This is prepared for my project and im sharing this for useful to others.This slides contain the processing of urine specimens in microbiology.im prepared on basis of our medical college method.sometimes the methods will vary with other hospitals
This is prepared for my project and im sharing this for useful to others.This slides contain the processing of urine specimens in microbiology.im prepared on basis of our medical college method.sometimes the methods will vary with other hospitals
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and its clinical significance for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
ABO blood group system was decover by Karal landsteine
which contain A, B, and o antigen on the surface of BC, WBC,s platatelet and other body tissue cells except brain cell, and anti A, antiB and Anti Ab natural occuring antibodies in plasma of B,A, and O blood group individual respectively
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and its clinical significance for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
ABO blood group system was decover by Karal landsteine
which contain A, B, and o antigen on the surface of BC, WBC,s platatelet and other body tissue cells except brain cell, and anti A, antiB and Anti Ab natural occuring antibodies in plasma of B,A, and O blood group individual respectively
This presentation contain the information about gel electrophoresis method , instruments & types.
Electrophoresis is a method through biological molecules are separated by applying an electric field.
Main purpose of this method is to determine the number , amount & mobility of biological component.
There are some internal & external factors that affects the process of electrophoresis.
The bio-molecules have charge on it & when we apply an electric field , the charge particles move to the opposite cathode. In this way, charge particles are separated
There are 3 types of gels that use in this process .
In this buffers are also used which provide ions that carry a current.
Antigen-antibody interaction, or antigen-antibody reaction, is a specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of the white blood cells and antigens during immune reaction. It is the fundamental reaction in the body by which the body is protected from complex foreign molecules, such as pathogens and their chemical toxins. In the blood, the antigens are specifically and with high affinity bound by antibodies to form an antigen-antibody complex. The immune complex is then transported to cellular systems where it can be destroyed or deactivated.
This topic describes about antigen-antibody reaction in detail including their classification, mechanism of action, various examples of each reaction with labelled diagrams.
The lecture was presented to the students of Saudi board of Community Medicine to help them know about the various serological methods applicable in the diagnosis of infectious diseases in general with attention upon the specificity and sensitivity of various diagnostic modalities. The lecture covers the basic principles of each test and the clinical applications with the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Objectives
• To know the principles of serological reactions / tests
• To know the technical aspects of serological reactions
• To know the application or clinical use of serological
reactions / tests
• To know various serological tests for clinical diagnosis
3. Classification of antigen-antibody interactions
1. Primary serological tests: (Marker techniques)
e.g. – Enzyme linked immuonosorbent assay (ELISA)
– Immunoflorescent antibody technique (IFAT)
– Radio immunoassay (RIA)
2. Secondary serological tests:
e.g. – Agglutination tests
– Complement fixation tests (CFT)
– Precipitation tests
– Serum neutralization tests (SNT)
–Toxin-antitoxin test
3.Tertiary serological test:
e.g. – Determination of the protective value of an anti serum in
an animal.
4. • Definition: Observable combination of antigen and antibody
• Importance:
A) In vivo – form basis of antibody mediated immunity in infectious
disease, or of tissue injury in hypersensitivity and autoimmune
diseases
B) In vitro – i) Help in diagnosis of infections
ii) Help in epidemiological surveys
iii) Identification of infectious agents
iv) Identification of non infectious agents like
enzymes
Antigen antibody reactions in vitro are called serological reactions
5. General features of Antigen – Antibody Reactions
1. Reactions are specific
2. Entire molecules react and not fragment
3. No denaturation of antigen of Ag/Ab during reaction
4. Combination occurs at the surface
5. Combination is firm but reversible
6. Both the Ag and Ab combine in varying proportion
6. Affinity –
Intensity of attraction between Ag and Ab
molecules
Avidity –
Strength of bond after the Ag – Ab complexes
are formed.
Sensitivity:
ability of a test to detect very small amounts of
a substance
Specificity:
ability of test to give positive result if patient
has the disease (no false negative results)
7. Antigens x Antibody
Bacteria Virus
Ag
Ag
Antigen
binding site
Antigen
binding site
Variable
constant
Light chain
Heavy chain
8. Antibodies (depicted as Y-shaped
structures) form a heterogeneous
population of molecules with different
specificities. A cross-reaction of an
antibody population (an anti-serum)
with a foreign antigen (in the middle)
occurs only, if the homologous and the
foreign antigen are at least partially
equipped with the same determinants.
Every antibody has two identical binding
sites for antigen determinants.
9. Primary stage
• Initial interaction between Ag and Ab
• No visible effect
• Rapid
• Occurs even at low temperature
• Obeys general laws of physical chemistry &
thermodynamics
• Reversible reaction
10. Secondary Stage
Demonstrable effect produces e.g. precipitation,
aggluitnation, lysis of cells, killing of live antigens,
neutralization of toxins, complement fixation,
immobilization of motile organisms, enhancement of
phagocytosis
11. Tertiary stage
Some Ag – Ab reactions in vivo lead to
• Neutralization
• Destruction of injurious agent
• Tissue damage
• Includes humoral immunity, clinical allergy, and other immunological
diseases
12. Measurement of Ag – Ab reaction
Measured in terms of Mass (mg of nitrogen) Units or titer
Titer:
Highest dilution of serum (Ab) which gives an observable reaction with the
Ag in a particular test.
Antigen can also be titrated against sera (Ab).
Sensitivity –
Ability of a test to identify correctly all those who have the disease i.e. true
positive
Specificity –
Ability of a test to identify correctly all those who do not have the disease
i.e. true negative
In general, sensitivity and specificity of a test are in reverse proportion.
13. Serological tests
• Precipitation reaction
• Agglutination reaction
• Complement fixation test
• Radioimmunoassay
• ELISA
• Immunofluorescence
• Western Blot
14. Precipitation Reaction
When a soluble antigen combines with its antibody in
the presence of electrolytes at a suitable temp and pH
the Ag - Ab complex forms an insoluble precipitate. If
instead of sedimenting, the precipitate remains
suspended, the reaction is called as flocculation.
Medium used :
Liquid or gels like agar, agarose and polyacrylamide.
15. Antibody excess Zone of equivalence
Antigen excess
Antigen
Antibody
Zone Phenomenon
16. Mechanism of precipitation
• Marrack (1934) – Lattice hypothesis
Application of precipitation:
- Can be used as qualitative or quantitative test
- Very sensitive test for antigen detection, can detect as little as 1μg
of protein
- Important for forensic application like identification of blood, seminal
stains.
17. APPLICATION OF PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
• Carried out as qualitative and quantitative for detection
of antigen and antibody
• Very sensitive test for detecting antigen
(Relatively less sensitive for detection of antibody)
• Capable of detecting little quantity of antigen proteins as
1ug
• Used for identification of blood and seminal stains and
food adulterants
18. Application in diagnostic bacteriology
• Ring test
– Typing of streptococci and pneumococci
– C- reactive protein
– Ascoli’s thermoprecipitin test for diagnosis of antrax
– Used in detection of adulteration of food stuffs
• Slide test
– VDRL for diagnosis of syphilis
• Tube test
– Kahn test for syphilis and standardization of toxins and
toxoids
19. IMMUNODIFFUSION (precipitation in gel)
When an Ab and its Ag are placed in an
agar gel they diffuse towards each other
and form an opaque band of precipitation
at the junction of their diffusion front.
21. Antigen
Precipitin
band
Antibody in
agar gel
Plain agar
Single diffusion (Oudin procedure)
Double diffusion (Okley - Fulthrope procedure)
Single and double diffusion in one dimension
22. Antigen in well
Ring of
precipitation
Antibody in agar
gel
A single diffusion in two dimensions
23. Antiserum in well
Line of precipitate
Antigen 2
Agar gel on a slide
Antigen 1
Double diffusion in two dimensions
(Lines of nonidentity)
24. Antiserum in well
Line of precipitate
Antigen 2
Agar gel on a slide
Antigen 1
Double diffusion in two dimensions
(Partial identity)
25. Antiserum in well
Antigen 2
Agar gel on a slide
Antigen 1
Double diffusion in two dimensions
(Lines of complete identity)
26. Trough cut in agar
Agar covered microscopic
slide
Well cut in agar
Antigen placed in well
Antigen components separated by
electrophoresis
Immunoelectrophoresis
27. Trough filled with antibody
Antibody diffuses towards
separated antigen
components
Immunoelectrophoresis
Precipitin band form where
antibody and antigen meet
at optimal proportions
28. Rocket electrophoresis (One dimensional single electroimmuno diffusion)
Antiserum (Ab)
in agarose gel
Precipitin arcs
(rockets)
Antigen wells
Increasing concentration of antigen
+
_
29. Ag Ab
Agarose
Wells containing antigen and antibody
Precipitin
line
Slide
Electric current
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis
(One dimensional double electroimmunodiffusion)
30. AGGLUTINATION REACTION
When a particulate antigen or an antigen
present on the surface of cell (red cell or
bacterium) or an inorganic particle ( e.g.
polystyrene latex coated with antigen) is
mixed with its antibody in the presence of
electrolytes at suitable temperature and
pH, the particles are clumped or
agglutinated
31. Application of agglutination reaction
• Slide agglutination
– Identification of cultures e.g. Salmonella, Bordetella pertussis
– Typing of pneumococci and streptococci
– Blood grouping
• Tube agglutination
– Serological diagnosis of
• enteric fever (Widal)
• brucellosis
• typhus fever (Weil – Felix)
– Blood grouping
– Coomb’s test
32. Latex particles
Antibody
Antigen
Agglutination
Antibody coated latex particles
Latex agglutination test
ASO, CRP, RA
Passive agglutination test
e.g. Rose Waaler test in Rheumatoid
arthritis
33. Passive agglutination
Precipitation reaction can be converted to agglutination
reaction by coating soluble antigen on the surface of
carrier particles such as RBCs, latex, bentonite, gelatin
More sensitive for detection antibodies
Examples
1. RA factor
2. Latex tests
3. TPHA
34. Negative CFT
Complement Sheep erythrocytes coated with amboceptor
(Indicator system)
Lysis
Positive CFT
Ag Ab Complement
Complement is fixed in
Ag – Ab reaction
Indicator system
No lysis
As complement is not free to act on indicator system
Complement fixation test
35. Cowan strain of S. aureus
Immunoglobulin
Cowan strain coated with immunoglobulin
Antigen
Agglutination
Coagglutination
36. Sandwich ELISA Indirect ELISA Competitive EILSA
Color product
Antigen
Antibody
Conjugate (Ab to Ab)
Conjugate (Ab to Ag)
Conjugate is washed
out as Ag is not free to
bind the conjugate
Substrate
Enzyme (tagged to
conjugate is not there to
act on substrate
ELISA
37. Unknown antigen
Slide
Fluorescein labeled specific
Ab
Fluorescence under UV light
(positive test)
Direct immunofluorescence test
38. Known Ag
Slide
Patient
serum
containing
Ab
Indirect immunofluorescence test
Ag + Ab
Fluorescein
labeled
Antiglobulin
Fluorescence under UV light
(Positive test)
39. Radioimmunoassay
Unlabeled Ag
(Test sample)
Known radio
labeled Ag
Specific Ab
against Ag
Mix
Incubate
Free
fraction
Bound
fraction
40. MCQs
Q1. A large lattice is formed when
a. Antigen is in excess
b. Antibody is in excess
c. Antigens and antibodies are in optimal proportion
d. Non of above
Q.2. Precipitation reaction is relatively less sensitive for detection of
a. Antibodies
b. Antigens
c. Antigen antibody complexes
d. Complement
Q3. Ring test is used for
a. Typing of streptococci and pneumococci
b. C-reactive protein test
c. Ascoli’s thermoprecipitation test
d. All of the above
Q4. Widal test is used to diagnose
a. Syphilis
b. Typhoid
c. AIDS
d. Typhus fever
41. Q.5. VDRL test is an example of
a. ring test
b. Slide test
c. tube test
d. None of above
Q6. Agglutination reaction is more sensitive than precipitation for detection of
a. Antigen
b. Antibody
c. Antigen antibody complexes
d. Complement
Q7. Amount of various immunoglobulin classes can be measured by
a. Single diffusion in one dimension
b. Double diffusion in one dimension
c. Single diffusion in one dimension
d. Double diffusion in two dimension
Q8.Anti- Rh antibodies are
a. IgG type
b. IgD type
c. IgA type
d. IgE type
42. LAQ
Q.1. Define agglutination reaction and discuss the principle, application
of agglutination reactions giving suitable examples
Q.2 Define precipitation reaction and discuss the principle, application
precipitation reactions giving suitable examples
Q.3 Discuss the principle, various types and clinical applications of
ELISA technique
Q.4 Short notes
1. Counterimmunoelctrophoresis
2. ELISA
3. Complement fixation test