence will be
more dependent upon energy. The conventional sources of
energy, the single most important pre-requisite for power
generation, are depleting fast. The world is heading towards a
global energy crisis mostly due to running out of these energy
sources; decreasing the dependency on fossil fuels is
recommended.
The reason motivating the development of alternate fuels for
the ic engine is the concern over the emission problem of
gasoline and diesel engines.
Another reason for alternate fuels development is the fact that
a large percentage of crude oil must be imported from other
countries which control the larger oil field
Now most of the alternate fuels are very costly (ex; methanol
&natural gases) since the quantity used is very less but many
of these fuels will cost much less if the amount of their usage
get to the same order of magnitude as gasoline
Problem with alternate fuels is the lack of distribution points
where the fuel is distribution for public.
2. Alternate Fuels 2016
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Alternate Fuels 2016
INTRODUCTION
In this century, it is believed that crude oil and petroleum products will become Very
scarce and costly. Day-to-day, fuel economy of engines is getting improved and will
continue to improve. However, enormous increase in number of vehicle has started
dictating the demand of fuel. Gasoline and diesel will become scarce and most costly in
the near future. With increased use and depletion of fossil fuels, Alternate fuel
technology will become more common in the coming decades.
Another reason motivating the development of alternate fuel for engines is the concern
over emission problem of gasoline and diesel engines. Combined with other air-polluting
systems, the large number of automobiles is a major contributor to the air quality
problem of the world. Quite a lot of improvements have been made in reducing
emissions from automobile engines. If a 30% improvement made over a period of years,
it is to be noted that during the same time the number of automobiles in the world
increased by 40%, thereby nullifying the improvement. Lot of efforts has gone into for
achieving the net improvement in cleaning up automobile exhaust. However, more
improvements are needs to bring down the ever-increasing air pollution due to
automobile population.
A third reason for alternate fuel development is the fact that larger percentage of crude
oil must be imported from other countries which control the larger oil field. As of now
many alternate fuels have been used in limited quantities in automobiles. Quite often,
fleet vehicles have been used for testing (e.g. taxies, delivery vans, and utility company
trucks).
The engines used for alternate fuel are modified engines which wear originally designed
for gasoline fuelling. Some diesel engines have started appearing on the market. They
use Methanol or natural gas and a small amount of diesel fuel that is injected at proper
time to ignite both fuels.
Mostly alternate fuels are very costly at present since the quantity used is very less.
Many of these fuels will cost much less if the amount of their usage gets to the same
order of magnitude as gasoline. The cost of manufacturing, distribution, and marketing
would be less.
3. Alternate Fuels 2016
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Why to choose alternate fuel?
1. Conventional fuels are going to run out
One day, our sources for traditional fuels including petroleum would be depleted. Owing to the
fact that these fuels are typically not renewable, a lot of people are worried that a day would
come when the demand for these fuels would be more than the supply, triggering a
considerable world crisis. Non-environmentalists also concur with the opinion that the majority of
oil fields (situated in the Middle East) in the world are associated with problems – both political
and economic. Determining a new method or solution with respect to finding different countries
to create new fuels would reduce the unrest and conflict resulting from the world’s dependence
on fuel supply from the Middle East.
2. To reduce pollution
The use of alternative fuels considerably decreases harmful exhaust emissions (such as
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter and sulfur dioxide) as well as
ozone-producing emissions.
3. To protect against global warming
According to a commonly accepted scientific theory, burning fossil fuels was causing
temperatures to rise in the earth’s atmosphere (global warming). Though global
warming continues to be just a theory, a lot of people across the globe are of the belief
that discovering sources of cleaner burning fuel is an essential step towards enhancing
the quality of our environment.
4. To save money
Alternative fuels can be less expensive to use not just in terms of the fuel itself but also
in terms of a longer service life. This in turn means savings for the long term.
5. Can reuse waste
Biofuels bioproducts, and biopower provide modern and fresh relevance to the old
belief that trash for one person is a treasure for another. That’s good news considering
that Americans produce in excess of236 million tons of waste each year.
5. Alternate Fuels 2016
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ETHANOL-
Among the various options, Ethanol, an alcohol seems to be a most promising
option for countries like India because of its availability from agriculture
products. Alcohol can be used in diesel engines in following ways.
One method is injection of ethanol with inlet air using carburetion or electronic
injection system and other is emulsion of diesel and ethanol. And also enable
a reduction in exhaust NOX, smoke and particulate matter.
WHY TO ADOPT ETHANOL AS ALTERNATE FUEL-
Many alternate fuels are being considered for automotive vehicles and
ETHANOL of the best alternate fuels. Ethanol has been used as
automobile fuel for many years in various countries of the world. Brazil is
probably the leading user that is about 5 million vehicles’ operated on fuel
that were 93% ethanol .Ethanol is produced from molasses, which is a by-
product of sugarcane.
Ethanol can be produced in large quantities at low cost from these
molasses
Its high oxygen content improves the combustion characteristics
It also reduces the harmful emissions from IC engines such as sulphur-di-
oxide, oxides of nitrogen, particulate emissions.
USE OF ETHANOL IN I.C ENGINES
The various techniques by which the ethanol can be used as a fuel for
compression ignition engines are_
1. Blend formation
2. Fumigation
3. Dual injection
4. Spark ignition
5. Ignition improvers
6. Surface ignition
6. Alternate Fuels 2016
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BLEND FORMATION:
The easiest method by which ethanol could be used is in the form of diesel
ethanol blend. But ethanol has limited solubility in diesel; hence
ethanol/dieselsolutions are restricted to small percentages (typically 20%).
This problem of limited solubility has been overcome by emulsions, which
have the capability of accommodation larger displacement of diesel up to
40% by volume. But the major drawbacks of emulsions are the cost of
emulsifiers and poor low temperatures physical properties.
DUAL INJECTION:
Dual injection is a method by which nearly 90%Displacement of diesel by
ethanol is possible. The drawback of this method includes the complexity
and expense of a second injection system and a second fuel tank and
system.
SPARK IGNITION:
Spark ignition of neat ethanol in diesel engines provides a way of
displacing 100% of diesel. A spark plug and the associated ignition system
components must be added to the engine. Space must be available for
spark plugs in the cylinder head and its also important for sparkplugs in the
cylinder head and itÆs also important for proper plug cooling.
IGNITION IMPROVERS:
Another method of using neat ethanol is to increase their cetane numbers
sufficiently with ignition improving additives to ensure that compression
ignition will occur. This method saves the expense and complexity of
engine components changes, but adds fuel costs.
SURFACE IGNITION:
This is another method of using ethanol 100% ethanol in diesel engines.
Surface ignition occurs when the temperature of the air-fuel mixture
adjacent to a hot surface exceeds its self-ignition limit.
7. Alternate Fuels 2016
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FUMIGATION:
Fumigation is a method by which ethanol is introduced in to engine by
carbureting or vaporizing the ethanol into the intake stream. This method
requires addition of a carburetor or vaporizer along with a separate fuel
tank, lines and controls. But with the emergence of electronic injection
techniques the fumigation technique has been made possible by using an
injector in the intake manifold.
METHANOL-
Also known as wood alcohol, methanol is a convenient liquid fuel that is
made from a number of differentfeedstockresources - natural gas and coal
as well as renewable resources like forest thinning or agricultural waste
and even directly from CO2 captured from power plant and factory
emissions. Methanol is a basic building block for hundreds of essential
chemical commodities that touch our daily lives including building materials,
plastic packaging, paints and coatings, even windshield washing fluid.
Methanol is also a transportation fuel, a hydrogen carrier for fuel cell
technologies, and an efficient fuel for electric power generation. With the
chemical structure CH3OH, methanol is the simplest alcohol, with the
lowest carbon content and highest hydrogen content of any liquid fuel.
METHANOL FUEL AND THE ENVIRONMENT:-
i. Ten or more years ago, a typical methanol manufacturing plant would
emit about 0.9 - 1.0 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide for every tone of
methanol produced. In addition to the environmental concerns, large
CO2 emissions represent operational inefficiencies in a methanol
plant, since the carbon emitted as CO2 is not available for making
methanol molecules. In fact, excess CO2 from other industrial
facilities can also be captured and consumed to increase methanol
production. Through the implementation of efficiency improvements
and through replacing of older facilities with newer plants that use
more efficient technologies, over the last decade methanol plants
have been able to significantly reduce CO2 emissions by up to 40%.
8. Alternate Fuels 2016
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When burned as fuel, methanol cuts emissions of nitrogen oxides and
volatile organic compounds that form ground-level ozone or “smog.”
Methanol is much less reactive than gasoline in the atmosphere, with
the only toxic component of the emissions being formaldehyde, as
compared to dozens of carcinogenic components of gasoline
emissions, which also contains formaldehyde. The use of heated
catalytic converters has shown that methanol-fueled auto emissions
meet and exceed California’s stringent Ultra Low Emission Vehicle
(ULEV) emission targets for formaldehyde. Methanol fuel also does
not contain the toxic BTEX additives found in gasoline – benzene,
toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylems. These compounds are highly
carcinogenic, do not readily biodegrade in the environment, and are
capable of contaminating groundwater supplies.
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF ALCHOL FUELS:-
Advantages
a. It can be obtained from a number of source, both natural and
manufactured.
b. It is a high octane fuel with anti-knock index number (octane number)
of over 100. Engines using high-octane fuel run more efficiently by
using higher compression ratios. Alcohols have higher flame speed.
c. It produces less overall emissions compared to gasoline.
d. When alcohols are burned, it forms more moles of exhaust gases,
which give higher pressure and more power in the expansion stroke.
e. Alcohol have low sulphur content in the fuel.
Disadvantages
a. Alcohol have low energy content or in other words the calorific value
of the fuel is almost half of the gasoline fuel
b. Alcohol have poor ignition characteristics in general
c. Alcohols have almost invisible flames, which is considered dangerous
when handling fuel.
d. Many people find strong order of alcohol very offensive.
9. Alternate Fuels 2016
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e. There is a possibility of vapor lock in fuel delivery system.
VEGETABLE OIL AS ALTERNATE FUEL:-
Vegetable oil is considered as one of the alternative fuel for diesel engines
However, the viscosity of vegetable oil is higher compared to diesel.
Therefore it must be lowered to allow for proper atomization in engines
designed to burn dieselfuel. Otherwise, incomplete combustionand carbon
build up will ultimately damage the engine.
Some literatures classify vegetable oil as Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO) and
straight vegetable oil (SVO) or Pure Plant Oil (PPO) to distinguish it from
biodiesel. Free Fatty Acid (FFA) in WVO have a detrimental effect on
metals. Copper and its alloy, such as brass, are affected by WVO. Tin,
lead, iron, and steel are affected too.
The main form of SVO/PPO used in various countries is rapeseed oil which
has a freezing point of -10°C. Use of Sunflower oil, which gels at around
-12°C, is currently being investigated as a means of improving cold weather
starting.
BIODIESEL:-
Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil or animal fat based diesel engine fuel
consisting of long chain alkali ester. Biodiesel is typically produced by
chemically reacting lipids with an alcohol.
More efficiently we can say that biodiesel is an alternate fuel which is eco-
friendly, highly oxidized, sulpher-free, nontoxic.
FEED STOCK FOR BIODIESEL:-
Rapeseed (Germany)
Sunflower oil
Soybean Oil (USA & brazil)
Palm oil(Malaysia)
10. Alternate Fuels 2016
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10
Linseed, olive oil (spain)
Used oil
Cottonseed oil
WHY BIODIESEL?
SUSTAINABILITY
POLLUTION THREAT
REDUCTION OF GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
REGIONAL DEVLOPMENT
SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND AGRICULTURE.
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIESEL:-
Environment friendly
Clean burning
Renewable fuel
NO engine modification
Biodegradable and non-toxic
Easy to Handle and store.
Production:-
Biodieselis commonly produced by the transesterification of the vegetable
oil or animal fat feedstock.
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11
Fatty acid alkyl ester prepared from any oil or fat..
BIODIESEL-WHY LOWER EMISSIONS?
Biodiesel has high cetane
In built Oxygen Content
Burns fully
Has no-sulphur
No aromatic
Complete CO2 cycle
Road Block for Biodiesel Industry….
Feedstock Scarcity
Food vs. Fuel controversy
Pricing of biodiesel is not attractive to anybody
12. Alternate Fuels 2016
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12
BIODIESEL-INDIAN SCENARIO:-
Presently importing about tones of edible oil to take care the
edible oil application- ͂͂͂͂͂͂͂͂͂ 65% of our consumption is being
imported.
Clean oil are not available for biodiesel production in india
It is very difficult for India to get the required feedstock for
biodiesel production in the present scenario.
Gaseous Fuel:-
Gaseous fuels are best suited for Ic engines since physical delay is
almost zero. However, as fuel displaced equal amount of air the engines
may have poor volumetric efficiency. There are quite few gaseous fuels
that can be used as alternate fuels.
Hydrogen:-
A number of automobile manufacturer have built with prototype or
modified engines which operates on hydrogen fuel..
Advantages of using Hydrogen:-
Low emission. Essentially no CO or HC in the exhaust and there is
no carbon in the fuel
Fuel availability. There are a number of ways of making hydrogen,
including electrolysis of water
Fuel leakage to environment is not a pollutant.
High energy content per volume when stored as liquid.
Disadvantages of using hydrogen fuel:-
Difficult to refuel and the possibility of detonation.
Fuel cost would be very high at present day technology and
availability
13. Alternate Fuels 2016
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13
High NOx emission because of high flame temperature.
Requirement of heavy, bulky fuel storage both in vehicle and at the
service station.
Hydrogen can be used in SI engines by three Methods:
i. By manifold induction
ii. By direct introduction of hydrogen into the cylinder
iii. By supplementing gasoline.
Since, hydrogen is highly reactive fuel it requires great care in handling.
Flash black arresters have to be provided between the engine and the
storage Tank to prevent flash back from going to the tank
NATURAL GAS:-
Natural gas is found in various localities in oil and gas bearing sand strata
located at various depth below the earth surface. The gas usually
considerable pressure and flows out naturally from the oil well. Natural gas
obtained from oil wells is called casing head gas. It is usually treated for the
recovery of gasoline. Natural gas is mixture of components, consisting
mainly of methane (60% to 90%) with the small amount of other
hydrocarbon fuel components. The composition varies considerably from
place to place and time to time.
ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL GAS:--
1) Octane number is around 110, which makes it a very good SI engine
fuel.
2) Low engine emission.
3) Fuel is fairly abundant.
DISADVANTAGES OF NATURAL GAS:-
1. Low energy density resulting in low engine performance.
2. Low engine volumetric efficiency because it is a gaseous fuel.
3. Inconsistent fuel properties
14. Alternate Fuels 2016
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14
4. Refueling is a slow process.
Compressed natural gas:-
Petroleum and natural gas obtained by process of drilling wells. As already
known crude oil petroleum is composed of hydrocarbons. It contains small
amount of water, sulphur and other impurities. Petroleum when mixed with
natural gas produces a highly volatile liquid. This liquid is known as natural
gasoline.
The natural gas can be compressed and then it is called compressed
natural gas (CNG). CNG is used in automobile vehicle just like LPG. The
CNG fuel feed system is just like the CNG fuel feed system.
Emission levels and comparison between CNG-driven vehicle and petrol
driven vehicle
pollutants Emissionnorms Petrol with catalytic
converter
CNG with
catalytic
converter
CO(g/Km) 5.60 0.92 0.05
HC(g/km) - 0.36 0.24
NOx(g/Km) 1.92 0.25 0.93
LIQUEFIED PETROLIUM GAS (LPG):-
Propane and butane are obtained from oil and gas wells. They are also the
product of the petroleum refining process. For automobile engines, two
types of LPG are used. One is propane and other is butane. Sometimes, a
mixture of propane and butane is used as liquid petroleum gas in
automobile engines.LPG gases are compressed and cooled to form liquid.
This liquid is kept in pressure tank which are sealed.
Now they are used widely in buses, car and trucks.
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LPG:-
ADVANTAGES:-
1) LPG contains less carbon than petrol. LPG powered vehicle produces
50% less carbon monoxide per kilometer, so the emission is much
reduced by the use of LPG.
2) LPG mix with air at all temperature
3) Since the fuel is in the form of vapour, there is no crankcase dilution.
4) LPG has high antiknock characteristics.
5) Running on LPG translates into a cost saving of about 50%.
6) The engine may have 50% more longer life.
DISADVANTAGES:-
1) A special fuel feed system is required for liquid petroleum gas
2) The vehicle weight is increased due to the heavy pressure cylinder
for storing of LPG
3) A good cooling system is quite necessary.
4) Running on LPG could lead to five percent reduction in valve life.
OTHER POSSIBLE FUELS:-
BIOGAS:-
Biogas is another alternate fuel tried in diesels.Biogas can be produced by
anaerobic digestion of organic matter. Potential raw materials available on
a large scale are cow dung, municipal wastes, etc…
The main advantages of biogas are that it can be produce in rural areas
from readily available material. Biogas consists mainly methane and carbon
dioxide. Its calorific value is low but its knock resistance is more and
ignition quality (cetane number) is low
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BENZOL:-
Benzol is a coal tar distillate that consist of about 70% benzene (𝐶6 𝐻6),
20% Toluene and 10%xylene and trace amounts of sulphur burning
compounds. It has high antiknock characteristic. It has a freezing point of
6ºC. This eliminates it as a fuel in cold climates. Its specific gravity is 0.88.,
specific heat 0.4
DIETHYL ETHER:-
It is a very volatile fuel. It is use with other fuels to increase the volatility of
the blend.
ACETONE:-
Acetone is more volatile than methanol. This may be used as fuel without
blending with other volatile fuels. Its antiknock quality is higher than that of
butanol. Hence, it is a desirable fuel to blend with butanol.