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Biofuels
The document discusses the concept of fuels, the global energy crisis fueled by overpopulation and overconsumption, and the importance of transitioning to biofuels. It classifies biofuels into three generations and outlines various types such as bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and algae, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. The conclusion emphasizes that while replacing fossil fuels with biofuels is feasible, significant challenges in production costs and political influence must be addressed.
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Biofuels
- 1. 1 👦Ashesh Ghosh Materials andMetallurgical Engineering BUET
- 2. Today We WillKnow ⊷ What is Fuel? ⊷ Energy Crisis ⊷ What is Biofuel? ⊷ Classifications & Types • Bioethanol • Biodiesel • Biogas • Algae ⊷ Advantages & Disadvantages ⊷ Are We Ready to Use Biofuel? 2
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- 4. 4 Fuel ⊷ Fuels areany materials that store potential energy in forms that can practicably released and used for work or as heat energy ⊷ Fuels are required for a variety of purposes, but are utilized chiefly for Transportation and Power Generation.
- 5. 5 Transportation Globally transportation accounts for25% of energy demand and nearly 62% of oil consumed.
- 6. 6 Power Generation The generationof electricity is the single largest use of fuel in the world. More than 60% of power generated comes from fossil fuels.
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- 8. 8 Types of Energy 35% 28% 24% 6% 6%1% 0.05 NONRENEWABLE Petroleum Coal Dry Natural Gas Hydro Electricity Nuclear Electricity Geothermal Wind Geothermal energy not used 54% 15% 1% 7% 23% RENEWABLE Conowingo Wind Other Hydro Solar Other (Consists of Wood, biomasses)
- 9. 9 Energy Crisis 200 yearsago, the world experienced an energy revolution that launched the industrial age. 200 years forward, the industrialized world’s thirst for energy has increased tremendously due to the overgrowing population, that causes a serious energy crisis.
- 10. 10 Why Energy Crisis? Overconsumption Overpopulation Not using renewable energy Natural Calamities Wars
- 11. 11 Say No ToCrude Oil They are non renewable and takes years to form Burning fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, this gases are vary toxic for humans and animals Mining of such fuel leads to irreversible damage to the adjoining environment and also a dangerous job to do The using of natural gas cause horrible smells, specially during transportation. It causes environmental pollution
- 12. 12 Alternate Powers Nuclear WindSolar Biofuel
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- 14. 14 What is Biofuel?A fuel that is produced through contemporary biological process, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion Not produced by geological process which generates fossil fuels like coal and petroleum Biological process: The way a plant grows up utilizing solar energy and water Geological process: Dynamics process which works in the earth’s landforms by exerting high pressure and temperature Anaerobic digestion: Collection of processes by which micro-organisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of O2
- 15. 15 Why Use Biofuels? Availability Price Independence Healthier Betterto the engine Have good political implications
- 16. 16 Biofuel vs FossilFuel Renewable Biofuel can be locked upon as a energy security Constant price rate Biofuel Not Renewable Fossil fuel will soon be exhausted As our ability to pump fossil fuel from the ground diminishes, the available supply will decrease, which will lead to an increase in price Fossil Fuel
- 17. 17 Biofuel Feedstock Biofuels feedstockrefers to those starting materials that are used to make biofuels
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- 19. 19 1st Generation The firstgeneration biofuels refer to the fuels that have been derived from sources like starch, sugar, animal fats and vegetable oil which are edible by humans. Example: Biodiesel, Bio alcohol, Syn Gas 2nd Generation Biofuels that are manufactured from different types of non- food biomass. The biomass contains lignocellulosic materials like wood, straw etc. Example: Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO) 3rd Generation The term third generation biofuel has only recently enter the mainstream it refers to biofuel derived from algae (mostly Marine Algaes). Example: Butanol,Gasoline,Methane,Jet Fuel
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- 22. 22 Bioethanol Bioethanol is producedby the fermentation of carbohydrate rich source which includes sugar cane, sugar beet, corn. It is colorless and clear One of the widely used alternative automotive fuel in the world.
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- 24. 24 Bioethanol Advantages • Burns morecleanly as a result of combustion and reduces greenhouse gases • Fuel spills are more easily biodegraded or diluted to non-toxic concentration Disadvantages • Large amount of land is needed to grow crops, natural habitats would be destroyed • Not as efficient as petroleum
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- 26. 26 Biodiesel Made from renewablebiological sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats Similar to petroleum diesel fuel in structure (straight chain) and number of carbon atoms (10 to 21) Can be prepared by transesterification.
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- 28. 28 Biodiesel Advantages • Biodiesel hasshorter ignition delay and good lubricating properties than compared to standard diesel • Biodiesel has no sulfur content and so it’s doesn’t contribute to acid rain formation Disadvantages • Biodiesel is significantly more expensive • Biodiesel can release nitrogen dioxide which can lead to the formation of smog
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- 30. 30 Biogas Biogas is afuel used as domestic purpose Biogas is produced by breakdown of organic waste by bacteria without oxygen anaerobic digestion A typical composition of it can be: Compound Formula % Methane CH4 50-75 Carbon Dioxide CO2 25-50 Nitrogen N2 0-10 Hydrogen H2 0-1 Hydrogen Sulphide H2S 0-3 Oxygen O2 0-0
- 31. 31 Biogas Advantages • Reduce airand water pollution • Energy security Disadvantages • Produces very limited amount of energy on a global scale • The cost of refining biogas to the quality of natural gas in high
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- 33. 33 Algae Algae are organismsthat grow in aquatic environments and use light and carbon dioxide (CO2) to create biomass Can grow in Salt Water, Saline Water, Waste Water Comprised of Lipids, Sugar and Proteins predominantly Microalgae Structure of Tryglycerols
- 34. 34 Why Algae? Can be grownon marginal lands useless for ordinary crops High yield per acre- have a harvesting cycle of 1 to 10 days. Can be grown using flue gas from power plants as a CO2 source. Can grow even in dark Can convert a much higher fraction of biomass to oil than conventional crops, e.g. 60% versus 2 -3% for soybean Can be grown with minimal impact on fresh water resources
- 35. 35 Why Algae? “If algaefuel replaced all the petroleum fuel in the United States, it would require 15,000 square miles (39,000 𝒌𝒎 𝟐 ), which is only 0.42% of the U.S. map. ” –Wikipedia
- 36. 36 Algae Oil Production Unrefined Oil Prep. And solventoil Extraction High rate ponds 2 degree clarifiers Gravity Thickeners Anaerobic Digesters Generator CO2 Inputs Algae Biomass Algae Biomass Blow Down Recirculation Screened Wastewater Offsite Flue CO2 CO2 Electricity CO2+CH4 Residuals Digestate
- 37. 37 Algae Oil Inputs Advantages • Itpromises high content of energy • Its basic source grows fast • It consumes huge amounts of carbon dioxide Disadvantages • It emits captured carbon dioxide • Production Cost is expensive • Its production still needs a lot of work to do
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- 39. 39 Are We Readyto Replace Fossil Fuel ? YES If we can reduce the production cost of Biofuel If we can redesign the vehicles If we can utilize the lands without damaging the forests too much NO If we can’t overcome the political agenda that restricts the information about biofuels efficiency If our research outcome fails to mitigate the production energy constrains
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