All about Passive agglutination
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Agglutination test ,antigen antibody reaction
Direct
Passive
Reverse Passive
Agglutination Inhibition
Coagglutination
Agglutination tests can be done :
On slides
In tubes
In microtritation plates
-Difference between precipitation and agglutination reaction.
Antigen ab reactions
Antigen-antibody interactions can be quantified using various serological tests. Common types include precipitation tests like immunodiffusion that form visible precipitate lines, agglutination tests where antigens clump together, neutralization tests using viruses and complement fixation assays. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are now widely used as they are sensitive, specific and can be quantitative or qualitative. Fluorescent antibody techniques use fluorescent dyes to label antibodies or cells for detection under a microscope.
Antigen & Antibody Interactions
This document provides an overview of antigen-antibody interactions and their applications in infectious disease diagnosis. It discusses how immunochemical methods can detect microorganisms in patient specimens using antigens and antibodies. Various serological tests that utilize antigen-antibody reactions are described, including precipitation reactions, agglutination reactions, complement fixation tests, neutralization tests, and immunoassays. Specific techniques like immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and slide and tube agglutination are also summarized. The document aims to explain the basic principles of antigen-antibody reactions and their uses in clinical diagnosis and epidemiology.
Passive agglutination
Reverse passive agglutination test coats antibodies onto carrier molecules that detect antigens in a patient's serum. For example, this test can be used to detect cholera toxin by coating cholera toxin antibodies onto carrier molecules which will agglutinate or clump if the cholera toxin antigen is present in a serum sample. This provides a detection method for certain antigens by reversing the roles of the antibody and antigen compared to a standard agglutination test.
Serological Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
The lecture was presented to the students of Saudi board of Community Medicine to help them know about the various serological methods applicable in the diagnosis of infectious diseases in general with attention upon the specificity and sensitivity of various diagnostic modalities. The lecture covers the basic principles of each test and the clinical applications with the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Immunology based tests in the laboratory diagnosis of infections
Immunologic methods are used in the laboratory diagnosis of infections by detecting the interaction between antigens and antibodies. Common techniques include agglutination, immunofluorescence, ELISA, and immunoblotting. Agglutination involves clumping of antigens by antibodies that can be seen visually. Immunofluorescence uses antibodies coupled to fluorescent dyes to identify antigens under UV light. ELISA detects antigens or antibodies through an enzymatic reaction, while immunoblotting confirms antibody presence by blotting proteins and detecting binding. These methods exploit the high specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction for diagnostic purposes.
Serological tests ppt2
This document summarizes various serological tests used to detect antigens and antibodies, including:
- Primary tests like ELISA, IFAT, RIA that detect markers
- Secondary tests like agglutination, complement fixation, precipitation that detect interactions
- Tertiary tests that assess protective value of antiserum in animals
It then provides details on specific tests like agglutination, Coombs test, hemagglutination inhibition, precipitation, complement fixation, ELISA and their applications in medicine, food/plant pathology, and quality control.
Complement fixation tests
Complement fixation tests (CFT) detect antibodies that do not agglutinate or precipitate by measuring their ability to fix complement. CFT involves incubating patient serum with antigen and complement, then determining if complement is still available to lyse indicator cells. If complement is fixed in the antigen-antibody complex, it cannot lyse the indicator cells, indicating antibody presence. CFT can detect antibody levels below 1 microgram/mL, but it is time-consuming and not sensitive enough for immunity screening due to occasional nonspecific reactions. Interpretation involves whether indicator cell lysis occurs, indicating the absence or presence of antibodies in the patient serum.
Recommended
Agglutination test ,antigen antibody reaction
Direct
Passive
Reverse Passive
Agglutination Inhibition
Coagglutination
Agglutination tests can be done :
On slides
In tubes
In microtritation plates
-Difference between precipitation and agglutination reaction.
Antigen ab reactions
Antigen-antibody interactions can be quantified using various serological tests. Common types include precipitation tests like immunodiffusion that form visible precipitate lines, agglutination tests where antigens clump together, neutralization tests using viruses and complement fixation assays. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are now widely used as they are sensitive, specific and can be quantitative or qualitative. Fluorescent antibody techniques use fluorescent dyes to label antibodies or cells for detection under a microscope.
Antigen & Antibody Interactions
This document provides an overview of antigen-antibody interactions and their applications in infectious disease diagnosis. It discusses how immunochemical methods can detect microorganisms in patient specimens using antigens and antibodies. Various serological tests that utilize antigen-antibody reactions are described, including precipitation reactions, agglutination reactions, complement fixation tests, neutralization tests, and immunoassays. Specific techniques like immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and slide and tube agglutination are also summarized. The document aims to explain the basic principles of antigen-antibody reactions and their uses in clinical diagnosis and epidemiology.
Passive agglutination
Reverse passive agglutination test coats antibodies onto carrier molecules that detect antigens in a patient's serum. For example, this test can be used to detect cholera toxin by coating cholera toxin antibodies onto carrier molecules which will agglutinate or clump if the cholera toxin antigen is present in a serum sample. This provides a detection method for certain antigens by reversing the roles of the antibody and antigen compared to a standard agglutination test.
Serological Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
The lecture was presented to the students of Saudi board of Community Medicine to help them know about the various serological methods applicable in the diagnosis of infectious diseases in general with attention upon the specificity and sensitivity of various diagnostic modalities. The lecture covers the basic principles of each test and the clinical applications with the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Immunology based tests in the laboratory diagnosis of infections
Immunologic methods are used in the laboratory diagnosis of infections by detecting the interaction between antigens and antibodies. Common techniques include agglutination, immunofluorescence, ELISA, and immunoblotting. Agglutination involves clumping of antigens by antibodies that can be seen visually. Immunofluorescence uses antibodies coupled to fluorescent dyes to identify antigens under UV light. ELISA detects antigens or antibodies through an enzymatic reaction, while immunoblotting confirms antibody presence by blotting proteins and detecting binding. These methods exploit the high specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction for diagnostic purposes.
Serological tests ppt2
This document summarizes various serological tests used to detect antigens and antibodies, including:
- Primary tests like ELISA, IFAT, RIA that detect markers
- Secondary tests like agglutination, complement fixation, precipitation that detect interactions
- Tertiary tests that assess protective value of antiserum in animals
It then provides details on specific tests like agglutination, Coombs test, hemagglutination inhibition, precipitation, complement fixation, ELISA and their applications in medicine, food/plant pathology, and quality control.
Complement fixation tests
Complement fixation tests (CFT) detect antibodies that do not agglutinate or precipitate by measuring their ability to fix complement. CFT involves incubating patient serum with antigen and complement, then determining if complement is still available to lyse indicator cells. If complement is fixed in the antigen-antibody complex, it cannot lyse the indicator cells, indicating antibody presence. CFT can detect antibody levels below 1 microgram/mL, but it is time-consuming and not sensitive enough for immunity screening due to occasional nonspecific reactions. Interpretation involves whether indicator cell lysis occurs, indicating the absence or presence of antibodies in the patient serum.
Agglutination
Agglutination is the clumping together of antigens and antibodies. It occurs when the antibodies bind to particulate antigens. This causes the antigens to crosslink and form visible aggregates. Common applications of agglutination tests include blood typing (ABO and Rh), diagnosis of typhoid (Widal test), and identification of antibodies against Rh antigens (Coombs test). The titer or end point of an agglutination test refers to the highest dilution at which antigen-antibody clumping is still visible.
Agglutination
1) Agglutination tests detect antigens or antibodies by exploiting the ability of antibodies to cross-link antigen-coated particles, forming visible clumps or lattices.
2) There are several types of agglutination tests including direct, passive, and reverse passive agglutination as well as hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition.
3) Agglutination tests are useful, rapid techniques for detecting various infectious diseases and other analytes but can be limited by prozone effects at high antibody concentrations.
Complement system
The document provides an overview of the complement system. It discusses the history and components of the three complement pathways: the classical pathway, lectin pathway, and alternative pathway. It also describes the roles of complement components in opsonization, chemotaxis, and formation of the membrane attack complex to lyse cells. The complement system is regulated to prevent damage to host cells. Deficiencies in complement proteins can increase susceptibility to certain infections.
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Immunological techniques
Immunological techniques use antigens and antibodies to detect pathogens or their components in patient specimens. Agglutination tests couple antigens or antibodies to particles and look for cross-linking and agglutination. Complement fixation tests measure complement-consuming antibodies by incubating specimens with complement and antigens. Enzyme immunoassays like ELISA use enzyme-linked antibodies to detect antigens and quantify antibodies. Precipitation tests look for visible precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes to detect antigens or antibodies.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions
The document discusses antigen-antibody reactions. It begins by introducing antigens and antibodies and how they specifically combine in antigen-antibody reactions. The reactions occur in three stages: formation of an antigen-antibody complex, leading to visible events like precipitation or agglutination, and destruction or neutralization of the antigen. Key features of antigen-antibody reactions are their specificity, the formation of immune complexes, antigen binding sites called epitopes, and the binding force between antigens and antibodies. Common types of antigen-antibody reactions include precipitation, agglutination, complement fixation, ELISA, and immunofluorescence.
Serological assays
The document discusses various serological assays used to detect antibodies and antigens. It describes the basic principles of agglutination tests, precipitation tests, immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, ELISA, complement fixation tests, and serum neutralization tests. It provides examples of the application of these assays for diagnosing diseases like brucellosis, influenza, and foot-and-mouth disease. The document emphasizes the importance of assay sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and using appropriate antigen and antibody concentrations.
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This document provides an overview of basic principles of immunohematology. It defines key terms like antigen and antibody. It describes the characteristics of antigens and factors that contribute to antigen immunogenicity. It also discusses the different types of immunoglobulins involved in blood group antibodies, and the differences between naturally occurring versus immune antibodies. Finally, it explains the stages of antigen-antibody reactions including sensitization and agglutination, and factors that can influence these reactions.
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ELISA is a biochemical technique used in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or antigen in a sample. It involves coating microtiter plate wells with an antigen or antibody and using conjugated enzymes and substrates to produce a colored product to indicate a positive result. There are different types of ELISA including direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive ELISA which are used to test for various antigens or antibodies. ELISA has many applications such as measuring serum antibody concentrations, detecting food allergens or diseases, and identifying past exposure to diseases.
2 antigens, immunogens, epitopes, and haptens
This document discusses key concepts in immunology including antigens, immunogens, epitopes, haptens, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. It defines antigens as molecules recognized by the immune system and immunogens as antigens that elicit an immune response. Epitopes are the smallest part of an antigen recognized by B and T cell receptors. Haptens are small molecules that require a carrier to induce an immune response. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense using soluble proteins and cells like phagocytes. Adaptive immunity develops over time through T and B cell responses and produces immunological memory.
Immunochromatographic assays
Immunochromatographic assays, also known as lateral flow strip tests, allow for the rapid detection of antigens or antibodies in a sample within 15 minutes. The test works by utilizing two types of antibodies - one immobilized on the test strip and one labeled with a detectable marker like colloidal gold. When a sample is applied, it migrates up the strip via capillary action, allowing any antigens/antibodies in the sample to bind to the labeled antibodies and form complexes. These complexes are then captured by the immobilized antibodies, producing a visible test line that confirms the presence of the target antigen or antibody. Lateral flow tests are commercially available, easy to use, and provide results quickly with no specialized equipment,
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Antigen
Antigens are the substances which induce specific immune reactions in the body.
Antigens include molecules such as proteins, nucleoproteins, polysaccharides, lipoprotein and some glycolipids.
The ability of a molecule to function as an antigen depends on its size, structural complexity, chemical nature, and degree of foreignness to the host.
Types of antigens
Antigens are of two types:
1. Autoantigens or self antigens present on the body’s own cells such as ‘A’ antigen and ‘B’ antigen in RBCs.
2. Foreign antigen s or non-self antigens that enter the body from outside.
Following are non-self antigens:
1. Receptors on the cell membrane of microbial organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi.
2. Toxins from microbial organisms.
3. Materials from transplanted organs or incompatible blood cells.
4. Allergens or allergic substances like pollen grains.
Antigen
Antigens are substances that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against them. They enter the body through various sites and are then captured and presented by antigen presenting cells. There are several types of antigens including immunogens, which induce immune responses; tolerogens, which induce tolerance; allergens; and vaccines. An antigen's ability to induce an immune response is called its immunogenicity, while its ability to bind antibodies is its antigenicity. Properties that influence immunogenicity include the antigen's foreignness, size, complexity, degradability, and the recipient's genotype and age. Administration methods like dosage, route, and use of adjuvants can also impact immunogenicity. Antigens are classified as complete if they have
Agglutination reactions
Agglutination is the clumping of particulate antigens caused by antibody binding. It was first observed in 1896 using bacterial cells and serum antibody. Antibodies that cause agglutination are called agglutinins. Agglutination involves an initial antigen-antibody binding step followed by lattice formation into large aggregates. Erythrocytes, bacteria, and latex particles can all participate. The reaction is influenced by factors like ionic strength, pH, temperature, and viscosity. It can be directly observed on cell surfaces or indirectly using antigen-coated carriers like latex beads. Agglutination tests are used to diagnose various infectious diseases.
Agglutination lecture
Measuring agglutination reactions can be used to quantify antibodies, identify antibody targets, and determine antibody specificity, with applications including ELISA, immunofluorescence, and blood typing tests.
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Agglutination
Agglutination is the clumping together of antigens and antibodies. It occurs when the antibodies bind to particulate antigens. This causes the antigens to crosslink and form visible aggregates. Common applications of agglutination tests include blood typing (ABO and Rh), diagnosis of typhoid (Widal test), and identification of antibodies against Rh antigens (Coombs test). The titer or end point of an agglutination test refers to the highest dilution at which antigen-antibody clumping is still visible.
Agglutination
1) Agglutination tests detect antigens or antibodies by exploiting the ability of antibodies to cross-link antigen-coated particles, forming visible clumps or lattices.
2) There are several types of agglutination tests including direct, passive, and reverse passive agglutination as well as hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition.
3) Agglutination tests are useful, rapid techniques for detecting various infectious diseases and other analytes but can be limited by prozone effects at high antibody concentrations.
Complement system
The document provides an overview of the complement system. It discusses the history and components of the three complement pathways: the classical pathway, lectin pathway, and alternative pathway. It also describes the roles of complement components in opsonization, chemotaxis, and formation of the membrane attack complex to lyse cells. The complement system is regulated to prevent damage to host cells. Deficiencies in complement proteins can increase susceptibility to certain infections.
Comparison of hormonal assay by ELISA , ELFA and ECL
The document discusses various methods for hormone measurement and immunoassay techniques. It explains that hormone assays are important for clinical diagnosis and treatment monitoring. While early methods like bioassay and chemical analysis had low sensitivity, radioimmunoassay (RIA) introduced in 1959 improved detection. However, due to health risks, safer alternatives were sought. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed in the 1970s as a replacement for RIA using enzymes rather than radioisotopes. More recent techniques like chemiluminescence, fluorescence, and electrochemiluminescence provide adequate sensitivity without radioactivity. The document compares the principles and properties of various immunoassay methods.
Single Radial Immunodiffusion
This document describes single radial immunodiffusion (RID), a quantitative technique used to determine the concentration of an antigen in a sample. RID involves incorporating specific antibody into an agarose medium with a central well for the antigen sample. The antigen diffuses radially and reacts with the antibody, forming a visible precipitate ring whose diameter relates to the antigen concentration. The technique is simple, cost-effective, and can quantify immunoglobulins, complement components, or other antigens from biological fluids by measuring ring diameters against a standard curve.
Elisa
This document provides an overview of the ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) technique. It was developed in 1971 as a method to detect antigens or antibodies. The principle involves forming an antigen-antibody complex that is detected using an enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody. There are four main types of ELISA: direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive. ELISA has various applications in diagnostics, food testing, and more due to its sensitivity, availability of equipment, and low cost of reagents.
Immunological techniques
Immunological techniques use antigens and antibodies to detect pathogens or their components in patient specimens. Agglutination tests couple antigens or antibodies to particles and look for cross-linking and agglutination. Complement fixation tests measure complement-consuming antibodies by incubating specimens with complement and antigens. Enzyme immunoassays like ELISA use enzyme-linked antibodies to detect antigens and quantify antibodies. Precipitation tests look for visible precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes to detect antigens or antibodies.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions
The document discusses antigen-antibody reactions. It begins by introducing antigens and antibodies and how they specifically combine in antigen-antibody reactions. The reactions occur in three stages: formation of an antigen-antibody complex, leading to visible events like precipitation or agglutination, and destruction or neutralization of the antigen. Key features of antigen-antibody reactions are their specificity, the formation of immune complexes, antigen binding sites called epitopes, and the binding force between antigens and antibodies. Common types of antigen-antibody reactions include precipitation, agglutination, complement fixation, ELISA, and immunofluorescence.
Serological assays
The document discusses various serological assays used to detect antibodies and antigens. It describes the basic principles of agglutination tests, precipitation tests, immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, ELISA, complement fixation tests, and serum neutralization tests. It provides examples of the application of these assays for diagnosing diseases like brucellosis, influenza, and foot-and-mouth disease. The document emphasizes the importance of assay sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and using appropriate antigen and antibody concentrations.
Basics of immunohematology - copy
This document provides an overview of basic principles of immunohematology. It defines key terms like antigen and antibody. It describes the characteristics of antigens and factors that contribute to antigen immunogenicity. It also discusses the different types of immunoglobulins involved in blood group antibodies, and the differences between naturally occurring versus immune antibodies. Finally, it explains the stages of antigen-antibody reactions including sensitization and agglutination, and factors that can influence these reactions.
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Special Investigations With;
Complement Fixation Test
Haemagglutination Inhibition Test
PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction
Western Blot
Coomb’s Test
Elisa
This document provides an overview of ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). It describes ELISA as a method for detecting antibodies or antigens using enzyme-linked antibodies and a chromogenic substrate. The document outlines the basic ELISA procedure and discusses different ELISA types including direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive ELISA. It also notes applications of ELISA for detecting antigens and antibodies and compares ELISA to other detection methods.
SD Electrophoresis and immunofixation
This document discusses electrophoresis and immunofixation tests used to analyze serum proteins. Electrophoresis separates plasma proteins based on their charge, but cannot identify specific protein subtypes. Immunofixation adds antibodies that bind to specific protein antigens like IgG, IgM, IgA, kappa and lambda to identify the subtype of any abnormal monoclonal proteins present. Together, electrophoresis and immunofixation can detect monoclonal gammopathies and determine the exact monoclonal protein, aiding diagnosis of conditions like multiple myeloma. The case example describes using these tests to identify a monoclonal IgG lambda protein in a patient with bone pain, leading to a diagnosis of multiple myeloma.
Elisa
ELISA is a biochemical technique used in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or antigen in a sample. It involves coating microtiter plate wells with an antigen or antibody and using conjugated enzymes and substrates to produce a colored product to indicate a positive result. There are different types of ELISA including direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive ELISA which are used to test for various antigens or antibodies. ELISA has many applications such as measuring serum antibody concentrations, detecting food allergens or diseases, and identifying past exposure to diseases.
2 antigens, immunogens, epitopes, and haptens
This document discusses key concepts in immunology including antigens, immunogens, epitopes, haptens, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. It defines antigens as molecules recognized by the immune system and immunogens as antigens that elicit an immune response. Epitopes are the smallest part of an antigen recognized by B and T cell receptors. Haptens are small molecules that require a carrier to induce an immune response. Innate immunity provides the first line of defense using soluble proteins and cells like phagocytes. Adaptive immunity develops over time through T and B cell responses and produces immunological memory.
Immunochromatographic assays
Immunochromatographic assays, also known as lateral flow strip tests, allow for the rapid detection of antigens or antibodies in a sample within 15 minutes. The test works by utilizing two types of antibodies - one immobilized on the test strip and one labeled with a detectable marker like colloidal gold. When a sample is applied, it migrates up the strip via capillary action, allowing any antigens/antibodies in the sample to bind to the labeled antibodies and form complexes. These complexes are then captured by the immobilized antibodies, producing a visible test line that confirms the presence of the target antigen or antibody. Lateral flow tests are commercially available, easy to use, and provide results quickly with no specialized equipment,
Elisa
The document discusses enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), including its introduction, principle, equipment, procedure, types, advantages, and disadvantages. ELISA is a qualitative or quantitative immunological procedure that detects antigens or antibodies using enzyme-labeled antibodies and chromogenic substrates. It relies on antibody-antigen interactions and uses an enzyme-labeled antibody to generate a colored reaction, allowing detection of a particular antigen. The document outlines the basic equipment, general procedure involving coating wells with antibodies and adding samples and enzyme-labeled antibodies, and the three main types of ELISA - indirect, sandwich, and competitive.
Coombs test
This document provides information about the Coombs test, which is used to detect antibody or complement coating of red blood cells. It describes the history and principles of the test, as well as the direct and indirect Coombs test procedures. The direct Coombs test detects in vivo coating of red blood cells and is used to diagnose conditions like hemolytic disease of the newborn. The indirect Coombs test detects in vitro coating of red cells and is used for compatibility testing and antibody screening. Factors affecting the tests and causes of false positive and negative results are also outlined.
Antigen
Antigens are the substances which induce specific immune reactions in the body.
Antigens include molecules such as proteins, nucleoproteins, polysaccharides, lipoprotein and some glycolipids.
The ability of a molecule to function as an antigen depends on its size, structural complexity, chemical nature, and degree of foreignness to the host.
Types of antigens
Antigens are of two types:
1. Autoantigens or self antigens present on the body’s own cells such as ‘A’ antigen and ‘B’ antigen in RBCs.
2. Foreign antigen s or non-self antigens that enter the body from outside.
Following are non-self antigens:
1. Receptors on the cell membrane of microbial organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi.
2. Toxins from microbial organisms.
3. Materials from transplanted organs or incompatible blood cells.
4. Allergens or allergic substances like pollen grains.
Antigen
Antigens are substances that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against them. They enter the body through various sites and are then captured and presented by antigen presenting cells. There are several types of antigens including immunogens, which induce immune responses; tolerogens, which induce tolerance; allergens; and vaccines. An antigen's ability to induce an immune response is called its immunogenicity, while its ability to bind antibodies is its antigenicity. Properties that influence immunogenicity include the antigen's foreignness, size, complexity, degradability, and the recipient's genotype and age. Administration methods like dosage, route, and use of adjuvants can also impact immunogenicity. Antigens are classified as complete if they have
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Comparison of hormonal assay by ELISA , ELFA and ECL
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Agglutination is the clumping of particulate antigens caused by antibody binding. It was first observed in 1896 using bacterial cells and serum antibody. Antibodies that cause agglutination are called agglutinins. Agglutination involves an initial antigen-antibody binding step followed by lattice formation into large aggregates. Erythrocytes, bacteria, and latex particles can all participate. The reaction is influenced by factors like ionic strength, pH, temperature, and viscosity. It can be directly observed on cell surfaces or indirectly using antigen-coated carriers like latex beads. Agglutination tests are used to diagnose various infectious diseases.
Agglutination lecture
Measuring agglutination reactions can be used to quantify antibodies, identify antibody targets, and determine antibody specificity, with applications including ELISA, immunofluorescence, and blood typing tests.
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This document discusses antigen-antibody reactions and their clinical applications. It begins by classifying serological tests into primary, secondary, and tertiary categories. It then describes the principles of antigen-antibody interactions, including affinity, avidity, sensitivity and specificity. Various serological techniques are outlined, including precipitation reactions, agglutination reactions, complement fixation tests, and immunoassays. The document emphasizes that antigen-antibody reactions form the basis of antibody-mediated immunity and have important diagnostic applications for identifying infections and other agents.
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The document describes a method to measure antibody titers against thyroglobulin in patient serum samples using passive agglutination. Serial dilutions of control and patient serum samples were incubated with turkey red blood cells coated with thyroglobulin. Agglutination reactions indicated the presence and titer level of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. The results showed that patient samples A and B tested positive with titers of 1280 and 320, respectively, while patient C tested negative, indicating no autoimmune thyroid disease.
What is agglutination?
What is Agglutination?
by Gary Cecchi, M.D.
Agglutination occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed together and blood cells begin to clump. Each blood cell contains large protein molecules called antigens on its surface. Blood also contains antibodies, which bind to foreign antigens and cause incompatible blood cells to burst or agglutinate.
In humans, blood agglutination can cause kidney failure and death. Medical practitioners are therefore very careful when giving blood to patients. Despite their caution, however, approximately one out of every 12,000 units of blood transfused in the United States goes to the wrong person. Depending on the blood types involved, the results can range from catastrophic to unnoticeable.
About the Author:
Managing Partner of Northern California Hematology and Oncology Dr. Gary Cecchi possesses years of experience as a hematologist. He has served as the Director for Hematology and Medical Oncology at Alta Bates Summit Medical Center and holds board certification in both hematology and oncology.
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All about Passive agglutination
- 2. • What is passive agglutination? • What are various types of passive agglutination tests? AREAS OF INTERESTS…
- 3. LET’S GET STARTED… What is agglutination? Particulate antigen + its specific antibody Electrolytes at an optimal temperature and pH Visible clumping of particles
- 4. LET’S GET STARTED… What is precipitation reaction? Soluble antigen + its specific antibody Electrolytes at an optimal temperature and pH Insoluble precipitate
- 5. LET’S GET STARTED… And what is Passive Agglutination?? Precipitation reaction Agglutination tests By attaching soluble antigens to the surface of carrier particles such as latex particles, bentonite, RBCs, etc.
- 6. ADVANTAGES OF PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION Advantage of Passive agglutination over precipitation tests are: • More convenient • More sensitive for detection of antibodies • More sensitive for detection of antigens (Reverse passive)
- 7. REVERSE IS POSSIBLE… When instead of antigen, the antibody is adsorbed on the carrier particles for estimation of antigens, it is known as Reverse passive agglutination
- 8. LATEX (0.8-1µ) ANTIBODY LATEX LATEX LATEX LATEX ANTIGEN (in patient serum) LATTICE FORMATION REVERSE PASSIVE AGGLUTINATION…
- 9. Simplifying the course of study... Passive agglutination Coagglutination test Latex agglutination test Hemagglutination test On basis of carrier particle used
- 10. COAGGLUTINATION TEST Staphylococcus aureus (Cowan 1 strain) used
- 11. COAGGLUTINATION TEST S.Aureus (Cowan 1) Fc FabFab ANTIBODY (IgG) ANTIGEN (in patient sreum) PROTEIN A Y
- 12. COAGGLUTINATION TEST S.Aureus (Cowan 1) ANTIBODY (IgG) S.Aureus (Cowan 1) ANTIGEN (in patient sreum) LATTICE FORMATION S.Aureus (Cowan 1) S.Aureus (Cowan 1) S.Aureus (Cowan 1) PROTEIN A How it works?
- 13. LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST... The carrier particle is Latex or polystyrene latex Brains behind this: C M Plotz and J M Singer Accidently discovered IgG adsorbed naturally to polystyrene latex particles (1953)
- 14. LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST... How it works?LATEX (0.8-1µ) Antigen LATEX LATEX LATEX LATEX LATTICE FORMATION ANTIBODY ANTIGEN
- 15. LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST- USES • Carrier + Antibody- detection of antigens- CRP,RA factor, HCG, Hepatitis B • Carrier + Antigen- antibodies to meningococci, H.influenzae type b
- 16. Large number of antigens can adsorbed on carrier Better visualization of Ag-Ab reaction due to larger particle size of Latex beads preventing previous cumbersome process involved in precipitation reactions (no sophisticated equipments required) Latex particles do not cross-react with other antibodies Less time consuming LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST- ADVANTAGES
- 17. HEMAGGLUTINATION TEST The carrier particle is Red Blood Cell/Tanned blood cell (Goose RBCs preferred) Brain behind this: George Hirst (1942)
- 18. HEMAGGLUTINATION TEST... How it works?RBC Antigen RBC LATTICE FORMATION ANTIBODY ANTIGEN RBC RBC RBC
- 19. HEMAGGLUTINATION TEST- Examplified by Rose Waaler Test (Carrier-RBC ) RBC Amboceptor (subagglutinating dose) RBC LATTICE FORMATION RA FACTOR (in patient serum) AMBOCEPTOR (Rabbit anti- sheep erythrocyte antibody) RBC RBC RBC
- 20. HEMAGGLUTINATION TEST- Examplified by TPHA (Carrier-Tanned RBC ) Tanned RBC Antigen (T.pallidum extract) Tanned RBC LATTICE FORMATION ANTIBODIES against T.pallidum (in patient serum) ANTIGEN (T.pallidum extract) Tanned RBC Tanned RBC Tanned RBC
- 21. VIRAL HEMAGGLUTINATION AND HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION TEST What isViral Hemagglutination?RBC Virus RBC LATTICE FORMATION VIRUS RBC RBC RBC
- 22. VIRAL HEMAGGLUTINATION AND HEMAGGLUTINATION INHIBITION TEST What is Hemagglutination inhibition ? Virus NO LATTICE FORMATION VIRUS RBC Ab againstVIRUS RBC RBC
- 23. AGGLUTINATION TESTS IN OUR LAB IN A BIRD’S EYE VIEW ASO titre RA factor detection CRP KIT- Syphicheck Infectious mononucleosis (Immutex)
- 24. LET’S END BY LOOKING AT RECENT ADVANCES • Determination of anti-streptolysin O antibody titer by a new passive agglutination method using sensitized toraysphere particles.
- 25. THANK YOU References from: Anantnarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of microbiology C.P. Baweja’s Textbook of Microbiology Subhash Chandra Parija’s Textbook of microbiology and Immunology American Society for microbiolgy-Journal of Clinical Microbiology