This topic describes about antigen-antibody reaction in detail including their classification, mechanism of action, various examples of each reaction with labelled diagrams.
Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion (also known as passive double immunodiffusion) is an immunological technique used in the detection, identification and quantification of antibodies and antigens, such as immunoglobulins and extractable nuclear antigens.
Direct
Passive
Reverse Passive
Agglutination Inhibition
Coagglutination
Agglutination tests can be done :
On slides
In tubes
In microtritation plates
-Difference between precipitation and agglutination reaction.
TPHA is abbreviation of treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay to treponemal test for the serologic diagnosis of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by a Spirochetes, Treponema pallidum.
Based on the principle of passive haemagglutination, this test detects anti-treponemal antibodies (IgG and IgM antibodies) in serum or CSF.
TPHA is a good primary screening test for syphilis at all stages beyond the early primary stage.
Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion (also known as passive double immunodiffusion) is an immunological technique used in the detection, identification and quantification of antibodies and antigens, such as immunoglobulins and extractable nuclear antigens.
Direct
Passive
Reverse Passive
Agglutination Inhibition
Coagglutination
Agglutination tests can be done :
On slides
In tubes
In microtritation plates
-Difference between precipitation and agglutination reaction.
TPHA is abbreviation of treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay to treponemal test for the serologic diagnosis of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by a Spirochetes, Treponema pallidum.
Based on the principle of passive haemagglutination, this test detects anti-treponemal antibodies (IgG and IgM antibodies) in serum or CSF.
TPHA is a good primary screening test for syphilis at all stages beyond the early primary stage.
The lecture was presented to the students of Saudi board of Community Medicine to help them know about the various serological methods applicable in the diagnosis of infectious diseases in general with attention upon the specificity and sensitivity of various diagnostic modalities. The lecture covers the basic principles of each test and the clinical applications with the advantages and disadvantages of each.
The topic is highly useful for MBBS students.
Trichinella is a neamtode, The disease is called as Trichinellosis/Trichinosis. This topic will be explaining about Morphology of Trichinella, mode of transmission, life cycle ,clinical features, lab diagnosis, treatment and its prevention.
This topic is highly useful for MBBS students.
Strongyloides is a Nematode. Causes Strongyloidiasis.
This topic briefly describes about the mode of transmission, life cycle, clinical features ,complications ,diagnosis, treatment and its prevention.
INFECTION, Microbial pathogenicity
Important for MBBS and paramedical students to know about various sources , different types and modes of transmission of infection.
A Very important topic for all healthcare workers.
Hospital Acquired Infections/Health care associated infections/Nosocomial infection .
More useful for MBBS ,PG (MD/MS) Students to get a brief idea about HAI.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
3. GENERAL FEATURES
Antigens and antibodies combine with each other
specifically and in an observable manner.
Ag-Ab reaction in –vitro serological tests.
A.Uses
In-vivo
-basis of immunity against infectious diseases.
-l/t tissue injury in HSN reacns & AI diseases.
In-vitro:
-For diagnosis of infection.
-for epidemiological studies.
-For identification of non-infectious agents such as enzyme.
-Detection and quantitation of either antigens or antibodies.
4. Characteristics
1.The reaction is specific.
2. Entire molecule react and not fragments.
3. There is no denaturation of the antigen or antibody during the reaction.
4. The combination occurs at the surface.
5. The combination is firm but reversible. Influenced by Affinity and Avidity of the
reaction
AFFINITY: Refers to the intensity of attraction between the antigen and antibody
AVIDITY: It is the strength of the bond after the formation of antigen and antibody
complex.
6. Both antigen and antibody participates in the formation of the agglutinates and
precipitates.
7. Antigens and antibodies can combine in varying proportions.
5. PRIMARY STAGE
-Initial interaction
without any visible
effects
-Rapid & Reversible
reaction
-weaker intermolecular
forces-
Vander waal’s forces
H2 bonds
Ionic bonds
SECONDARY STAGE:
. leading to visible effects such as
Precipitation
Agglutination
Lysis of cells
Killing of live antigens
Neutralization of toxins
Fixation of complement
Immobilization of motile
organisms
REACTIONS OCCUR IN 3 STAGES
6. Antibodies are designated by the reactions
Antibody causing agglutination as Agglutinin
(Antigen called as Agglutinogen)
Antibody causing precipitation as Precipitin
(Antigen called as Precipitinogen)
TERTIARY STAGE:
Antigen-antibody reactions lead to neutralization or
destruction of injurious antigens or to tissue
damage.
7. COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF THE
IMMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASSES IN
DIFFERENT SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS:
REACTION IgG IgM IgA
Precipitation Strong Weak Variable
Agglutination Weak Strong Moderate
CFT Strong Weak Negative
Lysis Weak Strong Negative
8. MEASUREMENT OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY
Measurement as units or titre
The antibody titre of a serum is the highest dilution of
the serum which shows an observable reaction with the
antigen in the particular test.
SENSITIVITY: Refers to the ability of the test to detect
even very minute quantities of antigen or antiboby.
False –ve results are absent or minimal.
SPECIFICITY: Refers to the ability of the reactions
between homologous antigens and antibodies only
and with no other. False +ve reactions are absent or
minimal.
9. PRECIPITATION REACTION
Take place in liquid media or
in gels (Agar, Agarose,
Polyacrylamide)
When a soluble antigen
combines with its antibody in
presence of electrolytes
(NaCl) at a suitable
temperature and pH, the
antigen-antibody complex
forms an insoluble
precipitate.
If the precipitate remain
suspended as floccules, the
reaction is known as
Flocculation.
10. :
MECHANISM OF PRECIPITATION:
Marrack proposed the lattice hypothesis
PROZONE PHENOMENON-In the zone of antibody excess,
form a large lattice
ZONE OF EQUIVALENCEAg & Ab are in optimum
proportions.
POSTZONE PHENOMENON-In the zone of antigen excess,.
11. GraphicalRepresentation
If amount of precipitate
in the different tubes are
plotted on a graph, the
resulting curve will have
three phases.
Prozone – imp. in clinical
serology.
- Several dilutions are
tested.
13. APPLICATIONS OF PRECIPITATION REACTION:
- qualitative or quantitative test.
- Sensitive for detection of antigens than antibodies.
- Forensic application Identification of blood & seminal stains
- Testing for food adulterants
- Grouping of streptococci
- VDRL test for syphilis
- Standardise toxins & antitoxins
- Test toxigenicity in diptheria bacilli
14. Typesof Precipitation &Flocculation
1. RING TEST
-Simplest
-Layering Ag solution over a column of
antiserum in a narrow tube
- Ppt forms at the junction.
e.g. Ascoli’s thermopreciptin test
Lancefield grouping of streptococci
2. SLIDE TEST – A drop each of Ag &
antiserum are placed on a slide &mixed –
floccules appear
e.g. VDRL test for syphilis
15. 3. TUBE TEST - Tube flocculation
e.g. Kahn test for syphilis
Standardisation of toxins & toxoids
4. IMMUNODIFFUSION (Precipitaiton in gel)
Advantage – Distinct band of ppt form
- Reaction is visible
-Number of different Ags in the reacting
mixture can be identified.
- Indicates identity, cross-reaction and
nonidentity between different antigens
16. 1.SINGLE DIFFUSION IN ONE DIMENSION
(OUDIN PROCEDURE)
Antibody incorporated in agar gel in a test tube
antigen is layered over the solution
Antigen diffuses downward
Form a line of precipitation
Number of bands indicates the number of different antigens
present
18. 2. DOUBLE DIFFUSION IN ONE DIMENSION
(OAKLEY-FULTHORPE PROCEDURE)
Antibody incorporated in gel
A column of plain agar placed above it
Antigen layered on top of agar
Antigen and antibody move towards each other
through the intervening column of plain agar
Band of precipitate at optimum proportion
20. 3.SINGLE DIFFUSION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
(RADIAL IMMUNODIFFUSION)
Antiserum incorporated in agar gel poured on a flat
surface
Antigen is added to the wells
Ag diffuses radially and forms ring shaped bands of
precipitation-Halo
Diameter of the halo concentration of
antigen
21. Modifications
Single diffusion in two dimensions (Radial
immunodiffusion)
Uses : estimation of Ig classes in sera.
screening sera for Abs to Influenza viruses
22. 4. DOUBLE DIFFUSION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
(OUCHTERLONY PROCEDURE)
Agar gel is poured on a slide
Wells are cut
Antiserum placed in the central well
Antigens in the surrounding wells
If two adjacent antigens are
identical Line of precipitate fuse
If unrelated Lines cross each other
Partial identity Spur formation
Example: Elek’s gel test
23. Double diffusion in two
dimensions (Ouchterlony
procedure) e.g. Elek’s test
for C.diphtheriae
- most widelyused.
- helps to compare different
Ags &antisera directly.
24. IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS:
Electrophoresis followed by immunodiffusion.
Agar or agarose gel on a slide
Ag well and Ab trough cut on it
Test serum Ag well
Electrophoresed
Antibody Trough
Diffusion For 18 – 24 hours
Precipitin lines Photographed, stained and preserved
Uses: Testing for normal and abnormal serum and proteins in urine.
26. ELECTROIMMUNODIFFUSION:
Development of precipitin lines speeded up by
electrically driving the Ag and Ab.
COUNTERIMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS (CIE):
Simultaneous electrophoresis of the Ag and Ab in
opposite directions
Precipitation
Uses:
- Detection of alphafetoprotein in serum
- Detection of antigens of Cryptococcus and
Meningococus in CSF.
28. Electroimmunodiffusion
b. Rocket electrophoresis –
one dimensional single
electroimmunodiffusion
- Ag in increasing
concentration
Uses : quantitative estimation
ofAgs.
Antiserum is incorporated in
agarose
Ag in increasing concentrations
is placed in wells
Ag is electrophoresed into the
Ab containing agarose
Pattern of immunoprecipitaiton
resembles rocket.
30. AGGLUTINATION REACTION
-When insoluble or particulate antigen is mixed with its antibody
in presence of electrolytes at a suitable temperature & pH ,the
particles are clumped or agglutinated
-More sensitive than precipitation for the detection of antibodies.
Applications of Agglutination Reaction:-
Slide Agglutination:- Drop of antiserum
Particulate Antigen in a drop of saline
Positive: Clumping of the particles &
Cleaning of the drop.
USES:-
- Identification of bacterial isolates.
- Blood grouping & cross – matching.
31.
32. Tube agglutination:-
Fixed volume of a particulate antigen
Serial dilutions of antiserum in test tubes
Agglutination titre of the serum → estimated.
USES:- Diagnosis of Typhoid → widal test
Brucellosis
Typhus fever → weil felix reaction
33. THE ANTIGLOBULIN (COOMBS) TEST:-
- Devised by Coombs, Mourant & Race (1945)
- Detection of anti – Rh antibodies.
.
Direct - Sensitisation occurs in vivo
Coombs test - Haemolytic disease of newborn
Indirect - Sensitisation performed in vitro.
USES:-
-For the detection of anti – Rh antibodies
-For demonstrating any type of incomplete or non
agglutinating antibody.
34.
35. Heterophile agglutination tests
Weil-felix reaction-based on sharing of common
antigen , serodiagnosis of typhus fever by using
proteus bacilli.
Streptococcus MG test-for primary atypical
pneumonia
Paul-Bunnel test-detection of IMN
36. Passive Agglutination Test:-
Soluble Antigen + carrier particles Particulate Ag.
(Precipitation Test) (Agglutination test)
Carrier particles:
Red cells(haemagglutination test),
Latex particles(latex agglutination test) or bentonite
Detection of ASO,CRP, RA factor, HCG.
Ex:- Rose waaler test:- For RA factor
38. COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST
.
Principle: The ability of Antigen – Antibody
complexes to fix complement is made use of in the
complement fixation test.
- Consist of two steps and five reagents –
Ag, Ab, Complement, Sheep
erythrocytes & Amboceptor (Rabbit Ab to sheep
RBC)
- Antigen- soluble / particulate
- Antiserum - heated at 56 degree c
- Source of complement - Guinea pig serum
39. Standardisation of complement-
Guinea pig serum should be titrated for activity.
• 1 unit of MHD of complement- highest dilution of the serum
that lyses one unit volume of washed sheep erythrocytes in
presence of excess hemolysin (amboceptor) in a fixed timeat
a fixed temperature
Titration of amboceptor-
1 unit of MHD of amboceptor -highest dilution of the
inactivated amboceptor that lyse one unit volume of washed
sheep erythrocytes in presence of excess complement in a
fixed time at a fixed temperature.
Classical example of CFT: Wassermann reaction
40.
41. Indirect complement fixation test
•used for certain avian and mammalian sera not fixed
by guinea pig complement.
Negative Test-
1.antigen+ test serum(-
ve for Ab)+ guinea pig
complement
2.standard
antiserum(known to
fix complement) will
react with Ag & fix free
complement
Indicator system-no
hemolysis
Positive test-
1.antigen+test serum(+ve
for Ab)+ guinea pig
complement
2. standard antiserum will
not react with antigen as
Ag is used in first step by
Ab.
Indicator system-
hemolysis occurs as
complement is free to act
on system.
42. Conglutination
Horse complement is used.
Indicator system- sensitised sheep erythrocytes with
bovine serum(contain a β globulin component named
conglutinin, act as Ab to complement)
Conglutinin causes agglutination of eryrhrocytes if
combined with complement(conglutination).
1.Ag+antiserum(+ve)+horse complementfixed
2.sheep eryrhrocyte with conglutinin no agglutination
Result- No agglutination-+ve
Agglutination- -ve
43. NEUTRALISATION TESTS
Ability of the Ab to neutralize various effects
of micro organisms mediated through toxins,
enzymes ormicrobial Ags.
e.g. Nagler’s test for
Clostridium perfingens
(test to detect alpha toxin)
44. OPSONISATION TEST:
Process by which a particulate Ag becomes more susceptible to
phagocytosis
Opsonin combines with antigen Facilitates
phagocytosis
Opsonic Index: Ratio of phagocytic activity of the
patients blood for a given bacterium, to
that of a normal individual
Phagoytic Index: Average number of phagocytosed
bacterium per polymorphonuclear
leukocyte from blood films.
45. IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
FLUORESCENCE – property of certaincompounds
to absorb light of shorter (UV) wavelength &
emit light of higher (visible)wavelength.
Fluorescent dyes (Fluorochromes) are conjugated
to Abs – LabelledAbs.
Fluoresce when binds to specific Ag in tissues.
Can be direct or indirect.
Detected by FluorescentMicroscope.
46. Fluorochromes
FITC- Fluorescein
Isothiocynate :–Green
Rhodamine- Auramine :-
Red
Acridine orange :-Orange
Calcofluor white :- fungal
elements
Applications
Direct IF – detection of
bacteria, viruses or other
Ags using specific
antiserum labelled with
fluorescent dye e.g.
detection of Rabies virus
Ag in brain smears.
Indirect IF – fluorescent
treponemal Ab test
47.
48. RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
Radio isotopes are conjugated to Abs
or Ags.
A competitive binding assay in which
fixed amounts of Ab &radiolabelled Ag
react in the presence of unlabelled Ag
( test sample)
High levels of unlabelled Ag– less
radioactivity
Applications – quantitation of
hormones, drugs, tumor
markers, IgE &viralAgs.
49. ELISA
Enzyme linked immunosorbentassay.
Can be used for the detection of Ag or Ab.
Corresponding Ag or Ab is conjugated with an enzyme.
The enzyme is then detected by its ability to convert acolorless
substrate to a colored product.
The color is then measured in a machine called ELISA reader.
The test can be done in polystyrene tube (Macro – ELISA)
or Polyvinyl Microtiter plates (Micro – ELISA)
50.
51. Indirect ELISA: (Ab detection)
Wells coated with antigen
Sera added
Ab present – binds to coated antigen
To detect, goat antihuman Ig conjugated with an
enzyme added
Substrate added
Colour production
52. SANDWICH ELISA: (Antigen detection)
wells coated with specific antibody.
Specimen added.
Antigen present – binds to coated antibody
To detect this Ag – Ab reaction,
Ab conjugated with an enzyme added.
Conjugated Ab binds to Ag
Substrate added
Positive result:- Colour production
Read by spectrtophotometer or ELISA reader.
53.
54. CASSETTE OR CYLINDER ELISA
Specific Type 1 and 2 Ag immobilized on the
nitrocellulose membrane
Serum added
Positive serum – Ab bind to appropriate Ag
Washing – Remove unbound Ab, conjugate added
Washing - Remove unbound conjugate, substrate
added
Positive result – coloured spot
55. ADVANTAGES:
Testing one or few samples of sera at a time
Test is rapid (10 mins)
For detection of HIV type 1 and 2 Ab
Uses:-
1. Detection of HIV antibodies in serum.
2. Detection of Mycobacterial Ab in TB.
3. Detection of Rotavirus in faeces.
4. Detection of Hepatitis – B markers in serum.
56. Immunochromatographic tests
One step test.
HBsAg detection
Membrane impregnated with anti-HBsAg Ab
colloidal gold dyeconjugate.
Presence of a colored band is +ve.
59. Immunoelectronmicroscopic Tests:
Immunoferritin Test:- To detect antigen.
Ferritin (electron dense substance) conjugated Ab + Ag
Visualized under electron microscope
Immunoelectronmicroscopy:
Ag mixed with specific Ab
Electron microscope
Clumps seen
USES:-
Diagnosis of Hepatitis – A and viruses causing diarrhea.
60. Immunoblotting:
Western blotting: (To detect proteins)
Proteins electrophoretically separated in a gel.
Transferred to a nitrocellulose paper.
Reacted with test sera (Ab) and enzyme conjugated
anti human Ig
Substrate added
Colour produced
Detection of DNA – Southern Blotting.
Detection of RNA – Northern Blotting