Diagnostic Medical Microbiology - Traditional and Modern approachChhaya Sawant
Updated version of Diagnostic Microbiology - Traditional and Modern approach. The presentation is an overview of conventional techniques still used in many laboratories and new technologies such as Molecular- and Protein-based testing
Diagnostic Medical Microbiology - Traditional and Modern approachChhaya Sawant
Updated version of Diagnostic Microbiology - Traditional and Modern approach. The presentation is an overview of conventional techniques still used in many laboratories and new technologies such as Molecular- and Protein-based testing
Automated system for bacterial identificationDEEKSHANT KUMAR
[DOWNLOAD IT OPEN IT WITH MICROSOFT POWERPOINT THEN YOU WILL BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE TOPIC COVERED.]
1. WHOLE TEXT IS RELIABLE.
2. TEXT HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM STANDARD TEXT BOOK FOR MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY.
3. SOME PICTURE HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM JOURNAL.
The use of a machine designed to follow repeatedly and automatically a predetermined sequence of individual operations.
AUTOMATED WASHING
AUTOMATED MEDIA PREPARATORS
AUTOMATED COLLECTION AND
PROCESSING OF SAMPLES
CYTOSPIN
AUTOMATED GRAM STAINING
AUTOMATED STREAKING
SPIRAL PLATER
AUTOMATED ANTIBIOTIC -
SENSITIVITY SYSTEM
AUTOMATIC COLONY COUNTER
AUTOMATED URINE MICROSCOPY -
ANALYSER
Serological test for virus identificationPlock Ghosh
This presentation consist of detailed study of serological method of virus identification. Basically ELISA is vastly used for virus detection. Western blot method is used for HIV identification.
Automated system for bacterial identificationDEEKSHANT KUMAR
[DOWNLOAD IT OPEN IT WITH MICROSOFT POWERPOINT THEN YOU WILL BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE TOPIC COVERED.]
1. WHOLE TEXT IS RELIABLE.
2. TEXT HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM STANDARD TEXT BOOK FOR MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY.
3. SOME PICTURE HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM JOURNAL.
The use of a machine designed to follow repeatedly and automatically a predetermined sequence of individual operations.
AUTOMATED WASHING
AUTOMATED MEDIA PREPARATORS
AUTOMATED COLLECTION AND
PROCESSING OF SAMPLES
CYTOSPIN
AUTOMATED GRAM STAINING
AUTOMATED STREAKING
SPIRAL PLATER
AUTOMATED ANTIBIOTIC -
SENSITIVITY SYSTEM
AUTOMATIC COLONY COUNTER
AUTOMATED URINE MICROSCOPY -
ANALYSER
Serological test for virus identificationPlock Ghosh
This presentation consist of detailed study of serological method of virus identification. Basically ELISA is vastly used for virus detection. Western blot method is used for HIV identification.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF NLF BACTERIA IN VARIOUS SAMPLES.Daisy Saini
IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF NON-LACTOSE FEREMNTING BACTERIA IN VARIOUS CLINICAL SAMPLES IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN INDIA, INCLUDE BIOCHEMICAL TEST BASE ON THEIR ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTAION OF THEIR DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO SEX RATION , AGE GROUP, SAMPLE AND THEIR PROFILE.
Bio303 laboratory diagnosis of infectionMark Pallen
In this Bio303 module talk, I provide an overview of how infections are diagnosed in the clinical microbiology lab, focusing on technologies, old and new, and also on practical issues and workflows crucial to optimal use of the lab.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
33. MR and VP test This is a qualitative test of the acidity produced by bacteria grown in MR-VP broth. Citrate utilization
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35. Indole test Phenylalanine Deamination Test. Gelatin Hydrolysis or Liquefaction . Test for Amino Acid Decarboxylase. The tube on the left is an uninoculated control; the second tube from the left is lysine decarboxylase negative; the third tube is lysine decarboxylase positive; and the tube on the right is lysine deaminase positive
45. API Strips - Rapid Tests Commercial miniaturized biochemical test panels - Cover a significant number of clinically-important groups of bacteria, as well as food- and water-associated microorganisms. The earliest, is the Analytical Profile Index (API) panel. Different test panels are prepared in dehydrated forms which are reconstituted upon use by addition of bacterial suspensions. After incubation, positive test results are scored as a seven-digit number (profile). Identity of the bacterium is then easily derived from the database with the relevant cumulative profile code book or software. Identification of Enterobacteriaceae using API 20E, a standardized microplate method. Positive and negative reactions are shown by color reactions.
46. Rapid Tests ONPG ( β galactosidase); ADH (arginine dihydrolase); LDC (lysine decarboxylase); ODC (ornithine decarboxylase); CIT (citrate utilization); H 2 S (hydrogen disulphide production); URE (urease); TDA ( tryptophan deaminase); IND (indole production); VP (Voges Proskauer test for acetoin); GEL ( gelatin liquefaction); the fermentation of glucose (GLU), mannitol (MAN), inositol (INO), sorbitol (SOR), rhamnose (RHA), sucrose (SAC); Melibiose (MEL), amygdalin (AMY), and arabinose (ARA); and OXI (oxidase). positive negative
47. Rapid Test Results In Other System, the use of Paper discs impregnated with biochemical substrates (e.g. Minitek, Bioquest) OXI--0 - ARA-2 2 + AMY-0 - MEL--4 + SAC-2 7 + RHA-1 + SOR--4 + INO-0 5 - MAN-1 + GLU--4 + GEL-0 4 - VP--0 IND--4 + TDA-0 4 - URE-0 - H 2 S--0 - CIT-0 1 - ODC-1 + LDC--4 + ADH-0 5 - ONPG-1 + normal 7 digit code 5 144 572 = E. coli
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52. Direct/Indirect Agglutination Commercial suspension of latex beads are available for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenza and Camplyobacter spps . A similar technology is used for urine pregnancy tests . Hemagglutination usually results from antibodies cross linking red blood cells through attachment to surface antigens and is routinely used in blood typing. The hemagglutination inhibition test is widely used to diagnose influenza, measles, mumps, mononucleosis, and other viral infections
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64. Immuno-electron microscopy Electron Microscopy or EM can be used to study the detailed microarchitecture of tissues or cells. Immuno-EM allows the detection of specific proteins in ultrathin tissue sections. Antibodies labelled with heavy metal particles (e.g. gold) can be directly visualised using Transmission Electron Microscopy . While powerful in detecting the sub-cellular localisation of a protein, immuno-EM can be technically challenging, expensive, and require rigorous optimisation of tissue fixation and processing methods.
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66. Problems With Traditional Methods Cultivation-based methods insensitive for detecting some organisms. Cultivation-based methods limited to pathogens with known growth requirements. Poor discrimination between microbes with common behavioral features. Failure to detect infections caused by uncultivated (e.g., novel) organisms, or organisms that fail to elicit a detectable host immune response. Visual appearance of microorganisms is nonspecific. Examples of Failures With Traditional Approaches Detection and speciation of slow-growing organisms takes weeks (e.g., M. tuberculosis ). A number of visible microorganisms cannot be cultivated (e.g., Whipple bacillus ). Diseases presumed to be infectious remain ill-defined with no detected microorganism (e.g., abrupt fever after tick bite).
74. Limitations of End-Point PCR Agarose gel results are obtained from the end point of the reaction. Endpoint detection is very time consuming. Results may not be obtained for days. Results are based on size discrimination, which may not be very precise. The end point is variable from sample to sample. Gels may not be able to resolve these variability in yield, real-time PCR is sensitive enough to detect these changes. Agarose Gel resolution is very poor, about 10 fold. Real-Time PCR can detect as little as a two-fold change! Some of the problems with End-Point Detection: Poor Precision Low sensitivity Short dynamic range < 2 logs Low resolution Non - Automated Size-based discrimination only Results are not expressed as numbers Ethidium bromide for staining is not very quantitative Post PCR processing
101. How to Choose? There are a variety of identification technologies available Bear in mind the strengths, and weaknesses, of the various methodologies. E.g., the recently released aseptic processing guidance document (FDA 2004) recommends the use of genotypically based methods. In PCR based methods or DNA sequencing - an associated cost in facilities, labor (highly skilled technicians) and maintenance that is not present with the more traditional methods. The most direct approach to decide - based on an understanding of what your requirements may be. Develop User Requirements Specification (URS) document to drive this process. This is a formal Quality document, similar in concept to a Design Qualification document. Different companies will have different formats for these documents, but the essential features of the document will be that it has the essential requirements and that it has upper management sign-off (for a variety of reasons it is a good idea to document upper management commitment).
102. A partial list of topics to be covered in any URS designed for an identification system should include: Assay Throughput - How many samples a day? Assay Time-to-Completion - How quickly? Cost of Consumables - How much? Frequently the cost of consumables can soon dwarf the capital expense. Labor Requirements - Including the technological sophistication of the operators—can your technicians actually operate the equipment reliably? Size and Composition of Microorganism Identification Database - A major consideration. If you purchase two systems to cover identifications of unknowns, it is imperative to ensure that the databases are large and complementary; that is they both don’t have the same organisms in them, but that they include many different ones as well. Facility Requirements - Obvious stuff like electrical and plumbing, but also less obvious concerns about RNA/DNA contamination and clean room issues. Compatibility with Existing Systems (LIMS, workflow, etc.) Need for Physiological Information - Do you need to know if the organisms are capable of degrading your product components? You may want to use a system that will help determine this. Purpose - Do you plan to use this for routine identifications or for investigations? The use of the system may be different for different systems. A good system for routine work may not be the best for investigations, and vice versa. In short, there are a wide variety of choices available to help with the identification of unknown organisms. It is important to define your specific requirements and to purchase the appropriate system to meet those needs.