This document discusses best practices for using audio-visual aids in teaching and learning. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding different media types and their attributes. Some key principles of audio-visual aids are discussed, such as linking content, ensuring intelligibility, highlighting important points, and targeting the audience appropriately. Examples of different media like blackboards, overhead projectors, and PowerPoint are described in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines are provided for effective use of these tools, including font selection, size, and other design elements. Common errors to avoid are also outlined.

1. How to Prepare
Audio-Visual (AV) Aids
in Teaching Learning (TL) process
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Prof

2. Objectives
• To Enumerate the principles of using AV aids in
TL methods
• To enumerate the different media and to
understand the salient attributes of each
medium
• To be able to use AV aids appropriately
• To appreciate that AV aids should be used only
as much as needed
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Prof Microbiology

3. Introduction
• AV aids are the media that are used as tools and
technologies which facilitate the teaching learning
process
• Basic principles
– Links
– Intelligibility
– General style
– Highlighting
– Targeting
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Prof

4. Why Audiovisual Aids?
I hear, I forget
I see, I remember
I do, I understand (Edwards and Mercer)
• Visual perception contributes to about 90% to
all human learning.
• Maximum attention span of an adult learner is
20 min
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Prof Microbiology

5. Audio-visual Aids
It is a Medium
It MEDIATES
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Prof Microbiology

6. Audio-visual Aids
Choice of Medium
APPROPRIATE not just AVAILABLE
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Prof Microbiology

7. Effective use of Blackboard
• Write key points
• Use std abbreviations
• Write in large letters
• Use different color chalks
• Do not talk while writing
• Use maximum space
• At the end clean the board
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor

8. Advantage of Blackboard
• Readily available
• No Electricity required
• Sequential development of concept can be
done effectively
• Minimum expenditure
• Easy to use
• No need to keep darkness in the room
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor

9. Disadvantage of Blackboard
• Eye to eye contact is lost while writing
• The written material cannot be stored
• Advance preparation of material is not
possible
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor

10. Overhead projector
• Lettering style should be simple
• Avoid spelling mistakes
• Font size should be 0.5 to 0.7 cm for hand written
and printing 18 points
• Use combination of capital and small letters
• Line should be restricted to 7 to 10
• Colors can be used
• Use pointer and allow time to read
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

11. Overhead projector
• The projector is simple to use
• Can be used in almost ay training room which
has electricity
• Can be used in classroom lights on
• Can be prepared in advance
• Relatively inexpensive
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

12. Disadvantage of Overhead projector
• Electricity is required
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor

13. Power Point
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

14. Using Power Point Slides
• Practice with equipment
• Slides should be concurrent with verbal
content
• Pause to allow audience to redirect attention
• Talk to audience/don’t read slides
• Explain graphics
• Use verbal cues for next slide
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor

15. Using Power Point Slides
• Total number of slides = 1/2 number of
minutes in presentation
• One topic per slide
• 3-7 bullets/slide
• Key words
• 32 point for text/ 40 point for headings
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor

16. Audiovisual Errors
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
East
West
North
• this font is way too small
• don’t try to put too much on one
slide
• don’t have to apologize
• there is just too much here to read
and what is here is too small to
see, anyway
• can you even tell which color is
which on the bar graph? I can’t
because they are too similar.
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor
Microbiology SDCH Pune

17. Audiovisual Errors
• Use “special effects” sparingly
• They rarely add anything to the presentation
• And can be extremely annoying and
distracting!
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

18. Font Errors: Selection
funky fonts are distracting and hard to read
this is a sans serif font (Arial)
this is a serif font
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

19. Font Errors: Size
too small is hard to see, and this is smaller that the minimum resolvable acuity for
most of the audience
• beyond minimum resolvable acuity
• make big enough to see easily
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology SDCH

20. Font Size
• titles - 40 to 72pt
• text - 28 to 40 pt
• NEVER smaller than 28 pt
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

21. Font Errors: Case Selection
ALL CAPS IS NOT VERY READABLE FOR
LONG PASSAGES; AVOID THIS EXCEPT FOR
SHORT TITLES AND ABBREVIATIONS
Sentence case is much more readable!
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

22. Font Errors: Alignment
This passage is more difficult for you to
read because it is centered, instead of
left justified. Don’t do this.
This passage is left justified and easier
for you to read.
Do this.
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

23. Font Colors
• chromatic aberration of the eye
causes different colors in the slide to
appear to be at different depths; and
makes it hard to read
don’t do it!
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

24. Avoid this.
This section has lower contrast than
what comes next and is harder to read
Do this.
White on black is easy to see.
That’s why it is used in low vision apps.
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

25. Busy backgrounds are distracting
• all the stuff distracts you
from my message and the
picture
• you are having trouble
seeing this
• keep it simple
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

26. Simple backgrounds
• not distracting
• text easier to read
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

27. Examples of PowerPoint
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

28. ELISA test
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

29. ELISA test
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

30. Elek’s Gel precipitation
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

31. Elek’s Gel precipitation
Known non toxigenic Strain
Test Strain +ve
Test Strain -ve
Known toxigenic Strain
Line of precipitate
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology

32. Thank you so much
Mr. Mohammad Mukhit Kazi, Assistant Professor Microbiology