Advanced excel 2010 & 2013 updated Terrabiz

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TWO DAYS WORKSHOP
ADVANCED EXCEL 2010
Facilitator: Ahmed Yasir Khan
(MBA MIS, OCP, DIT, MCSE, MCTS, ITIL,PMP, Excel Expert)
ERP Consultant & Corporate Trainer

Course Facilitator
Ahmed Yasir Khan is a qualified MBA (MIS) and has possesses 17 year of diversified
industry exposure in the field of finance & IT. Currently he is working as Manager e-support in
FBR. He is a member of Trainer FBR Trained Professional Govt. sector as well as Private
organization. He has conducting in-house training also workshop and seminar. He has specialty
in Import, Export, Supply Chain, E-Filling (IGM, Import, Export, Sales Tax Return), e-Support,
Income Tax, Sales tax, Customs, ERP’s & Database (SAPR3, SAP B1 ,Microsoft Dynamics AX,
Oracle e-business suite R12 ,Oracle11g, Tally ERP, Quick book2012, Peachtree2010,
Advanced Excel2010/2013, Access 2010/13, SQL SERVER 2008R2/2012).Microsoft office
Application Specialist, SharePoint 2010,PMP,ITIL V3, Corporate Finance, Analysis of Financial
Statement, Strategic in Financial Management , Excel Dashboard Reporting, Financial Planning
& Budgeting, Excel VBA Programming and Financial Modeling.
As part from diversified development assignment . He has been actively involved in training
and teaching Professional with many Institutions as visiting faculty member, and taught
thousands of Professionals. He is a trainer of repute for his unique training style which enables
maximum learning & retention in least possible time.
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Rules of Workshop
No Rules
just
Ethics
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5
Ratings
of MS
Excel
(0-10)
General
understanding
of Excel
Name
Lets Get
Started

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Excel 2010 / 2013
Microsoft Excel 2010 / 2013 makes it possible to analyze, manage, and share information in
more ways than ever before, helping you make better, smarter decisions. New analysis and
visualization tools help you track and highlight important data trends. Easily access your
important data on the go from almost any Web browser or smartphone.1 You can even
upload your files to the Web and work simultaneously with others online. Whether you’re
producing financial reports or managing personal expenses, Excel 2010 / 2013 gives you
more efficiency and flexibility to accomplish your goals.

What’s new in Excel 2010/ 2013 ?
Here’s a quick summary of what’s new, relative to Excel 2010:
● 64-bit version: If your hardware supports it, you can install the 64-bit version, which lets you create much larger workbooks.
● Sparkline charts: Create small, in-cell charts to summarize a range of data graphically.
● Pivot table Slicers: A new way to filter and display data in pivot tables.
● Pivot table formatting options: You have more control over the appearance of pivot table reports.
● File tab: The File tab replaces the Office button, which is located to the left of the other tabs. Clicking it displays Backstage View, a
screen that lets you perform various operations on your workbook. This view essentially replaces the traditional File and Print menus —
plus quite a bit more.
● Draft mode for charts: If you use many highly formatted charts, you can choose to display them in draft mode for improved
performance.
● Conditional formatting enhancements: Data bar conditional formatting can display in a solid color, and the bars provide a more
accurate display.
● Function enhancements: Many of Excel’s statistical functions have been improved in terms of numeric accuracy. The old versions of
these functions are still available and have been relegated to a new function category called Compatibility.
● Image editing enhancements: You have much more control over the appearance of graphic images inserted into a workbook.
● Paste preview: When you copy a range, the Paste command displays various options
(with preview).
● Ribbon customization: End users can customize the Ribbon by adding new tabs and groups.
● Equation editor: Create and display (non calculating) mathematical equations.
● Faster processing: Microsoft made some improvements to the calculation engine, and files load a bit faster.
● New security features: Workbooks downloaded from the Internet or from e-mail
attachments are opened in Protected View mode. Workbooks can be designated as “trusted,” and they don’t need to reside in special
trusted folders.
● Updated Solver: Excel 2010 includes a new version of the Solver add-in.
● Enhancements to VBA: Many operations that used to require old XLM macros can now be performed directly using VBA macro
commands.
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Beyond column filters: slicers on tables
Slicers were first introduced in Excel 2010 and made filtering PivotTables as simple as
clicking a button. We’ve taken the goodness of slicers but moved it beyond just
PivotTables - with Excel 2013 you can now create slicers on any table! And, as you’ll see
in throughout this article, all of this works in a browser too using Excel Web App.
Since Halloween is coming up soon, I’ve whipped up a small data set showing some great
Horror novels to help you get into a spooky mood. When deciding which books you might
want to read, you could use the existing filter drop downs on the table columns and peck
your way through. For this example data set, since it is so small, that would probably work
fine. But let’s see how much better the experience could be if we added some slicers.
Here’s the starting table of data (brought to you via embedding this table with Excel Web
App):

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Insert Slicers
Let’s get some slicers inserted! The first thing to do is to select the table (any cell in the table
will do), and then click the Insert Slicers button from the Design tab of the Table Tools ribbon.
Now you’ll get a dialog asking you which columns you want to create slicers for. Each slicer
filters a single column of data and you can create slicers on any column you like. For this
example, let’s go ahead and select the checkboxes for the following columns: Author, Rating,
Type, and Made into Movie.

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That will create the slicers and drop them in your workbook. Go ahead and drag them
all next to the left side of the table. You’ll now have some basic slicers that you can use
to filter the table.

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Go ahead and click the slicer buttons and watch your table filter – try finding books by your
favorite author, by the type of monster you like, etc.
Here’s a few things to note as you filter:
•The table column filter buttons show the same “filtered state” as the slicers. That’s because
under the covers they work the same way. So you can use the table drop down filters and the
slicers together (this can be useful in more advanced filtering scenarios).
•The slicer buttons themselves tell you about your data. For instance if you select Peter Straub
from the authors slicer, you’ll see that while there is data in our list for lots of types of books, he
only has books about Ghosts or Psychopath in our list, with ratings that are either 4 or 4.5, and
some of his books have been made into movies.

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The slicers are additive – that is you can keep applying more filters as you go. So if you click
Ghosts on the Type slicer, then you’ll see there’s only 4.5 rated books written by Peter Straub
about ghosts and it was made into a movie. And if you look at your table you’ll see the book
shown there (it turns out there’s only one).

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•The slicer buttons update as you type new data into the table. Go ahead and change
the rating from 4.5 to 5 and note that the slicers update in real time.
•You can select multiple buttons via clicking and dragging, Shift + click, or Ctrl + click.
•Slicers are “floating” objects in Excel – that means you can put them anywhere you want
to deliver the best reporting experience. For instance, you may create a chart based off
your table and just want to show the chart. No problem – add your slicers on the table
columns you want, and then just put the slicers next to your chart. People don’t even need
to see your table – as you use the slicers you’ll see your chart update in real time.

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Chart Styles in Office 2013
I have been working in the data visualization area for the last two releases and this is a
feature I hold dear to my heart. In the latest release we worked with our amazing design
team in Office to modify the default style for charts and create a variety of other styles which
should make this task much easier. Of course the example used in the previous article was a
customized chart so you won’t get that chart out of the box but you will have a clean nice
looking chart to start with.
Introducing the new default style
When you insert a chart in Office 2013 you will see some noticeable differences.

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Overall I think this a vast improvement from the past and a basic chart in Office will look great
without any additional effort on your part. Here are some of the changes we made and why:
•Chart title is added by default. Most charts out there will have a title so it made sense to have
one by default.
•Legend is moved to the bottom for a column chart. This gives the actual chart more room and
the legend is meant to be a reference vs. the center of attention.
•There is no legend added for a single series chart.
•All lines and text are toned down as to not draw too much attention away from the chart itself.
•There is spacing between the series. We thought this was more aesthetically pleasing and we
balanced this spacing with the spacing between categories so the grouping is still clear.
You will also see that not every chart type will have the same exact defaults as we have
optimized it for that

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Additional chart styles
Now that you have a clean beautiful chart by default you could just go with that, but sometimes
you really want to make an impact and do something a little different. We previously
introduced the buttons that showed up when you select a chart in Chris’s article and the new
chart styles are contained in the second button.

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Quick Analysis: Discover new insights
As part of our planning work at the beginning of the Office 2013 project, we (the Excel team)
participated in several customer visits. We went in small groups to someone’s work environment
(whether that was a large corporation, a small business, or even a home office), watched them
use Excel, and talked with them a bit about what they were doing. Of course several patterns
and themes were observed, but here are a few that caught my interest and really resonated
with me and with several others on the team:
· Many people aren’t familiar with the variety of data analysis features that Excel has to offer
· Many people are hesitant to create / insert new features, even a chart. Some people feared
they wouldn’t be able to change it back if they didn’t like the result
· Many people are simply unwilling to navigate away from the home tab to go looking for
interesting features & capabilities
These are the main motivations behind Excel 2013’s Quick Analysis feature. We set out to
create a dynamic interface that allows fear-free exploration of Excel’s analytical capabilities.
The Quick Analysis galleries are dynamic: what appears in them changes depending on the
type of data you’ve selected. Live preview makes it quick and painless to see what’s going to
happen to the workbook before committing to a change.

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Getting Started: Select a Range of Data
The way to bring up the Quick Analysis interface is to select a range of data, and then click
the little button that appears near the bottom right of the selection:
Clicking the button brings up a gallery of options to explore:

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By default the Conditional Formatting gallery comes up, showing just a handful of choices, but
there are other galleries to explore as well. The Charts, Totals, Tables, and Sparklines tabs in
this callout each show a handful of choices from those respective categories to explore.
Conditional Formatting
Looking at my sample data, I might first be interested in taking a closer look just at the
numbers, so I select G4:I20, and click the button. Hovering my mouse over the various icons in
the gallery gives me a live preview of what choosing that option will do. Below are some
examples with Data Bars and Color Scale. If you like what you see, click the button to add
that to your selection, otherwise if you just move your mouse away the live preview will
disappear.

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Dynamic Conditional Formatting Gallery
In the example above I’ve selected numbers, so it makes sense that I’m seeing Conditional
Formatting options that work well with numeric values. If I select all Text or all Date values,
the items in the Conditional Formatting gallery change to work better with those types of
data:

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(Text values in the “Territory” column selected, showing a live preview of the “Text Contains”
Conditional Formatting rule)

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Charts
Now let’s say I want show my data as a chart, but I’m not yet sure exactly what I want. I’ll
select the entire range of data from B3:I20 (Names column all the way to Sales 2011 column),
and take a look at the CHARTS gallery in the Quick Analysis callout. This gallery is dynamic as
well - - in the background Excel is doing some light weight analysis of the data in the selection
to determine some good chart recommendations to get started.
At first glance it seems that the Clustered Column chart is being recommended over and over
again:

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Looking through the live previews though shows me that these are different Clustered Column
PivotChart recommendations. The indicator that a PivotChart (instead of a regular chart) is
being recommended is the little PivotTable icon in the upper right corner of the chart preview:

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Incidentally, the choices you see here are a subset of the recommendations you get when you
navigate to the Insert ribbon tab and choose “Recommended Charts” (the maximum number of
recommendations in the Quick Analysis gallery is 5, whereas clicking the ribbon button doesn’t
limit the recommendations to 5). Also, if the recommendation engine has fewer than 5
recommended charts, then fewer recommendations will appear in the Quick Analysis Charts
gallery.

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Totals
To explore the Totals gallery in the Quick Analysis callout, let’s first select all the numbers for
Sales 2009, 2010, and 2011 (range G4:I20). Looking at the icons in that gallery, I’m thinking
that this part of the feature will put totals either at the bottom or to the right of my selection
(OK, since I helped design those icons, I’ve got an unfair advantage J):

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This particular gallery has more choices, with right/left scrolling arrows to see the
additional options. Hovering over the 2nd “Sum” button shows a live preview of the totals
placed to the right instead of at the bottom:

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Tables
Exploring the Tables gallery quickly shows me that this is the place to get recommendations
about how to summarize my data in a PivotTable. This gallery is dynamic as well - - in the
background, Excel is doing more lightweight analysis of the data in the selection to
determine good recommendations to get started. Even if I don’t know what the word
PivotTable means, I can see from the live previews that it’s putting subtotals into a nicely
formatted layout:

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Again, just like recommended charts, this is a subset of the options you get when you
navigate to the Insert ribbon tab and choose “Recommended PivotTables”. Also, if the
recommendation engine has fewer than 5 recommendations, then fewer recommendations
will appear in this gallery. As an extreme example, if the engine doesn’t recommend any
PivotTables, there won’t be any recommendations in the gallery; only the option to insert a
blank PivotTable. This can happen if your data contains only unique values, column-wise,
since in that case there isn’t anything to consolidate and subtotal.
I’m really excited that you don’t have to know the word “PivotTable” in order to get good
summary information about your data, and you get live previews of a good number of
options to choose from.

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Sparklines
Finally, let’s take a quick glance at the Sparklines gallery. I’ll select the numbers again, and
hover over the “Column” icon to see a live preview of where the Sparklines will be inserted,
and get a better understanding of what Sparklines even means:

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Intro to Power View for Excel 2013
Power View is a new add-in for Excel 2013 that consumes the Data Model. For those who are
avid readers of our blog, you will remember Diego did a post on the Data Model we’ve
integrated into Excel. If you don’t remember that post (because not all of us are perfect), the
gist is that there’s a new way to have lots of data in Excel and not slow it down while also
having handy things like relationships (to make your handy dandy new in-workbook cube
relational). Another thing to note is that the Power View add-in comes installed by default in
Professional Plus versions of Office.
The point of Power View is to make it very easy to create pretty, interactive data presentations
(or “reports” as the experts call them) that will make your boss go “Wow, how did you do that?
You’re a genius!” Well, OK, maybe not that far but you’ll definitely look super smart. Plus, it
also can be used to explore your data visually without worrying about messing anything up and
even make reports on your own, without IT help.
Some of you may be quizzical and asking yourselves, “But… Doesn’t Excel already have
graphs and charts and visualizations?” To which I would say, “Yes!!” and probably also add that
with Power View, you get automatic cross-filtering of visualizations, new visualizations that
aren’t in Excel (such as a "play" axis, maps, and cards), a free-form canvas that doesn't have
the restriction of gridlines (no more messing up alignment because you inserted a new row!),
unique filtering options (e.g. sliders), and support for images. Plus, if you’re a data head, you’ll
be excited to know that Power View sheets in Excel can also be hooked up to external data
models (i.e. Analysis Services Tabular Models).

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Insert a Power View sheet
1. Click on the “Insert” tab
2. In the middle of the ribbon, click on the “Power View” button in the Reports section (to the
right of the Charts section)
3. If this is the first time you have used Power View, you’ll get a dialog asking you to enable
the add-in. Go ahead and hit Enable so we can get started.

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If you hit cancel, you’ll have to go to step 1 and we’ll be here all day.
4. If you don’t have Silverlight installed, you’ll have to install it. Power View needs it to render
all those pretty visualizations you’re going to make. Good thing we have this nice bar that
comes up to give you a handy link:
5. After you’re done installing Silverlight, go ahead and hit the “Reload” button on
the bar there. You should now get a blank Power View. Whoohoo! Your first Power
View. I’m so proud!

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Add a Title
First things first: titles.
1. On your Power View sheet, click in the title text box at the top of the sheet and type
“Where to buy a house?” Titles are important, people! Don’t skip this part, it’s definitely
essential to the whole shebang.
Add a map
Second things second: we are going to put the data on a map so we don’t have to stare at
it in table form, scratching our heads, wondering where this “Ravenna” place is and
whether it has views of Puget Sound. (hint: it doesn’t)
1. In the field list on the right side of the screen, from Table1, check the checkboxes next to
LIST PRICE and IS SHORT SALE. You should now have a table on the Power View canvas.
Voilà!

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Introduction to the Data Model and Relationships in Excel 2013
Finding a home
Around this time last year my wife and I were considering purchasing a house in the Seattle
area, even if it meant dealing with some of the worst traffic in the US. So like any self-
respecting Excel nerd I started a spreadsheet with a table of data that fit our parameters.
This data was easy to find on the many real-estate sites out there like Zillow.com or
Redfin.com. One thing I noticed though was that none of the these sites by themselves had all
the relevant data I wanted to make an informed decision and this is where the Data Model
came into play by allowing me to combine data from multiple sources and perform a richer
analysis.

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My first look at the Data Model
If you open the file above you will see I have a table with a lot of data. The first thing I
am going to do is create a PivotTable so that I can sift through it easily. Under the INSERT
tab, hit PivotTable and the
following dialog should pop-up:

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“A Data Model is a new approach for integrating data from multiple tables, effectively
building a relational data source inside the Excel workbook. Within Excel, Data Models are
used transparently, providing data used in PivotTables, PivotCharts, and Power View reports“.
In other words, the new Data Model allows for building a “model” where data from a lot
of different sources can be combined by creating “relationships” between the data
sources. For those of you with some database knowledge this is similar to creating joins
between tables, except all the tables live in Excel.
I chose to add this data to my Data Model because I am going to be combining it with
data I will get from other sources to make my analysis more complete.

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Create the PivotTable
The first thing I want to do is look at the number of houses I have selected by zip code. To do
this I drag the ZIP field to ROWS and the LISTING ID field to VALUES. By default, this will give
me a SUM of LISTING ID’s, but we want a COUNT. To do this, right click on the header that
says SUM of LISTING ID -> Value Field Settings… and change to COUNT. As you can see, I
only have to sift through 165 house listings now (L).
I have decided to add a couple more fields to my PivotTable to help with my analysis. I added
LIST PRICE, DAYS ON MARKET and SQFT and changed the Value Field Settings to AVERAGE.
At this time my PivotTable looked something like this:

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Flash Fill
Today I’m proud to be writing about a new feature in Excel 2013 called Flash Fill that
makes all of those tasks very simple for even the most novice user. Several years ago, I
wrote a blog post demonstrating how to do string manipulations like the above examples.
The problem is that the solutions relied heavily on using formulas, which can feel quite
complex and intimidating for people not as familiar with Excel. Now, with Flash Fill, you can
do it all without formulas. In fact, it’s easier than that. Now you can do it all by providing a
few examples.
Here’s what Flash Fill looks like in action

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Let’s work through the examples in my original post, but using Flash Fill as the solution. I
updated a few of the values from the original data set to make things more interesting,
you can get it here. After pasting the data into Excel, you’ll need to split it out into
separate columns. I used Text to Columns feature, using “comma” as the separator.

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Step 1: Format social security numbers like this: 123-45-6789
Insert a new column between SSN and Last Name and title it “SSN”. Notice below that as you
start typing the formatted SSN, Excel will help you complete the column based on the value
you entered in the prior row.
1.Make sure the inserted column is wide enough to display the formatted value (80 pixels
should be enough; this isn’t required to use Flash Fill, but it looks better that way)
2.Type the first social security number in B2, with hyphens: 413-66-4341
3.Start typing the second SSN value: 2
At this point Flash Fill recognizes what you’re doing and makes additional suggestions:

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Now, if you’re paranoid like me, then at step 2. You won’t trust yourself to re-type the SSN
correctly. Instead you can double click in A2 (goes into “cell edit mode”), copy the value,
then double click cell B2 (back into “edit mode”), and paste the value. Then, before hitting
ENTER to commit the value, put the cursor between the 3rd and 4th digit, and type the
hyphen. Ditto for between the 5th and 6th character. Now hit enter, and continue to step 3.

Introducing the Ribbon
By far, the biggest change when you upgrade from Excel 2003 to Excel 2010 is trying
to ﬁnd commands on the ribbon. Rather than the familiar File, Edit, View, Insert, Format,
Tools, Data, Window, Help menu bar, you are now presented with large icons and words
such as File, Home, Insert, Page Layout, Formulas, Data, Review, and View.
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Table 1.1 shows where you can ﬁnd most Excel 2003 menu commands in Excel2010.
2003 Menu 2010 Ribbon
File File
Edit Home
View View
Insert Home, Insert, Formula, Review
Format Home
Tools See Table 1.2
Data Data, Pivot Tables on Insert
Window View
Help Question mark on right; or File, Help
Standard toolbar See Table 1.3
Formatting toolbar Home
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Table 1.2 shows where you can ﬁnd the commands formerly found on the Tools menu.
Excel 2003 Tools Menu Commands Excel 2010 Tab
Spelling, Research, Share Workbook, Track Changes, Compare, Merge
Review
Error Checking and Formula Auditing Formulas
Speech, Shared Workspace, and
AutoCorrect Options
Add to QAT
Protection
Home (Format drop-down)
or Review
Goal Seek and Scenarios Data (What-if drop-down)
Macro View
Add-Ins and Options File (Options)
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Table 1.3 shows where you can ﬁnd the commands formerly found on the Standard toolbar..
Excel 2003 StandardToolbar Icons Excel 2010 Tab
New, Open, Save, Print, Print Preview File
Spelling & Thesaurus Review
Cut, Copy, Paste, Format Painter Home
Undo, Redo QAT
Hyperlink Insert
AutoSum, Sort Home
Chart, Drawing Insert
Zoom View (or bottom right)
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Ribbon Components
The ribbon is the new interface at the top of Excel 2010. It consists of icons and words
grouped into several tabs. Within each tab, icons are further classiﬁed into groups. In
Figure 1.1, there are 4 icons in the Clipboard group of the Home tab and 10 icons in
the Font group
Figure 1.1 - Icons are classiﬁed in logical groups within each ribbon tab.
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Dialog Box Launchers
In the lower-right corner of some groups, you will see a tiny icon showing a diagonal
arrow. You can see this in the lower-right corner of Figure 1.1. This icon is a dialog
box launcher. Click the icon to open a dialog box similar to the dialogs you are
familiar with from Excel 2003.
Figure 1.2 - The mouse pointer is
showing the dialog box launcher in the
Font group of the Home tab. Dialog
launchers are found in many groups.
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Icons That Really Contain a Drop-Down
A lot of large icons look like a single icon until you hover over the icon. You will then
see that the top half of the icon is a Paste icon, for example, and the bottom half of
the icon is a drop-down with more choices related to the icon.
Figure 1.3 - The Paste icon is really an icon and
a drop-down.
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Unlocking the Big Grid
Excel 2010 offers more rows and columns than Excel 2003. That is an
understatement.
Excel 97-2003 Excel 2010 % Change
Rows 65,536 1,048,576 1,500%
Columns 256 16,384 25,500%
Cells 16.7 Million 17.2 Billion 102,300%
In case you are wondering how Microsoft comes up with numbers such as 16,384 and
1,048,576, these are powers of 2. There are 2^20 rows and 2^14 columns.
In Excel 2003, you could not have daily dates for 1 year stretching across the columns. In
the new version, you can show weekdays for 46 years before you run into the last column
(XFD).
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Other Limits in Excel 2010
Item Old Limit New Limit
PC memory Excel can use 1GB Max allowed by
Windows
Number of unique colors in a single workbook 56 4.3 billion
Number of conditional format conditions on a cell 3 Limited by available
memory
Number of levels of sorting 3 64
Number of items in the AutoFilter drop-down 1,000 10,000
Number of characters that can display in one cell 1,024 32,768
Number of characters in a cell that Excel can print 1,024 32,768
Number of unique cell styles in a workbook 4,096 65,536
Maximum length of formulas 1,024 characters 8,192 characters
Number of levels of nesting in formulas 7 64
Maximum number of arguments in a function 30 255
Number of characters that can be displayed 255 32K in a cell for-
matted as text
Number of items that can be found with Find All 65,536 ~2 billion
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Other Limits in Excel 2010
Item Old Limit New Limit
Number of columns allowed in a pivot table 255 16,384
Number of unique items in a single pivot field 32,768 ~1 million
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Formulas
Definition of a formula: Anything in a cell when the first character is an equal sign.
(The long version: anything in a cell or formula textbox when the first character is
an equal sign and the cell is not preformatted as Text.) Advantages of a formula:
You are telling Excel to do calculations, look into another cell, create text strings, or
deliver a range

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Formulas
How to create a formula: Type “=,” followed by:
1. Equal sign (starts all formulas)
2. Cell references (also defined names, sheet references, workbook references)
3. Math operators (plus, subtract, multiply, and so on)
4. Numbers (if the number will not change; for example, 12 months, 24 hours)
5. Built-in functions (AVERAGE, SUM, COUNTIF, DOLLAR, PMT, and so forth)
6. Comparative operators (=, >, >=, <, <=, <>)
7. The ampersand join symbol (&) (Shift + 7)
8. Text within quotation marks (for example, “For the Month Ended”)
9. Array constants (for example, {1,2,3})
How to enter a formula into a cell: hit one of the following:
10. ENTER (Active Cell goes down)
11. Ctrl + Enter (Active Cell remains the same)
12. Tab(Active Cell goes left)
13. Shift + Tab (Active Cell goes right)
14. Shift + Enter(Active Cell goes up)

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Entering and Editing Formulas
Entering a new formula into a worksheet appears to be a straightforward
process:
1. Select the cell in which you want to enter the formula.
2. Type an equal sign (=) to tell Excel that you’re entering a formula.
3. Type the formula’s operands and operators.
4. Press Enter to confirm the formula.
Using Arithmetic Formulas
Arithmetic formulas are by far the most common type of formula. These formulas
combine numbers, cell addresses, and function results with mathematical operators
to perform calculations.

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Using Comparison Formulas
A comparison formula is a statement that compares two or more numbers, text
strings, cell contents, or function results. If the statement is true, the result of the
formula is given the logical value TRUE, which is equivalent to any nonzero value. If
the statement is false, the formula returns the logical value FALSE, which is equivalent
to zero.

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Cell References
When we copy formulas that contain cell references to other cells, then we need to
understand that there are four types of cell references:
1. Relative
2. Absolute
3. “Mixed Cell Reference with Column Locked” also known as “Column Absolute,
Row Relative”
4. “Mixed Cell Reference with Row Locked” also known as “Row Absolute, Column
Relative”

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Functions
Functions
What are functions? Built in code that will do complicated math (and other tasks) for
you after you tell it which cells to look in
Examples:
SUM function (adds)
AVERAGE function (arithmetic mean)
PMT function (calculate loan payment)
COUNT function (counts numeric values)
COUNTA function (counts non-blank cells)
COUNTIF function (counts based on a condition)
ROUND function (round a number to a specified digit)
IF function (Puts one of two items into cell depending on whether the condition
evaluates to true or false)

Tables Make Excel a Bit More Like a Database
Many spreadsheets in Excel contain a two-dimensional table of data. You have headings
in the ﬁrst row, and each row of the worksheet represents a different record in a table.
Because a common task in Excel is dealing with tables, Excel 2010 has added several
features for working with tables. One of the best beneﬁts of the table functionality is
that charts and pivot tables based on a table will automatically grow with the table.
67

To turn on the features, select a single cell in the dataset and press Ctrl+T. Excel will
assume your table extends to either the edge of the spreadsheet or to a blank row
and blank column. The Create Table dialog will ask you to conﬁrm the range for the
table.
Excel guesses the current region as the
address for the table
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When you apply a table, you will notice the following features:
Excel applies a default table formatting. You can change to another style using the
Table Styles gallery on the Table Tools Design tab.
69

70
Filter table data by using slicers
First introduced in Excel 2010 as an interactive way to filter PivotTable data, slicers
can now also filter data in Excel tables, query tables, and other data tables.
Simpler to set up and use, slicers show the current filter so you’ll know exactly what
data you’re looking at.

Sort by Color
Do you ever use color to mark problem ells?
71

Sort by Color
.
1. From the Data tab, click the Sort icon.
2. In the Sort dialog, change the Sort On drop-down from Values to Cell
3. A drop-down appears in the Order column. Choose the appropriate color from
the drop-down.
72

Sort by Color
4. If you want an additional color to appear after the ﬁrst color, click Copy Level.
Repeat steps 2, 3 for each additional color.
73

Add Subtotals Automatically
Subtotals are not a new feature. They’ve been around since Excel 97. However, if you
have never used them, they will seem miraculous to you. Even if you have used the
Subtotal command, read through this chapter, as there are some tricks available after
you have subtotaled the worksheet
1. The data should be sorted by customer. Select a single cell in the Customer column.
On the Data tab, click the AZ sort button. Excel sorts the data by customer.
74

2. On the Data tab, click the Subtotal icon.
3. The Subtotal dialog always assumes that you want to subtotal by the leftmost ﬁeld and
that the subtotal will be applied to the rightmost ﬁeld. Change Region to Customer, ensure
the function is the Sum function, and add checkmarks to Quantity, Revenue, and COGS. If
you want each customer on a new page, click Page Break Between Groups.
4. Click the OK button. Excel quickly inserts new rows at every change in cu
75

5. Notice that to the left of column A, you have new buttons labeled 1,2, and 3.
These are group and outline buttons added automatically by the Subtotal command.
Click the 2 button to see a summary of the customer totals
If you press the 1 button, you will see just the grand total. If you press the 3 button,
you will see all the detail rows again.
76

Removing Subtotals
To remove automatic subtotals, select one cell in the dataset. Click the Subtotal button in
the Data tab. In the Subtotal dialog, click the Remove All button.
77

Copying Only the Subtotal Rows
a natural reaction is to copy the subtotal rows and paste them to a new worksheet.
Unfortunately, this also brings along the detail rows. It is easy to copy only the subtotal rows,
yet it is an incredibly obscure trick:
1. Add subtotals to a dataset and collapse the dataset using the 2 group and Outline
button.
2. Select from the ﬁnal grand total row up to the ﬁrst heading.
3. Press Alt+; (that is, hold down the Alt key while pressing the semicolon).
4. Click Ctrl+C to copy. You will see that Excel is selecting just the visible rows. You can now
paste to another worksheet.
The key step is the Alt+; to select only the visible rows. Alt+; is the shortcut key that replaces
Home, Find & Select, Go to Special, Visible Cells Only, OK. The Go To Special dialog is a
powerful dialog. the Go To Special dialog. This dialog is useful for selecting only the blanks,
or only the errors, or only the formulas in a selection.
78

Copying Only the Subtotal Rows
There are many useful options in the Go To
Special dialog. Find it by selecting Home, Find
& Select, Go To Special
79

Formatting the Subtotal Rows
The ability to select only the visible cells within a selection allows you to format the
subtotal rows.
you want the customer totals to be in green. Follow these steps:
1. Add subtotals by customer.
2. Click the 2 Group and Outline button to see the customer totals.
3. Select from the last customer total row up to the ﬁrst customer subtotal row.
4. Press Alt+; to select the visible cells within the selection.
5. From the Home tab, choose Cell Styles, Accent 3, 40%.
6. Click the 3 group and Outline button. You will see that each subtotal row has been
formatted.
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Pivot Tables
A pivot table report enables you to analyze and summarize a million rows of data
in Excel 2010 without entering a single formula.
Pivot tables are incredibly flexible, and you can create hundreds of different styles
of reports.
Creating a Pivot Table
Start with a transactional dataset. You should have unique headings in the first row, and
then no blank rows or blank columns in the data. For best results, keep your numeric
columns filled with numeric data and replace any blank cells with a 0. A typical
dataset will look like
82

Pivot Tables
Select one cell in the dataset.
From the Insert tab, choose the top half of the PivotTable icon.
Excel will predict that your data includes the current region around your selected cell.
Make sure this is okay, and then click OK.
In Excel 2010, pivot tables are built in the PivotTable Field List. A blank pivot table
appears in cell A3, and the PivotTable Field List appears on your screen.
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Pivot Tables
Initially, a blank pivot table has no ﬁelds.
84

Pivot Tables
Excel uses the ﬁeld types to determine
where to display the ﬁelds.
85

Filtering or Sorting Data in a Pivot Table
Initially, values in a pivot table will be sorted in ascending sequence. Click the Row
Labels drop-down in cell A4 to access a menu. Choose Customer from the Select
Field drop-down.
86

Filtering or Sorting Data in a Pivot Table
87

Grouping Daily Dates into Months or Years
the pivot table shows daily dates in the Row Labels area. Select one of the cells with
a date and choose Group Field from the PivotTable Tools Options tab.
88

Never group a ﬁeld only by month. Always include Months and Years in the Grouping
dialog. (Otherwise, Excel will add January of 2011 and January of 2010 into a
single value called January!)
The result is a summary by month and year.
Excel replaces the daily dates with monthly dates.
89

Grouping the Date ﬁeld actually adds a new virtual ﬁeld to the PivotTable Field List.
Move Years from Row Labels to Column Labels to produce a report showing year-to-
year comparisons.
90

More Pivot Table Tricks
select any cell with Revenue. In the Options tab, choose the Show Values As drop-down
and choose % of Column Total. The report will change to show % of Total.
The percentages will total to 100%
down the column.
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More Pivot Table Tricks
New in Excel 2010, the Show Values As drop-down offers a setting for % of Parent
Row. When you have two ﬁelds in the row area, you can use this setting to show nested
totals.
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Creating a Report for Every Month
Drag a field such as Date to the Report Filter section of the PivotTable Field List. You
now have a drop-down in cell B1 where you can choose to filter the report to a
particular month.
Create a report with one field in the Filter area.
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Creating a Report for Every Month
After you have a field in the Report Filter section, you can quickly replicate the report
for every value in the filter field. Follow these steps:
1. Add at least one field to the filter area of the report.
2. On the PivotTable Tools Options tab, look for the Options icon on the left side of the
tab. Do not press the Options button, but click the drop-down arrow to the right of the
button.
3. From the drop-down, choose Show Report Filter Pages.
4. Choose to Show All Report Filter Pages of Date and click OK.
Excel quickly adds new worksheets for each value in the Date drop-down.
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Creating Visual Filters with Slicers
Report filters picked up a new trick in Excel 2007, although the trick was half- baked.
When a field was in the report filter, you could choose Select Multiple Items, and then
select two or more items
New in Excel 2007, choose multiple items.
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However, the problem was that the report heading in cell B1 would then show the
completely baffling (Multiple Items). If you printed this report, no one would have any
idea which multiple items were selected.
I now see that the Excel 2007 feature was only a stepping stone on the way to the Excel
2010 slicer feature. Slicers are visual filters.
From the PivotTable Tools Options tab, choose Insert Slicers. You can choose multiple
fields to serve as slicers from the Insert Slicers dialog.
Select fields for the slicers.
96

Excel 2010 then tiles the slicers in the middle of the screen. Every slicer has one column.
It is a unimaginative presentation of the slicers. For a cool presentation
Excel stacks the slicers in the middle of the
screen.
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Rearrange the slicers around your pivot table. Use the Slicer Tools tab to change the
color of each slicer and the number of columns in each slicer. Slicers with many values
make great tall vertical slicers. Slicers with short values can handle multiple columns
and ﬁt well above the pivot table.
The slicers provide a visual ﬁlter. You can instantly see which items are included and
not included. To select multiple items from the slicer, you can either hold down the Ctrl
key or click and drag to select multiple adjacent items.
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Controlling Multiple Pivot Tables with One Set of Slicers
Suppose you have created one pivot table and have insert slicers for that pivot table.
If you want to have those slicers filter a second pivot table, it is easy to do.
Define the second pivot table and place it on the same worksheet as the first pivot
table. With the cell pointer in the second pivot table, open the Insert Slicer drop-down
and choose Slicer Connections.
For additional pivot tables, manage the slicer
connections.
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Controlling Multiple Pivot Tables with One Set of Slicers
Excel will show you the Slicer Connections dialog. You can connect any or all
existing slicers to the new pivot table
Connect the existing slicers to the new pivot
table.
four slicers are ﬁltering two different pivot tables. This would have been hard to do
in earlier versions of Excel. You needed a macro to have one set of report ﬁlters
drive multiple pivot tables.
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Charting
The Excel 2003 charting engine looked tired and old. Little had changed in 15 years in
charting. The charting engine in Office 2007 was completely rewritten. The charting
engine in Office 2010 is the same as in Excel 2007, with most of the 1,500 bugs wiped
out.
Excel, Word, and PowerPoint all share the same charting engine. The process of
creating a chart is streamlined, although you might have to look further to make
changes to the default chart.
Creating a Chart in Excel 2010
Creating a chart involves four broad steps:
1. Prepare your data. Make sure that you have headings above and to the left of the
data to be charted. If one of the headings has date or numeric fields, leave the top-
left corner cell blank. Select the range of data to be charted.
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Charting
Adding New Data to a Chart
Suppose you have produced a series of charts last month and now you need to
update all of those charts to reﬂect a new month of data. Follow these steps:
1. Open the workbook from last month. Enter the new month’s data adjacent to
the old month in the workbook.
2. Click the plot area of the chart. You will see a blue rectangle appear around
the range of data currently plotted on the chart. Notice that there are blue
square handles in each corner of the range.
103

Charting
Drag the handle to the right to include the new
October data.
104

105
Conditional & Logical Functions
Excel has a number of logical functions which allow you to set various “conditions”
and have data respond to them. For example, you may only want a certain
calculation performed or piece of text displayed if certain conditions are met. The
functions used to produce this type of analysis are found in the Insert, Function
menu, under the heading LOGICAL.

106
If Statements
The IF function is used to analyse data, test whether or not it meets certain conditions
and then act upon its decision. The formula can be entered either by typing it or by using
the Function Library on the formula’s ribbon, the section that deals with logical functions
Typically, the IF statement is accompanied by three arguments enclosed in one set of
parentheses; the condition to be met (logical_test); the action to be performed if that
condition is true (value_if_true); the action to be performed if false (value_if_false). Each
of these is separated by a comma, as shown;
=IF ( logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false)

107
Logical Test
This part of the IF statement is the “condition”, or test. You may want to test to see
if a cell is a certain value, or to compare two cells. In these cases, symbols called
LOGICAL OPERATORS are useful;

108
Value If True / False
Provided that you remember that TRUE value always precedes FALSE value, these
two values can be almost anything. If desired, a simple number could be returned, a
calculation performed, or even a piece of text entered. Also, the type of data entered
can vary depending on whether it is a true or false result. You may want a calculation
if the logical test is true, but a message displayed if false. (Remember that text to be
included in functions should be enclosed in quotes).
Taking the same logical test mentioned above, if the sales figure meets or exceeds the
target, a BONUS is calculated (e.g.
2% of sales). If not, no bonus is calculated so a value of zero is returned. The IF
statement in column D of the example reads as follows;
=IF(B2>=C2,B2*2%,0)

109
You may, alternatively, want to see a message saying “NO BONUS”. In this case, the
true value will remain the same and the false value will be the text string “NO
BONUS”;
=IF(B2>=C2,B2*2%,”NO BONUS”)
A particularly common use of IF statements is to produce “ratings” or “comments” on
figures in a spreadsheet. For this, both the true and false values are text strings. For
example, if a sales figure exceeds a certain amount, a rating of “GOOD” is returned,
otherwise the rating is “POOR”;
=IF(B2>1000,”GOOD”,”POOR”)
Nested If
When you need to have more than one condition and more than two possible outcomes,
a NESTED IF is required. This is based on the same principle as a normal IF statement, but
involves “nesting” a secondary formula inside the main one. The secondary IF forms the
FALSE part of the main statement, as follows;
=IF(1st logic test , 1st true value , IF(2nd logic test , 2nd true value , false value))

110
Only if both logic tests are found to be false will the false value be returned. Notice
that there are two sets of parentheses, as there are two separate IF statements. This
process can be enlarged to include more conditions and more eventualities - up to
seven IF’s can be nested within the main statement. However, care must be taken to
ensure that the correct number of parentheses are added. In the example, sales staff
could now receive one of three possible ratings;
=IF(B2>1000,”GOOD”,IF(B2<600,”POOR”,”AVERAGE”))
To make the above IF statement more flexible, the logical tests could be amended to
measure sales against cell references instead of figures. In the example, column E has
been used to hold the upper and lower sales thresholds.
=IF(B2>$E$2,”GOOD”,IF(B2<$E$3,”POOR”,”AVERAGE”))
(If the IF statement is to be copied later, this cell reference should be absolute).

111
SUMIF
You can use this function to say to Excel, “Only total the numbers in the Total column
where the entry in the Customer
column is Viking Supplies”. The syntax of the SUMIF() function is detailed below:
=SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range)
RANGE is the range of cells you want to test.
CRITERIA. It is the criteria in the form of a number, expression, or text that defines
which cells will be added. For example, criteria can be expressed as 32, “32”, “>32”,
“apples”.
SUM RANGE. These are the actual cells to sum. The cells in sum range are summed
only if their corresponding cells in range match the criteria. If sum range is omitted,
the cells in range are summed.

112
=SUMIF(B2:B11, “Viking Supplies”, F2:F11)

113
With the example above, the SUMIF function that you would use to generate the
VIKING SUPPLIES TOTAL would look as above.
Using the INSERT FUNCTION tool the dialog would look like this and show any errors
in entering the values or ranges

114
SUMIFS
This function adds all the cells in a range that meets multiple criteria.
The order of arguments is different between SUMIFS and SUMIF. In particular, the
SUM_RANGE argument is the first argument in SUMIFS, but it is the third argument
in SUMIF. If you are copying and editing these similar functions, make sure you put
the arguments in the correct order.
SUMIFS(sum_range,criteria_range1,criteria1,criteria_range2,criteria2…)
• SUM_RANGEis one or more cells to sum, including numbers or names, arrays, or
references that contain numbers. Blank and text values are ignored.
• CRITERIA_RANGE1, CRITERIA_RANGE2,are 1 to 127 ranges in which to evaluate
the associated criteria.
• CRITERIA1, CRITERIA2, …are 1 to 127 criteria in the form of a number, expression,
cell reference, or text that define which cells will be added. For example, criteria can
be expressed as 32, “32”, “>32”, “apples”, or B4.

115
Some important points about SUMIFS
• Each cell in SUM_RANGE is summed only if all of the corresponding criteria
specified are true for that cell.
• Cells in SUM_RANGE that contain TRUE evaluate as 1; cells in SUM_RANGE that
contain FALSE evaluate as 0 (zero).
• Unlike the range and criteria arguments in the SUMIF function, in SUMIFS each
CRITERIA_RANGE must
be the same size and shape as SUM_RANGE.
• You can use the wildcard characters, question mark (?) and asterisk (*), in criteria.
A question mark matches any single character; an asterisk matches any sequence of
characters. If you want to find an actual question mark or asterisk, type a tilde (~)
before the character.

117
And, Or, Not
Rather than create large and unwieldy formulae involving multiple IF statements, the
AND, OR and NOT functions can be used to group logical tests or “conditions”
together. These three functions can be used on their own, but in that case they will
only return the values “TRUE” or “FALSE”. As these two values are not particularly
meaningful on a spreadsheet, it is much more useful to combine the AND, OR and
NOT functions within an IF statement. This way, you can ask for calculations to be
performed or other text messages to appear as a result.
And
This function is a logical test to see if all conditions are true. If this is the case, the
value “TRUE” is returned. If any of the arguments in the AND statement are found to
be false, the whole statement produces the value “FALSE”. This function is particularly
useful as a check to make sure that all conditions you set are met.

118
Arguments are entered in the AND statement in parentheses, separated by commas,
and there is a maximum of 30 arguments to one AND statement. The following
example checks that two cells, B1 and B2, are both greater than 100.
=AND(B1>100,B2>100)
If either one of these two cells contains a value less than a hundred, the result of the
AND statement is “FALSE.” This can now be wrapped inside an IF function to produce
a more meaningful result. You may want to add the two figures together if they are
over 100, or display a message indicating that they are not high enough.
=IF(AND(B1>100,B2>100),B1+B2,”Figures not high enough”)

119
Another application of AND’s is to check that a number is between certain limits. The
following example checks that a number is between 50 and 100. If it is, the value is
entered. If not, a message is displayed;
=IF(AND(B1>50,B1<100),B1,”Number is out of range”)
OR
This function is a logical test to see if one or more conditions are true. If this is the case,
the value “TRUE” is returned. If just one of the arguments in the OR statement is found
to be true, the whole statement produces the value “TRUE”. Only when all arguments
are false will the value “FALSE” be returned. This function is particularly useful as a
check to make sure that at least one of the conditions you set is met.
=IF(OR(B1>100,B2>100),”at least one is OK”,”Figures not high enough”) In the above
formula, only one of the numbers in cells B1 and B2 has to be over 100 in order for
them to be added together. The message only appears if neither figure is high enough.

120
NOT
NOT checks to see if the argument is false. If so, the value “TRUE” is returned. It is
best to use NOT as a “provided this is not the case” function. In other words, so long
as the argument is false, the overall statement is true. In the example,
the cell contents of B1 are returned unless the number 13 is encountered. If B1 is
found to contain 13, the message
“Unlucky!” is displayed;
=IF(NOT(B1=13),B1,”Unlucky!”)
The NOT function can only contain one argument. If it is necessary to check that
more than one argument is false, the OR function should be used and the true and
false values of the IF statement reversed. Suppose, for example, a check is done
against the numbers 13 and 666;
=IF(OR(B1=13,B1=666),”Unlucky!”,B1)

122
Lookup Functions
As already mentioned, Excel can produce varying results in a cell, depending on
conditions set by you. For example, if numbers are above or below certain limits,
different calculations will be performed and text messages displayed. The usual
method for constructing this sort of analysis is using the IF function. However, as
already demonstrated, this can become large and unwieldy when you want multiple
conditions and many possible outcomes. To begin with, Excel can only nest seven IF
clauses in a main IF statement, whereas you may want more than eight logical tests
or “scenarios.” To achieve this, Excel provides some LOOKUP functions. These
functions allow you to create formulae which examine large amounts of data and find
information which matches or approximates to certain conditions. They are simpler to
construct than nested IF’s and can produce many more varied results.

123
Lookup Before you actually start to use the various LOOKUP functions, it is worth
learning the terms that you will come across, what they mean and the syntax of the
function arguments. Vector Lookup
A vector is a series of data that only occupies one row or column. LOOKUP will look
through this row or column to find a specific value. When the value is found, a
corresponding “result” in the adjacent row or column is returned. For example,
column D of a spreadsheet may contain figures, and the adjacent column E contains
corresponding text. LOOKUP will search for the requested figure in column D and
return the corresponding text from column E.
The syntax for LOOKUP is as follows;
=LOOKUP( lookup_value , lookup_vector , result_vector )

124
The LOOKUP_VALUE represents the number or text entry to look for; the
LOOKUP_VECTOR is the area in which to search for the LOOKUP_VALUE; the
RESULT_VECTOR is the adjacent row or column where the corresponding value or
text is to be found.

125
In the diagram, column D contains varying salaries, against which there is a
company car in column E which corresponds to each salary. For example, a
£20,030 salary gets a GOLF, a £35,000 salary gets a SCORPIO. A LOOKUP formula
can be used to return whatever car is appropriate to a salary figure that is
entered. In this case, the LOOKUP_VALUe is the cell where the salary is entered
(B13), the LOOKUP_VECTOR is the salary column (D3:D11), and the
RESULT_VECTOR is the car column (E3:E11). Hence the formula;

126
In the diagram, column D contains varying salaries, against which there is a company
car in column E which corresponds to each salary. For example, a £20,030 salary gets
a GOLF, a £35,000 salary gets a SCORPIO. A LOOKUP formula can be used to return
whatever car is appropriate to a salary figure that is entered. In this case, the
LOOKUP_VALUe is the cell where the salary is entered (B13), the LOOKUP_VECTOR is
the salary column (D3:D11), and the RESULT_VECTOR is the car column (E3:E11).
Hence the formula;

128
HLOOKUP
The horizontal LOOKUP function (HLOOKUP) can be used not just on a “VECTOR”
(single column or row of data), but on an “array” (multiple rows and columns).
HLOOKUP searches for a specified value horizontally along the top row of an array.
When the value is found, HLOOKUP searches down to a specified row and enters the
value of the cell. This is useful when data is arranged in a large tabular format, and it
would be difficult for you to read across columns and then down to the appropriate
cell. HLOOKUP will do this automatically.
The syntax for HLOOKUP is;
=HLOOKUP( lookup_value , table_array , row_index_number)
The LOOKUP_VALUE is, as before, a number, text string or cell reference which is the
value to be found along the top row of the data; the TABLE_ARRAY is the cell
references (or range name) of the entire table of data; the ROW_INDEX_ NUMBER
represents the row from which the result is required. This must be a number, e.g. 4
instructs HLOOKUP to extract a value from row 4 of the TABLE_ARRAY.
It is important to remember that data in the array must be in ascending order. With a
simple LOOKUP function, only one column or row of data, referred to as a vector, is
required. HLOOKUP uses an array (i.e. more than one column or row of data).
Therefore, as HLOOKUP searches horizontally (i.e. across the array), data in the first
row must be in ascending order, i.e. numbers from lowest to highest, text from A to Z.
As with LOOKUP, if this rule is ignored, HLOOKUP will return the wrong value.

129
As an example, a user may have a spreadsheet which displays various different rates
of interest for a range of amounts over different time periods;
Whatever the amount a customer wants to borrow, he may pay up to five different
rates of interest depending on whether the loan is over 10, 15 or more years. The
HLOOKUP function will find a specific amount, then move down the array to find the
appropriate interest rate for the required time period.
Designate cell A51 as the cell to hold the amount, i.e. the LOOKUP_VALUE; cells
C43:H48 are the TABLE_ARRAY; the ROW_INDEX_NUMBER will be 2 if a customer
wants the loan over 10 years, 3 if he wants the loan over 15 years, and so on. Cell
B51 holds this formula;
=HLOOKUP(A51,C43:H48,3)

130
The above formula looks along the top row of the array for the value in cell A51
(30000). It then moves down to row 3 and returns the value 15.00%, which is the
correct interest rate for a £30000 loan over 15 years. (Range names could be used
here to simplify the formula).
As with the LOOKUP function, the advantage of HLOOKUP is that it does not
necessarily have to find the exact
LOOKUP_VALUE. If, for example, you wanted to find out what interest rate is
applicable to a £28000 loan, the figure
28000 can be entered in the LOOKUP_VALUE cell (A51) and the rate 14.30%
appears. As before, Excel has looked for the value in the array closest to, but lower
than, the LOOKUP_VALUE.

131
VLOOKUP
The VLOOKUP function works on the same principle as HLOOKUP, but instead of
searching horizontally, VLOOKUP searches vertically. VLOOKUP searches for a
specified value vertically down the first column of an array. When the value is found,
VLOOKUP searches across to a specified column and enters the value of the cell. The
syntax for the VLOOKUP function follows the same pattern as HLOOKUP, except that
instead of specifying a row index number, you would specify a column index number
to instruct VLOOKUP to move across to a specific column in the array where the
required value is to be found. =VLOOKUP( lookup_value , table_array ,
col_index_number ) In the case of VLOOKUP, data in the first column of the array
should be in ascending order, as VLOOKUP searches down this column for the
LOOKUP_VALUE.
In the same spreadsheet, a VLOOKUP formula could be used to search for a specific
time period, then return the appropriate rate for a fixed amount. In the following
example, a time period is entered in cell A54 and in B54 the VLOOKUP formula is
contained

133
Cell B54 holds this formula;
=VLOOKUP(A54,C43:H48,5)
The cell A54 is the LOOKUP_VALUE (time period), the TABLE_ARRAY is as before,
and for this example rates are looked up for a loan of £40000, hence the
COLUMN_INDEX_NUMBER5. By changing the value of cell A54, the appropriate
rate for that time period is returned. Where the specific lookup_value is not found,
VLOOKUP works in the same way as HLOOKUP. In other words, the nearest value in
the array that is less than the LOOKUP_VALUE will be returned. So, a £40000 loan
over 17 years would return an interest rate of 16.00%.

134
Advanced Lookup Operations
The basic lookup procedure—looking up a value in a column or row and then
returning an offset value—will satisfy most of your needs. However, a few operations
require a more sophisticated approach. The rest of this chapter examines these more
advanced lookups, most of which make use of two more lookup functions: MATCH()
and INDEX(). The MATCH() and INDEX() Functions The MATCH() function looks
through a row or column of cells for a value. If MATCH() finds a match, it returns the
relative position of the match in the row or column. Here’s the syntax:
MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array[, match_type]) lookup_value The value you want
to find. You can use a number, string, reference, or logical value. lookup_array The
row or column of cells you want to use for the lookup. match_type How you want
Excel to match the lookup_value with the entries in the lookup_array. You have three
choices:
0 Finds the first value that exactly matches lookup_value. The lookup_array can be in
any order.
1 Finds the largest value that’s less than or equal to lookup_value which is the default
value. The lookup_array must be in ascending order.
–1 Finds the smallest value that is greater than or equal to lookup_ value. The
lookup_array must be in descending order.

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reference A reference to one or more cell ranges.
row_num The number of the row in reference from which to return a value. You can
omit
row_num if reference is a single row.
column_num The number of the column in reference from which to return a value.
You can omit column_num if reference is a single column.
area_num If you entered more than one range for reference, area_num is the range
you want to use. The first range you entered is 1, which is the default, the second is 2,
and so on.
The idea is that you use MATCH() to get row_num or column_num depending on how
your table
is laid out, and then use INDEX() to return the value you need.
To give you the flavor of using these two functions, let’s duplicate your earlier effort
of looking up a customer name, given the account number.

137
In particular, notice the new formula in cell B4:
=INDEX(D3:E15, MATCH(B2, D3:D15, 0), 2)
The MATCH() function looks up the value in cell B2 in the range D3:D15. That value is
then used as the row_num argument for the INDEX() function. That value is 1 in the
example, so the INDEX() function reduces to this:
=INDEX(D3:E15, 1, 2)
This returns the value in the first row and the second column of the range D3:E15.

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Looking Up a Value Using Worksheet List Boxes
If you use a worksheet list box or combo box the linked cell contains the number of the
selected item, not the item itself. Figure 9.8 shows a worksheet with a list box and a
drop-down list. The list used by both controls is the range A3:A10. Notice that the
linked cells (E3 and E10) display the number of the list selection, not the selection
itself.
To get the selected list item, you can use the INDEX() function with the following
modified syntax:
INDEX(list_range, list_selection)
list_range The range used in the list box or drop-down list
list_selection The number of the item selected in the list

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Financial Function
Building Loan Formulas
Excel is loaded with financial features that give you powerful tools for building
worksheets that manage both business and personal finances. You can use these
functions to calculate such things as the monthly payment on a loan, the future value
of an annuity, the internal rate of return of an investment, or the yearly depreciation
of an asset. The final three chapters of this book cover these and many other uses for
Excel’s financial formulas.
Understanding the Time Value of Money
The time value of money means that a dollar in hand now is worth more than a dollar
promised at some future date.

140
These two factors—interest and risk—are at the heart of most financial formulas and
models. More realistically, these factors really mean that you’re mostly comparing
the benefits of investing a dollar now versus getting a dollar in the future plus some
risk premium—an amount that compensates for the risk you’re taking in waiting for
the dollar to be delivered. You compare these by looking at the present value (the
amount something is worth now) and the future value (the amount something is
worth in the future). They’re related as follows: A. Future value = Present value +
Interest
Present value = Future value – discount
Calculating the Loan Payment
When negotiating a loan to purchase equipment or a mortgage for your house, the
first concern that comes up is almost always the size of the payment you’ll need to
make each period. This is just basic cash-flow management because the monthly (or
whatever) payment must fit within your budget.

141
To return the periodic payment for a loan, use the PMT() function: PMT(rate,
nper, pv[, fv][, type]) rate The fixed rate of interest over the term of the loan.
nper The number of payments over the term of the loan. pv The loan principal.
fv The future value of the loan. type The type of payment. Use 0 (the default) for
end-of-period payments; use 1 for beginning-of-period payments. For example,
the following formula returns the monthly payment of a $10,000 loan with an
annual interest rate of 6% (0.5% per month) over 5 years (60 months):
=PMT(0.005, 60, 10000)

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Building a Loan Amortization Schedule
A loan amortization schedule is a table that shows a sequence of calculations over
the life
of a loan. For each period, the schedule shows figures such as the payment, the
principal and interest components of the payment, the cumulative principal and
interest, and the remaining principal. The next few sections take you through
various amortization schedules designed for different scenarios.

143
Building a Dynamic Amortization Schedule
The problem with the amortization schedule in Figure 18.6 is that it’s static. It works
well
if you change the interest rate or the principal, but it doesn’t handle other types of
changes very well:
Q If you want to use a different time basis—for example, monthly instead of annual—
you need to edit the initial formulas for payment, principal, interest, cumulative
principal, and cumulative interest, and then refill the schedule.
Q If you want to use a different number of periods, you need to either extend the
schedule (for a longer term) or shorten the schedule and delete the extraneous
periods (for a shorter term).
Both operations are tedious and time consuming enough that they greatly reduce the
value of the amortization schedule. To make the schedule truly useful, you need to
reconfigure it so that the schedule formulas and the schedule itself adjust
automatically to any change in the time basis or the length of the term.

144
Here’s a summary of the changes I made to create this schedule’s dynamic
behavior: Q To change the time basis, select a value—Annual, Semiannual,
Quarterly, or Monthly— in the Time Basis drop-down list. These values come from
the text literals in the range F3:F6. The number of the selected list item is stored in
cell E2.

145
Q The time basis determines the time factor, the amount by which you have to adjust
therate and the term. For example, if the time basis is Monthly, the time factor is 12. This
means that you divide the annual interest rate (B2) by 12, and you multiply the term (B3) by
12. These new values are stored in the Adjusted Rate (D4) and Total Periods (D5) cells. The
Time Factor cell (D3) uses the following formula:
=CHOOSE(E2, 1, 2, 4, 12)
Q Given the adjusted rate (D4) and the total periods (D5), the schedule formulas can
reference these cells directly and always return the correct value for any selected time
basis. For example, here’s the expression that calculates the payment:
PMT(D4, D5, B4, B5, B6)
Q The schedule adjusts its size automatically, depending on the Total Periods value
(D5).
If Total Periods is 15, the schedule contains 15 rows (not including the headers); if
Total Periods is 180, the schedule contains 180 rows.
Q Dynamically adjusting the size of the schedule is a function of the Total Periods
value (D5). The first period (A10) is always 1; each subsequent period checks the
previous value to see if it’s less than Total Periods. Here’s the formula in cell A11:
=IF(A10 < D5, A10 + 1, “”)

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Calculating the Term of the Loan
In some loan scenarios, you need to borrow a certain amount at the current interest
rates, but you can spend only so much on each payment. If the other loan factors are
fixed, the only way to adjust the payment is to adjust the term of the loan NPER()
function, which returns the number of periods of a loan:
NPER(rate, pmt, pv[, fv][, type]) rate The fixed rate of interest over the term of the
loan. pmt The periodic payment. pv The loan principal. fv The future value of the loan
(the default is 0). type The type of payment. Use 0 (the default) for end-of-period
payments; use 1 for beginning-of-period payments.

147
For example, suppose that you want to borrow $10,000 at 6 percent interest with
no bal- loon payment, and the most you can spend is $750 per month. What term
should you get? Figure 18.8 shows a worksheet that uses NPER() to calculate the
answer: 13.8 months. Here are some things to note about this model:
Q The interest rate is an annual value, so the NPER() function’s rate argument
divides the rate by 12.
Q The payment is already a monthly number, so no adjustment is necessary for the
pmt
attribute.
Q The payment is negative because it’s money that you pay to the lender.

Working with 3D Ranges
A 3D range is a range selected on multiple worksheets. This is a powerful concept because
it means that you can select a range on two or more sheets and then enter data, apply
formatting, or give a command, and the operation will affect all the ranges
simultaneously. This proves useful when you’re working with a multi sheet model where
some or all the labels
are the same on each sheet. For example, in a workbook of expense calculations where
each sheet details the expenses from a different division or department, you might want
the label “Expenses” to appear in cell A1 on each sheet.
To create a 3D range, first you need to group the worksheets you want to work with. To
select multiple sheets, use any of the following techniques:
Q To select adjacent sheets, click the tab of the first sheet, hold down the Shift key, and
click the tab of the last sheet.
Q To select nonadjacent sheets, hold down the Ctrl key and click the tab of each sheet
you want to include in the group.
Q To select all the sheets in a workbook, right-click any sheet tab and click the Select All
Sheets command.
149

151
Using INDIRECT to Build and
Evaluate Cell References On-the-Fly
The INDIRECT function is deceivingly powerful. Consider this trivial example: In
Cell A1, enter the text B2. In Cell B2, enter a number. In cell C3, enter the formula,
=INDIRECT(A1). Excel will return the number that you entered in cell B2 in cell C3.
The INDIRECT function looks in cell A1
and expects to find something that is a valid cell or range reference. It then looks in
that address to return the answer for the function. The reference text can be any
text that you can string together using various text functions. This
allows you to create complex references that dynamically point to other sheets or
to other open workbooks. The reference text can also be a range name. You could
have a validation list box where someone selects a value from a list. If you have
predefined a named range that corresponds to each possible entry on the list,
INDIRECT can point to the various named ranges on-the-fly. When you use
traditional formulas, even absolute formulas, there is a chance that someone might
insert rows or columns that will move the reference. If you need a formula to
always point to Cell J10, no matter how someone rearranges the worksheet, you
can use =INDIRECT(“J10”) to handle this.

Selecting a Range Using Go To
For very large ranges, Excel’s Go To command comes in handy. You normally use the Go
To command to jump to a specific cell address or range name. The following steps show
you how to exploit this power to select a range:
1. Select the upper-left cell of the range.
2. Select Home, Find & Select, Go To (or press either F5 or Ctrl+G). The Go To dialog
box appears
3. Use the Reference text box to enter the cell address of the lower-right corner of the
range.
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4. Hold down the Shift key and click OK. Excel selects the range.
Using the Go To Special Dialog Box
You normally select cells according to their position within a worksheet. However, Excel
includes a powerful feature that enables you to select cells according to their contents
or other special properties. If you select Home, Find & Select, Go To Special (or click
the Special button in the Go To dialog box)
154

Selecting Cells by Type
The Go To Special dialog box contains many options, but only four of them enable you
to select cells according to the type of contents they contain. Table 1.1 summarizes
these four options. (The next few sections discuss the other Go To Special options.)
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Data Entry in a Range
If you know in advance which range you’ll use for data entry, you can save yourself
some time and keystrokes by selecting the range before you begin. As you enter your
data in each cell, use the keys listed in Table 1.3 to navigate the range.
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Transposing Rows and Columns
If you have row data that you’d prefer to see in columns or vice versa, you can use the
Transpose command to transpose the data. Follow these steps:
1. Select and copy the source cells.
2. Select the upper-left corner of the destination range.
3. Select Home, pull down the Paste menu, and select Transpose. If you already have
the Paste Special dialog box open, select the Transpose check box, and then click OK.
Excel transposes the source range
Copied range
Transposed destination range
157

Formula Limits in Excel 2007 and Excel 2010
It’s a good idea to know the limits Excel sets on various aspects of formulas and
worksheet models, even though it’s unlikely that you’ll ever bump up against these
limits. Formula limits that were expanded in Excel 2007 remain the same in Excel 2010.
Therefore, if you’re coming to Excel 2010 from Excel 2003 or earlier, Table 3.1 shows
you the updated limits.
158

Creating Advanced Formulas
Excel is a versatile program with many uses, from acting as a checkbook to a flat-file
database- management system, to an equation solver, to a glorified calculator. However,
for most business
users, Excel’s forte is building models that enable them to quantify particular aspects of
the business. The skeleton of the business model is made up of the chunks of data
entered, imported, or copied into the worksheets. But the lifeblood of the model and the
animating force behind it is the collection of formulas that summarizes data, answers
questions, and makes predictions.
Working with Arrays
When you work with a range of cells, it might appear as though you’re working with
a single thing. However, in reality Excel treats the range as a number of discrete units.
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An array is a group of cells or values that Excel treats as a unit. For example, in a
range configured as an array, Excel no longer treats the cells individually. Instead, it
works with all the cells at once, which enables you to do things like apply a formula to
every cell in the range using just a single operation.
160

Applying Data-Validation Rules to Cells
It’s an unfortunate fact of spreadsheet life that your formulas are only as good as the
data they’re given. It’s the GIGO effect, as the programmers say: garbage in,
garbage out. In worksheet terms, garbage in means entering erroneous or improper
data into a formula’s input cells. For basic data errors such as entering the wrong
date or transposing a number’s digits, there’s not a lot you can do other than
exhorting yourself or the people who use your worksheets to enter data carefully.
Fortunately, you have a bit more control when it comes to preventing improper data
entry. By improper
161

Understanding Excel’s Error Values
When you enter or edit a formula or change one of the formula’s input values, Excel
might show an error value as the formula result. Excel has seven different error
values: #DIV/0!,
#N/A, #NAME?, #NULL!, #NUM!, #REF!, and #VALUE!. The next few sections give
you a detailed look at these values and offer suggestions for solving them.
#DIV/0!
The #DIV/0! error almost always means that the cell’s formula is trying to divide by
zero, a mathematical no-no. The cause is usually a reference to a cell that either is
blank or contains the value 0. Check the cell’s precedents, which are the cells directly
or indirectly referenced in the formula, to look for possible culprits. You’ll also see
#DIV/0! if you enter an inappropriate argument in some functions. MOD(), for
example, returns #DIV/0! if the second argument is 0.
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#N/A
The #N/A error value is short for not available, which means that the formula couldn’t
return a legitimate result. You usually see #N/A when you use an inappropriate
argument or if you omit a required argument in a function. HLOOKUP() and
VLOOKUP(), for example, return #N/A if the lookup value is smaller than the first
value in the lookup range.
#NAME?
The #NAME? error is displayed when Excel doesn’t recognize a name you used in a
formula. This error also appears when Excel interprets text within the formula as an
undefined name. This means the #NAME? error pops up in a wide variety of
circumstances:
Q You spelled a range name incorrectly.
Q You used a range name that you haven’t yet defined.
Q You spelled a function name incorrectly.
Q You used a function that’s part of an uninstalled add-in.
Q You used a string value without surrounding it with quotation marks.
Q You entered a range reference and accidentally omitted the colon.
Q You entered a reference to a range on another worksheet and didn’t enclose the
sheet name in single quotation marks. 164

#NULL!
Excel displays the #NULL! error in a very specific case: when you use the intersection
opera- tor, which is a space, on two ranges that have no cells in common. For example,
the ranges A1:B2 and C3:D4 have no common cells, so the following formula returns
the #NULL! error:
=SUM(A1:B2 C3:D4)
#NUM!
The #NUM! error means there’s a problem with a number in your formula. This
almost always means that you entered an invalid argument in a math or trig
function. For example, you entered a negative number as the argument for the
SQRT() or LOG() function. Check
the formula’s input cells—particularly those cells used as arguments for
mathematical functions—to make sure the values are appropriate
165

#REF!
The #REF! error means that your formula contains an invalid cell reference, which is
usually caused by one of the following actions:
You deleted a cell to which the formula refers. You need to add the cell back in or
adjust the formula reference.
You cut a cell and then pasted it in a cell used by the formula. You need to undo the cut
and paste the cell elsewhere.
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Loading the Analysis ToolPak
Excel’s Analysis ToolPak is a large collection of powerful statistical tools. Some of these
tools use advanced statistical techniques and were designed with only a limited
number of technical users in mind. However, many of them have general applications
and can be amazingly useful.
The
following procedure takes you through the steps:
1. Select File, Options to open the Excel Options dialog box.
2. Click Add-Ins.
3. In the Manage list, click Excel Add-ins and then click Go. Excel displays the Add-Ins
dialog box.
4. Select the Analysis ToolPak check box,
5. Select OK.
6. If Excel tells you that the feature isn’t installed, click Yes to install it.
167

168
WORKING WITH NAMES
Most intermediate and advanced Excel users are familiar with the concept of named
cells or ranges. Naming cells and ranges is an excellent practice and offers several
important advantages. As you'll see in this chapter, Excel supports other types of
names-and the power of this concept may surprise you.
What's in a Name?
You can think of a name as an identifier for something in a workbook. This "something" can
consist of a cell, a range, a chart, a shape, and so on. If you provide a name for a range, you
can then use that name in your formulas. For example, suppose your worksheet contains
daily sales information stored in the range B2:B200. Further, assume that cell C1 contains a
sales commission rate. The following formula returns the sum of the sales, multiplied by the
commission rate:
=SUM(B2:B200)*C1 This formula works fine, but its purpose is not at all clear. To help
clarify the formula, you can define one descriptive name for the daily sales range and
another descriptive name for cell C1. Assume, for this example, that the range
B2:B200 is named DailySales and cell C1 is named CommissionRate. You can then
rewrite the formula to use the names instead of the actual range addresses:
=SUM(DailySales)*CommissionRate

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Names make your formulas more understandable and easier to use, especially for
people who didn't create the worksheet. Obviously, a formula such as =Income–Taxes is
more intuitive than =D20–D40.
When entering formulas, a descriptive range name (such as Total_Income) is easier to
remember than a cell address (such as AC21). And typing a name is less likely to result
in an error than entering a cell or range address.
You can quickly move to areas of your worksheet either by using the Name box, located
at the left side of the formula bar (click the arrow for a drop-down list of defined
names) or by choosing Home Editing Find & Select Go To (or F5) and specifying the
range name.
When you select a named cell or range, its name appears in the Name box. This is a
good way to verify that your names refer to the correct cells.
You may find that creating formulas is easier if you use named cells. You can easily
insert a name into a formula by using the Formulas Defined Names Use in Formula
command.
Macros are easier to create and maintain when you use range names rather than cell
addresses.

170
A Name's Scope Before I get into creating and working with names, it's important to
understand that all names have a scope. A name's scope defines where you can use
the name. Names are scoped either at the workbook level or at the worksheet level
for a particular sheet. Referencing Names
You can refer to a workbook level name just by using its name from any sheet in the
workbook. For worksheet level names, you must precede the name with the name
of the worksheet unless you're using it on its own worksheet.
For example, assume you have a workbook with two sheets, Sheet1 and Sheet2. In
this workbook, you have Total_Sales (a workbook level name), North_Sales (a
worksheet level name on Sheet1), and South_Sales (a worksheet level name on
Sheet2). On Sheet1 or Sheet2, you can refer to Total_Sales by simply using the name:
=Total_Sales If you're on Sheet1 and you want to refer to North_Sales, you can use a
similar formula because North_Sales is defined on Sheet1:
=North_Sales

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The Name Manager Now that you understand the concept of scope, you can start
creating and using names. Excel 2007 & 2010 provides a new way for maintaining
names called the Name Manager

172
Creating Names Using the Name Box
A faster way to create a name for a cell or range uses the Name box. The Name box
is the drop-down list box to the left of the formula bar. Select the cell or range to
name, click the Name box, type the name, and then press Enter to create the name.
If a name already exists, you can't use the Name box to change the range to which
that name refers. Attempting to do so simply selects the original range. You must use
the Name Manager dialog box to change the reference for a name.
Caution When you type a name in the Name box, you must press Enter to actually record the
name. If you type a name and then click in the worksheet, Excel won't create the name.

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Creating Names Automatically You may have a worksheet containing text that you
want to use for names of adjacent cells or ranges. In this case, you might want to
use the text in column A to create names for the corresponding values in column B.
Excel makes this very easy to do. To create names by using adjacent text, start by
selecting the name text and the cells that you want to name. (These can consist of
individual cells or ranges of cells.) The names must be adjacent to the cells that
you're naming. (A multiple selection is allowed.) Then choose Formulas Defined
Names Create from Selection (or Ctrl+Shift+F3). Excel displays the Create Names
From Selection dialog box

177
Goal Seeking And Solving
Excel has a number of ways of altering conditions on the spreadsheet and making
formulae produce whatever result is requested. Excel can also forecast what
conditions on the spreadsheet would be needed to optimise the result of a formula.
For instance, there may be a profits figure that needs to be kept as high as possible,
a costs figure that needs to be kept to a minimum, or a budget constraint that has
to equal a certain figure exactly. Usually, these figures are formulae that depend on
a great many other variables on the spreadsheet. Therefore, you would have to do
an awful lot of trial-and-error analysis to obtain the desired result. Excel can,
however, perform this analysis very quickly to obtain optimum results. The Goal
Seek command can be used to make a formula achieve a certain value by altering
just one variable. The Solver can be used for more painstaking analysis where many
variables could be adjusted to reach a desired result. The Solver can be used to not
only obtain a specific value, but also to maximise or minimise the result of a formula
(e.g. maximise profits or minimise costs).

179
Goal Seek
The Goal Seek command is used to bring one formula to a specific value. It does this
by changing one of the cells that is referenced by the formula. Goal Seek asks for a
cell reference that contains a formula (the Set cell). It also asks for a value, which is
the figure you want the cell to equal. Finally, Goal Seek asks for a cell to alter in order
to take the Set cell to the required value.
In the example spreadsheet, cell B8 contains a formula that sums advertising and
payroll costs. Cell B10 contains a profits formula based on the revenue figure, minus
the total costs.
A user may want to see how a profit of 4000 can be achieved by altering payroll costs.

180
3. In the TO VALUE box, type the result you want. (In the example, this is -4000.)
4. In the BY CHANGING CELL box, enter the reference for the cell that contains the
value you want to adjust. (In the example, this is cell B3.) The Goal Seek command
automatically suggests the active cell as the Set cell. This can be overtyped with a
new cell reference or you may click on the appropriate cell on the spreadsheet.
5. Click the OK button and the spreadsheet will alter the cell to a value sufficient
for the formula to reach your goal. Goal Seek also informs you that the goal was
achieved;
6. You now have the choice of accepting the revised spreadsheet, or returning to
the previous values. Click OK to keep the changes, or CANCEL to restore previous
values.
1. On the DATA ribbon, DATA TOOLS group, click WHAT-IF ANALYSIS and then click
GOAL SEEK.
2. In the SET CELL box, enter the reference for the cell that contains the formula
result you wish to set to a specific figure. (In the example, this is cell B10.)

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Solver
For more complex trial-and-error analysis the Excel Solver should be used. Unlike
Goal Seek, the Solver can alter a formula not just to produce a set value, but also to
maximise or minimise the result. Solver has changed markedly in 2010 from previous
versions but works in very much the same way. More than one changing cell can be
specified, so as to increase the number of possibilities, and constraints can be built in
to restrict the analysis to operate only under specific conditions. The basis for using
the Solver is usually to alter many figures to produce the optimum result for a single
formula. This could mean, for example, altering price figures to maximise profits. It
could mean adjusting expenditure to minimise costs, etc. Whatever the case, the
variable figures to be adjusted must have an influence, either, directly or indirectly, on
the overall result, that is to say the changing cells must affect the formula to be
optimised. Up to 200 changing cells can be included in the solving process, and up to
100 constraints can be built in to limit the Solver’s results.

183
Solver Parameters
The Solver needs quite a lot of information in order for it to be able to come up with
a realistic solution. These are the
Solver parameters
To set up the Solver:
Mouse
1. Click the SOLVER button on the DATA Ribbon; in the ANALYSIS Group
2. If SOLVER is not visible it will be needed to be added into excel from the
EXCELOPTIONS dialog in the
FILE ribbon (go to ADDINS then choose EXCEL ADDINS)
Like Goal Seek, the Set Cell is the cell containing the formula whose value is to be
optimised. Unlike Goal
Seek, however, the formula can be maximised or minimised as well as set to a
specific value.
3. Decide which cells the Solver should alter in order to produce the Set Cell result.
You can either type or click on the appropriate cells, and [CTRL] click if non-adjacent
cell references are required.

184
Constraints
Constraints prevent the Solver from coming up with unrealistic solutions.
To build constraints into your Solver parameters:
Mouse

185
1. In the SOLVER dialog, choose ADD
2. A dialog box appears and asks you to choose a cell whose value will be kept within
certain limits. It can be any cell or cells on the spreadsheet (simply type the reference
or select the range).
3. This cell can be subjected to an upper or lower limit, made to equal a specific value
or forced to be a whole number. Drop down the arrow in the centre of the ADD
CONSTRAINT box to see the list of choices:- To set an upper limit, click on the <=
symbol; for a lower limit, >=; the = sign for a specific value and the INToption for an
integer (whole number).
4. Once the OK button is chosen, theSOLVER PARAMETERS dialog box displays and
the constraint appears in the window at the middle, left. These constraint can be
amended using the CHANGE button, or removed using the DELETE button.

186
When maximising or minimising a formula value, it is important to include constraints
which set upper or lower limits on the changing values. For instance, when maximising
profits by changing sales figures, the Solver could conceivably increase sales to infinity.
If the sales figures are not limited by an upper constraint, the Solver will return an
error message stating that the cell values do not converge. Similarly, minimising total
costs could be achieved by making one of the contributing costs infinitely less than
zero. A constraint should be included, therefore, to set a minimum level on these
values.

187
The example here shows the number of cases for five London hospitals, split into
three types: ELECTIVE, EMERGENCY and DAY cases. Below this are the respective costs
of each type of case for each hospital, and finally the total costs (number multiplied by
price) for each type in each hospital. All these figures are totaled in column H, to
arrive at a final total costs figure in cell H17.

189
Call up SOLVER from the ANALYSIS group on the DATA ribbon. The Set Cell in this case
will be H17, the total costs cell. It can be assumed that the costs of cases cannot be
changed, only the number in each hospital, therefore the changing cells will be B4:F6:
The problem is that, if Solve is chosen now, the number of cases could reduce to
infinitely below zero and produce an error message. Fortunately, constraints can be
built in to force each hospital to have a minimum number of cases, and for there to be
a total number of cases overall. Choose the ADD option to add a constraint, highlight
the cells B4:F6, drop down the arrow and click on >= to set a minimum limit. Here, type
whatever the minimum number of cases should be. To avoid the error message, simply
type 1 and choose ADD. Also, as hospital cases cannot be fractions, add another
constraint to force these cells to be integers. Finally, a constraint could be added to set
a total number of cases (cell H7). The Solver parameters should now appear as follows:
When Solve is chosen, the Solver carries out its analysis and finds a solution. This may
be unsatisfactory, as it has calculated that the best way to minimise costs is to put the
majority of cases in St George’s as day patients. Further constraints could now be
added to force the Solver to place minimum numbers of cases in the other hospitals, or
set a maximum limit on St Georges’ day cases.

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Advanced Solver Features Save Or Load A Problem Model
Mouse
1. In the SOLVER PARAMETERS dialog box, click LOAD/SAVE.
2. Enter a cell range for the model area, and click either SAVE or LOAD.
3. When you save a model, enter the reference for the first cell of a vertical range of
empty cells in which you want to place the problem model. When you load a model,
enter the reference for the entire range of cells that contains the problem model.

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Solving Methods Used By Solver You can choose any of the following three
algorithms or solving methods in the Solver Parameters dialog box: • GENERALIZED
REDUCED GRADIENT (GRG) NONLINEAR Use for problems that are smooth
nonlinear.
• LP SIMPLEX Use for problems that are linear.
• EVOLUTIONARY Use for problems that are non-smooth.

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Solver Options
There are many options that you can access to refine your results for each of the
solving methods mentioned above access these by clicking on the OPTIONS button
on the SOLVER PARAMETERS dialog
Solver And Scenario Manager
The Solver uses sophisticated numeric analysis and iterative methods to perform trial-
and-error calculations very quickly. The original values of the spreadsheet, therefore,
have a profound effect on the result of a Solver solution. It may be the case that there
is no concrete solution to a spreadsheet problem, and the Solver may produce a “best
guess” within the specified constraints. Changing the original values and running the
Solver again may produce a different result, and it may therefore by helpful to save
the different “scenarios” that are produced. It may also be necessary to save
scenarios where constraints have either been added, removed or amended. Using
Excel’s Scenario Manager can facilitate this, by allowing you to save each new Solver
solution and compare it to previous ones. For most complex spreadsheet problems,
the Solver and Scenario Manager are used together.

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Saving Solver Solutions When the Solver finds a solution that seems feasible, you
may want to save it. Save a solution as a Scenario: Mouse
1. After clicking Solve you have a choice.
2. You have the choice of restoring the original values if you are not satisfied and
wish to try another solver solution
3. Once Solver has found a solution, choose SAVE SCENARIO from the dialog box.
The scenario can be named and either the new values kept or the original values
restored.

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Once a Solver solution is obtained, a report can be generated to summarise the
changes that have been made and how accurately the constraints have been
satisfied. When changing cells have integer constraints, the only meaningful type of
report is an Answer Report, which gives details of the target cell’s original value
and new value, the changes to the adjustable cells as well as all constraints.
To create a solver report:
Mouse
1. Click ANSWER REPORT from the SOLVER RESULTS dialog box.
2. Click OK - Excel generates the report in a new sheet behind the current
worksheet.
3. To see the report, choose the ANSWER REPORT tab: behind current worksheet

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Scenarios To open scenario manager
1. Click SCENARIO MANAGER On the WHAT IF ANALYSIS button on the in the DATA
TOOLS groupon theDATA Ribbon;
2. SCENARIO MANAGER will appear.
3. Click the button to the right of the CHANGING CELLS box to collapse the dialog
allowing you to view the worksheet and select the cells containing the variables.
Non consecutive cells may be selected using [CTRL] and click. Click the
EXPANDbutton to expand the Add Scenario dialog once more.
4. Click OK to add the Scenario. The SCENARIO VALUES dialog box will appear:

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1. Click SCENARIO MANAGER on the WHAT IF ANALYSIS button on the in the DATA
TOOLS groupon theDATA Ribbon.
2. Click the ADD button to name your scenario and define the CHANGING CELLS
(the cells containing the values you want to vary for each scenario). The following
dialog will appear:
3. Type a name in the box marked SCENARIO NAME.

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6. Type the value for the first changing cell that you want to save under the
current scenario name. Press [TAB] to move to the next changing cell and
type a value for that changing cell. Repeat the process until all changing cell
values have been set for the current scenario.
7. Click the OK button to return to the SCENARIO MANAGER dialog
8. Click CLOSE to exit the Scenario Manager. Or 1. Click the Add button to
define another scenario. 2. When all scenarios have been added, click OK to
return to the SCENARIO MANAGER dialog and CLOSE to exit the Scenario
Manager

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Scenario Summary
To allow you to see the results and values all in one sheet for comparison or
graphical purposes you may use the scenario summary tool to transpose all the
result cells and changing values in an easy to see table.
Mouse
1. Open SCENARIO MANAGER.
2. Click on the SUMMARY button.
3. Choose scenario summary
4. The result cell or cells should be already in the RESULT CELLS box if you wish the
SCENARIO SUMMARY to only show for a specific cell then change which result cell
or cells you wish to display in the summary.
5. Click OK to view the summary
6. Please note that the summary is grouped to enable you to collapse and view
just the results if you wish.

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Working with Data Tables
Another way to get answers to your what-if questions is by using a data table. A
data table is a cell range that displays the results of a formula using different
values.
For example, you could create a data table to calculate loan payments for several
interest rates and term lengths.
There are two types of data tables:
· One-input Data Table: Displays the results of a formula for multiple values of a
single input cell. For example, if you have a formula that calculates a loan payment
you could create a one-input data table that shows payment amounts for different
interest rates.
· Two-input Data Table: Displays the results of a formula for multiple values of two
input cells. For example, if you have a formula that calculates a loan payment you
could create a two-input data table that shows payment amounts for different
interest rates and different term lengths.

207
Create a one-input data table 1. Set up the table area. Make sure you include
the formula in the top row and the input values in the left column. Make sure
the formula refers to the input cell.
2. Select the table range that contains the formula and substitution values. This
should include blank cells below the formula and to the right of the values—this
is where the data table will go.
3. Click the Data tab on the Ribbon, click the What-If Analysis button in the Data
Tools group, and select Data Table.
4. Type the cell reference for the input cell in the Column input cell box and click
OK.

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Setting Up a One-Input Data Table
The problem with modifying formula variables is that you see only a single result at
one time. If you’re interested in studying the effect a range of values has on the
formula, you need to set up a data table. For example, in the investment analysis
worksheet, suppose that you want to see the future value of the investment with
the annual deposit varying between $7,000 and $13,000. You could just enter these
values in a row or column and then create the appropriate formulas. However,
setting up a data table is easier, as shown in the following procedure:

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Adding More Formulas to the Input Table
You’re not restricted to just a single formula in your data tables. If you want to see
the effect of the various input values on different formulas, you can easily add them
to the data table. For example, in the future value worksheet, it would be interesting
to factor inflation into the calculations to see how the investment appears in today’s
dollars. the revised worksheet with a new Inflation variable (cell C7) and a formula
that converts the calculated future value into today’s dollars (cell D9).

215
Setting Up a Two-Input Table
You also can set up data tables that take two input variables. This option enables you
to see the effect on an investment’s future value when you enter different values
(for example, the annual deposit and the interest rate). The following steps show you
how to set up a two- input data table:
1. Enter one set of values in a column below the formula and the second set of
values to the right of the formula in the same row
2. Select the range that includes the input values and the formula, which is B8:G15
3. Select Data, What-If Analysis, Data Table to display the Data Table dialog box.
4. In the Row Input Cell text box, enter the cell address of the input cell that
corresponds to the row values you entered, which is C2 the Interest Rate variable.
5. In the Column Input Cell text box, enter the cell address of the input cell you want
to use for the column values, which is C4 the Annual Deposit variable.
6. Click OK. Excel runs through the various input combinations and then displays the
results in the data table.

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Optimizing Product Margin
Many businesses use product margin as a measure of fiscal health. A strong margin
usually means that expenses are under control and that the market is satisfied with
your price points. Product margin depends on many factors, of course, but you can
use Goal Seek to find the optimum margin based on a single variable.
For example, suppose that you want to introduce a new product line, and you want
the product to return a margin of 30% during the first year. In addition, suppose that
you’re operating under the following assumptions:
• The sales during the year will be 100,000 units.
• The average discount to your customers will be 40%.
• The total fixed costs will be $750,000.
• The cost per unit will be $12.63.
Given all this information, you want to know what price point will produce the 30%
margin.
An initial value of $1.00 is entered into the Price Per Unit cell (C4), and Goal Seek is set up in
the following way:
• The S et Cell reference is C14, the Margin calculation.
• A value of 0.3, which is the 30% Margin goal, is entered in the To Value text box.
• A reference to the Price Per Unit cell (C4) is entered into the By C hanging Cell text box.

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When you run Goal Seek, it produces a solution of $47.87 for the price

221
Performing a Break-Even Analysis
In a break-even analysis , you determine the number of units you have to sell of
a product so that your total profits are 0, which means that the product revenue
equals the product costs. Setting up a profit equation with a goal of 0 and varying
the units sold is perfect for Goal Seek.
To try this, you’ll extend the example used in the “ Optimizing Product Margin ”
section. In this case, assume a unit price of $47.95, which is the solution found to
optimize product margin, rounded up to the nearest 95¢.
• The S et Cell reference is set to C13, the profit calculation.
• A value of 0, which is the profit goal, is entered in the To V alue text box.
• A reference to the Units Sold cell (C5) is entered into the By C hanging Cell text box.

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A total of 46,468 units must be sold to break even.

223
Sparklines
What are Sparklines?
Unlike charts on an Excel worksheet, Sparklines are not objects — a Sparkline is
actually a tiny chart in the background of a cell. Because a Sparkline is a tiny chart
embedded in a cell, you can enter text in a cell and use a Sparkline as its
background
You can apply a colour scheme to your Sparklines by choosing a built-in format
from the Style gallery (Design tab, which becomes available when you select a cell
that contains a Sparkline). You can use the Sparkline Colour or Marker Colour
commands to choose a colour for the high, low, first, and last values (such as green
for high, and orange for low).

224
When one or more Sparklines are selected, the SPARKLINE TOOLS APPEAR,
displaying the DESIGN tab.
Data presented in a row or column is useful, but patterns can be hard to spot at a
glance. The context for these numbers can be provided by inserting Sparklines next
to the data. Taking up a small amount of room, a Sparkline can display a trend based
on adjacent data in a clear and compact graphical representation. Although you
don’t have to have a Sparkline cell directly next to its underlying data, it is a useful.

225
You can quickly see the relationship between a Sparkline and its underlying data,
and when your data changes you can see the change in the Sparkline immediately.
In addition to creating a single Sparkline for a row or column of data, you can
create several Sparklines at the same time by selecting multiple cells that
correspond to underlying data. Create Sparklines
You can also create Sparklines for rows of data that you add later by using the fill
handle on an adjacent cell that contains a Sparkline.
One advantage of using Sparklines is that, unlike charts, Sparklines are printed
when you print a worksheet that contains them.

226
To Create a Sparkline Mouse 1. Select an empty cell or group of empty cells in which
you want to insert one or more Sparklines.
2. On the INSERT tab, in the SPARKLINES group, click the type of Sparkline that you
want to create: LINE, COLUMN or WIN/LOSS
3. In the DATA box, type or select the range of the cells that contain the data on
which you want to base the Sparklines.
4. In the LOCATION RANGE box select where you wish your Sparklines placed.

227
After you create Sparklines, you can control which value points are shown (such
as the high, low, first, last, or any negative values), change the type of the
Sparkline (Line, Column, or Win/Loss), apply styles from a gallery or set
individual formatting options, set options on the vertical axis, and control how
empty or zero values are shown in the Sparkline.

228
Conditional Formatting
• Whenever you analyze data, you often ask yourself questions, such as:
• Where are the exceptions in a summary of profits over the past five years?
• What are the trends in a marketing opinion poll over the past two years?
• Who has sold more than £50,000 this month? • What is the overall age
distribution of employees?
• Which products have greater than 10% revenue increases from year to
year?
• Who are the highest performing and lowest performing students in the new
student class? Conditional formatting helps to answer these questions by
making it easy to highlight interesting cells or ranges of cells, emphasize
unusual values, and visualize data by using data bars, colour scales and icon
sets. A conditional format changes the appearance of a cell range based on a
condition (or criteria). If the condition is true, the cell range is formatted
based on that condition; if the conditional is false, the cell range is not
formatted based on that condition.

229
To Format all cells by using a two-color scale
Colour scales are visual guides that help you understand data distribution and
variation. A two-colour scale helps you compare a range of cells by using a
gradation of two colours. The shade of the colour represents higher or lower
values. For example, in a green and red colour scale, you can specify higher value
cells have a greener colour and lower value cells have a redder colour.

230
Mouse
1. Select a range of cells, or make sure that the active cell is in a table or
PivotTable report.
2. On the HOME ribbon, in the STYLES group, click the arrow next to
CONDITIONAL FORMATTING, and then click COLOUR SCALES.
3. Select a two-colour scale.
Hover over the colour scale icons to see which one is a two-colour scale. The top
colour represents higher values and the bottom colour represents lower values.

235
More rules
If you cannot find what you wish with all those options then you will have to create
your own by creating your own rule To manage rules for advanced formatting.
Mouse 1. Select a range of cells, or make sure that the active cell is in a table or
PivotTable report. 2. On the HOME ribbon, in the Styles group, click the arrow next
to CONDITIONAL FORMATTING, and then click MANAGE RULES.
The CONDITIONAL FORMATTING RULES MANAGER dialog box is displayed.

236
To add a conditional format (new rule). Mouse
1. lick NEW RULE. The NEW FORMATTING RULE dialog box is displayed.
2. Select a rule type from top section of dialog.
3. Edit the rule description in bottom section. Rule descriptions will change
dependent on the rule type.
4. Select the colours you wish to apply if the conditions you have set are met.
5. Click OK to create the rule the rule will then appear in the RULE MANAGER.
6. Click OK to apply the rule and close the RULE MANAGER

237
To use the Excel 2010 Paste Special dialog box
· Select the range of data you wish to copy. ·
On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click Copy icon. OR press Ctrl+C · Click
the cell where you want to paste the range.
· On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the down arrow of the Paste icon
and click the Paste Special option.
· From the Paste Special dialog box displayed, select the necessary option from
the Paste section:

Power Pivot
A new add-in for Excel 2010 adds many interesting tricks to your pivot tables. The
add-in is free from the Microsoft SQL Server Analysis Services team. Using this add-in,
you can do any of these tasks:
Import 100 million rows of data into your Excel workbook.
Deﬁne a relationship between two tables without using VLOOKUP. Create a pivot
table from multiple tables.
Deﬁne new measures using the DAX formula language, which offers time intelligence
such as MTD from the parallel period last year.
Create named sets to allow asymmetric reporting in a pivot table.
241

Installing Power Pivot
Power Pivot does not ship on the Office 2010 CD. You have to download Power Pivot
from www.PowerPivot.com. You want to download the client add- in. Be careful to get
either the 32-bit or 64-bit version of the add-in to match your installation of Office
2010.
After you install the add-in, you will have a new Power Pivot tab in the Excel ribbon.
242

Importing Data into Power Pivot
Power Pivot can import from many databases, such as from SQL Server or even text
files. In the Power Pivot window, choose From Text. You will have to browse to your
text file, specify the field delimiter, and check the box for Use First Row as Column
Headers.
243

Importing Data into Power Pivot
As you are importing data, you can choose to skip certain columns. If you are
bringing in many million rows of data, skipping long text ﬁelds is a way to save
space in the Excel ﬁle.
244

Defining Relationships Between Tables
Power Pivot has an automatic relationship detector. It works when you are linking
from a base table to a lookup table and there is exactly one perfect matching
column. It is cool when it works, but it works perhaps only 20% of the time, so I’ve
given up on trying to have Power Pivot auto detect the relationships.
Besides, it is so incredibly trivial to define a relationship, there doesn’t seem to be
any reason not to manually define the relationships.
Your main Sales table has a Customer field. The Sector table also has a Customer
field. Here is how to tell Power Pivot that these table should be linked:
1. Go to the Customer heading in the Sales table in the Power Pivot window.
Right-click the heading and choose Create Relationship.
245

2. By taking the time to start from the proper column in the base table, the first half
of the Create Relationship dialog will be filled in for you. The top Table and Column
will show the table and column that you clicked on.
3. Open the drop-down for Related Lookup Table and choose Sector. If the Sector
table has a field that is also called Customer, this will automatically be filled in for
the Related Lookup Column. Literally, it takes one selection in this dialog to define the
relationship. Click Create.
246

Adding Calculations in the Power Pivot Window
Microsoft introduces a new formula language called DAX (Data Analysis expressions).
DAX is used to add new calculated ﬁelds to the table in Power Pivot and also for
adding new measures to the pivot table. DAX shares 81 functions with Excel, so if you
are proﬁcient with Excel functions, you should have little problem working in DAX.
247

Adding Calculations in the Power Pivot Window
After adding a calculation, the heading for that column will be called
CalculatedColumn1. This is a bit frustrating to me. It seems like there should be a way to
specify the proper heading before creating the calculation. Instead, you have to right-
click the heading and choose Rename Column.
248

Referring to a Column in Another Table
Because you have already deﬁned the relationship, you would think that you could
easily multiply Revenue in the Sales table by BonusRate in the Rates table. Although you
can enter this formula, it will return an error.
The promise of PowerPivot is that you won’t have to do VLOOKUPs anymore. When you
are building a calculated ﬁeld, you will have to use a simpler lookup function called
RELATED. In the Sales table, you can enter the following:
=Sales[Revenue]*Related(Rates[BonusRate])
249

Creating the Pivot Table
Power Pivot can create one, two, or four pivot tables that all work from the same slicers.
It is easy enough to do this with regular pivot tables, but Power Pivot makes it a bit
easier. There is a PivotTable drop-down in both the Power Pivot window and on the
Power Pivot tab in Excel. Open the drop-down and choose to create a pivot table.
250

Creating the Pivot Table
The first thing you will notice is that the regular PivotTable Field List is replaced with a
new Power Pivot Field List. This field list has extra zones for slicers. It also lists all the
fields in all your tables in the same field list.
251

Slicer Auto Layout
Add ﬁelds to the Slicer drop zones and Power Pivot will take care of arranging the
slicers. Power Pivot decided that Sector would look good as a two-column slicer and
that Product would work as a three-column slicer.
252

Using DAX to Create New Measures
A Measure is the OLAP term for a Calculated Field.
But DAX Measures can run circles around Calculated Fields.
253

254
Microsoft Excel Web App:
Edit workbooks in a Web browser when you’re away from your office, home, or
school without compromising the quality of your viewing experience.2
Microsoft Excel Mobile: Stay current and take immediate action when
necessary using the mobile version of Excel on Windows Phone 7.3
Co-authoring through the Microsoft Excel Web App makes it possible for you to
edit the same spreadsheet with others simultaneously from different
locations.2 You can see who’s working on a spreadsheet with you at the same
time. See changes from others appear as they are made. And with the number
of editors in the workbook shown on the status bar, you'll always know who
else is editing the workbook with you.

258
SharePoint Server 2010 and Excel Services integration lets business users share
analysis and results across their organization by publishing spreadsheets to the Web.
Build a business intelligence dashboard and share sensitive business information
more broadly with coworkers, customers, and business partners in a security-
enhanced environment. Power Pivot for Excel requires a free separate download
available at: http://www.powerpivot.com. Power Pivot for SharePoint requires SQL
Server 2008 R2 Enterprise Edition or higher and SharePoint 2010. 2 Web and
smartphone access require an appropriate device, and some functionality requires an
Internet connection. Web functionality uses Office Web Apps, which require a
supported Internet Explorer, Firefox, or Safari browser and either SharePoint
Foundation 2010 or a Windows Live ID. Some mobile functionality requires Office
Mobile, which is not included in Office 2010 applications, suites, or Office Web Apps.
There are some differences between the features of Office Web Apps, Office Mobile,
and the Office 2010 applications. Power Pivot for Excel 2010 is a data analysis tool
that delivers unmatched computational power directly within the software users
already know and love—Microsoft Excel. With this add-in to Excel, you can transform
mass quantities of data with significant speed into meaningful information to get the
answers you need.

259
Empower your insight and decision making
Leverage familiar Excel features that your users already know, such as the Office
Fluent user interface, PivotTables, Pivot Charts, and slicers. Process millions of rows
with about the same performance as one thousand rows and make the most of
multi-core processors and gigabytes of memory for fastest processing of calculations
through the in-memory business intelligence (BI) engine. Integrate data from a
multitude of sources, including corporate databases, spreadsheets, reports, text
files, and Internet data feeds. Interactively explore, analyze, and create analyses
without depending on expert knowledge and special training by using native Excel
2010 functionality such as PivotTables, slicers, and other familiar analysis features.
Import continuously changing data with the same ease and simplicity as an RSS feed
by using the standard Atom format and keep that data current automatically. Go
beyond standard Excel Expressions capabilities and use Data Analysis Expressions
(DAX) to perform powerful data manipulations. Follow relationships between tables
as in a database, define calculated columns and measures, and aggregate over
billions of rows.

261
Share and collaborate with confidence
Publish data models and workbook applications to SharePoint to make them
available to others virtually anytime and from any location. Access your workbook
applications directly in the browser without having to download the workbooks with
all their data to every workstation. Enjoy an attractive user interface in SharePoint,
browsing at its best, and the same performance and features as in the Excel client.
Benefit from all available SharePoint features, such as role-based security,
workflows, and version control. Automatically refresh reports to include up-to-date
data from multiple sources. Reuse published workbook applications as data sources
in new analysis solutions.

263
Increase your company’s IT efficiency
Balance the need for self-service BI and IT oversight in a managed self-service BI
offering that empowers your users through familiar Office applications and your IT
administrators through efficient management tools. Monitor user-generated
activities and shared applications through an IT operations dashboard in SharePoint.
Track patterns of resources usage to help ensure that user-generated solutions and
are up-to-date continuously available with adequate performance. Give back control
of BI applications to their consumers by taking advantage of the SharePoint security
model and advanced security technologies integrated into SharePoint. Discover
solutions that become mission-critical through organic growth and apply tailored
management practices for operations.

264
Business Benefits of the Microsoft BI Solution Stack
A comprehensive, end-to-end BI solution must include several distinct platforms: a
data infrastructure and BI platform, a business collaboration platform, and a
business user platform. SQL Server 2008 R2 establishes the data infrastructure and
BI platform, integrates with Microsoft SharePoint Server 2010 to supply a reliable
and secure collaboration platform, and extends Microsoft Office 2010 to provide
an intuitive and familiar user platform with powerful analytics capabilities.
Together, SQL Server 2008 R2, SharePoint Server 2010, and Office 2010 form the
Microsoft BI Solution Stack, as illustrated in Figure 1. The Microsoft BI Solution
Stack is a cornerstone in the Microsoft BI vision to provide business insight to all
employees, leading to better, faster, more relevant decisions.

265
Defining Business Intelligence
“A broad category of applications and technologies for gathering, storing,
analysing, sharing and providing access to data to help enterprise users make
better business decisions.”
– Gartner
Or put simply…
It is the application of knowledge derived from analyzing an organization’s
data to effect a more positive outcome
Or put even more simply…
It transforms data into knowledge

266
BI is used to:
Understand the health of the organization
Collaborate on a shared view of business drivers
Reduce the time to decision Its goal is often to:
Impact the bottom line by measuring specific operations
Enhance competitive advantage BI is no longer a luxury afforded by a few large
companies — it is now considered an essential part of the IT portfolio

267
• Process real-time transactions
• Contain data structures optimized for modifications
• Normalized schema
• Minimal indexing strategy
• Usually provide limited decision support
• Are commonly referred to as:
• Online transaction processing (OLTP) systems
• Operational systems

269
Organization Business Users IT Department
Increased business agility through better,
faster, more relevant decisions.
Maximized utilization of familiar Excel
features, such as the Office Fluent™ user
interface, PivotTables, PivotCharts, and the
new Slicers feature.
Increased IT efficiency associated with
monitoring and managing business data,
data sources, and mission-critical self-
service BI applications in the enterprise.
Auditable, repeatable management
processes by maintaining a complete
version history of all changes to business
data for internal and external auditing
purposes.
Fast calculations and advanced analysis
capabilities, such as through automatically
established data relationships and Data
Analysis Expressions (DAX), which make
actionable insight readily accessible to
everyone.
Increased consistency, integrity, security,
compliance, reliability, and scalability for
business data and self-service BI
applications based on standard SharePoint-
based features.
Maximized ROI into SQL Server 2008 R2,
SharePoint Server 2010, and Office 2010.
Intuitive authoring and publishing of
business reports through Report Builder
3.0.
High degree of data quality and accuracy
for decision-making through automatic
data refreshing.

270
SQL Server 2008 R2 BI Technologies
The SQL Server 2008 R2-based data infrastructure and BI platform comprise five
key SQL Server technologies: Integration Services, Relational Engine, Master Data
Services, Reporting Services, and Analysis Services (see Figure 3). The main purpose
of Integration Services is to implement a scalable enterprise data integration
platform with Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) processes to load data from a wide
array of data sources into the organization’s data warehouses. The Relational
Engine implements the relational data store and database management system for
data warehouses. Master Data Services, a new member of the SQL Server family,
enables organizations to implement a Master Data Management (MDM) system for
central management of master data models, entities, and hierarchies across all
information systems in the enterprise. Reporting Services offers a full range of tools
and services to create, deploy, and manage reports and report-based data feeds.
Finally, Analysis Services provides the OLAP and data-mining platform to analyze
large quantities of multidimensional data based on OLAP cubes and PowerPivot
workbooks.

271
Particularly important for team and personal BI scenarios are the improvements
available with Reporting Services and Analysis Services. By using Reporting Services,
an organization can encapsulate enterprise information systems through report-
based data feeds so that Excel users can more easily import the data into their self-
service BI applications, s. Analysis Services, on the other hand, provides the basis
for server-based analytical processing. In addition to standard Multidimensional
OLAP (MOLAP), Relational OLAP (ROLAP), and Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP) storage modes,
the SQL Server 2008 R2 version of Analysis Services supports (when installed as a
service in SharePoint 2010) the new VertiPaq™ mode to allows you run Power Pivot
workbooks In-Memory in a SharePoint 2010 farm.

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What is a Data Warehouse
• A data warehouse is a relational database that is designed for query and analysis.
• It usually contains historical data derived from
transaction data, but it can include data from other sources.

274
Why Data Warehouse
• Provide a consistent information of various cross functional activity.
• Historical Data.
• Access, Analyze and Report Information.
• Augment the Business Processes

285
Reporting analysis areas
• Financials
– Account Margins
• Costs, margins by COGS, revenue, and receivables accounts
– AP Invoices Summary
– AR Aging Detail with configurable buckets
– AR Sales (Summary with YTD, QTD, MTD growth vs. Goal, Plan)
– GL, Drill to AP, AR sub ledgers
• Purchasing
– Variance Analysis (PPV. IPV) at PO receipt time
• To sub-element cost level by vendor, inventory org, account segment, etc.
– PO Vendor On-Time Performance Summary
• By request date and promise date
– PO Vendor Outstanding Balances Summary
– PO Vendor Payment History Summary

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• Sales, Shipments, Customers
– Net Bookings
– Customer, Sales Rep, Product Analysis
– List Price, Selling Price, COGS, Gross Margin, Discount Analysis
– Open Orders including costing, margins
– OM Customer Service Summary (on-time % by customer, item)
– OM Lead Times Summary
– Outstanding Work Orders (ability to deliver on time)
• Supports ATO, PTO, kits, standard items; Flow and Discrete
• Production and Efficiency
– INV On-hand Snapshot (units w/ sub element costs)
– INV Item Turns Snapshot with configurable Turns calculation
– INV Obsolete Inventory Analysis Summary
– MFG Usage (WIP, Sales Demand)
– MFG Forecast vs. Actual Summary
– WIP Analysis, Operational Variance Analysis, std vs. actual
• BOM with Cost
– Detailed BOM Analysis with Cost
– Unit, Elemental, Sub-Element Cost

290
Why Data Warehousing?
The world economy has moved form the industrial age into information driven
knowledge economy. The information age is characterized by the computer
technology, modern communication technology and Internet technology; all are
popular in the world today. Governments around the globe have realized potential of
information, as a “multifactor” in the development of their economy, which not only
creates wealth for the society, but also affects the future of the country. Thus, many
countries in the world have placed the modern information technology into their
strategic plans. They regard it as the most important strategic resource for the
development their society, and are trying their best to reach and occupy the peak of
the modern information driven knowledge economy.
What is the right direction?
Ever since the IT revolution that happened more than a decade ago every government has
been trying and tried to increase our software exports. But have persistently failed to get
the desired results. I happened to meet a gentleman who got venture capital of several
million US dollars and I asked him why our software export has not gone up? His answer
was simple, “we have been investing in outgoing or outdated tools and technologies”. We
have also been just following India, without thinking for a moment, what India is today,
started maybe a decade ago. So my next question was “what should we be doing today?”
His answer was “we have captured and stored data for a long time, now it is time to
explore and make use of that data”. There is a saying that “a fool and his money are soon
parted”, since that gentleman was rich and is still rich, hence he does qualify to be a wise
man, and his words of wisdom to be paid attention to.

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The Need for a Data Warehouse
“Drowning in data and starving for information”
“Knowledge is power, Intelligence is absolute power!”

293
Around the mid-1960s, the growth of master files and magnetic tapes exploded.
Soon master files were used at every computer installation. This growth in usage of
master files, resulted in huge amounts of redundant data. The spreading of master
files and massive redundancy of data presented some very serious problems, such
as:
• Data coherency i.e. the need to synchronize data upon update.
• Program maintenance complexity.
• Program development complexity.
• Requirement of additional hardware to support many tapes.
In a nut-shell, the inherent problems of master files because of the limitations of the
medium used started to become a bottleneck. If we had continued to use only the
magnetic tapes, we may not have had an Information revolution! Consequently,
there would have never been large, fast MIS (Management Information Systems)
systems, ATM systems, Airline Flight reservation systems, maybe not even Internet
as we know it. As one of my teachers very rightly said, “every problem is an
opportunity” therefore, the ability to store and manage data on diverse media (other
than magnetic tapes) opened up
the way for a very different and more powerful type of processing i.e. bringing the IT and
the business user together as never before.

295
Intelligent decision-support is required for decision-making
Consider a bank which is losing customers, for reasons not known. However,
one thing is for sure that the bank is losing business because of lost customers.
Therefore, it is important, actually critical to understand which customers have
left and why they have left. This will give you the ability to predict going forward
(in time), to identify which customers will leave you (i.e. the bank). We are going
to talk about this in the course using data mining algorithms, like clustering,
classification, regression analysis etc. However, this being another example of
using historical data to predict the future. So I can predict today, which customers
will leave me in the next 3 months before they even leave. There can be, and
there are whole courses on data mining, but we will just have an applied
overview of data mining in this course.
Reason-2: Businesses demand intelligence
• Complex questions from integrated data.
• “Intelligent Enterprise”

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Combines historical & Operational Data
• Don’t do data entry into a DWH, OLTP or ERP are the source systems.
• OLTP systems don’t keep history, cant get balance statement more than a year
old.
• DWH keep historical data, even of bygone customers. Why?
• In the context of bank, want to know why the customer left?
• What were the events that led to his/her leaving? Why?
• Customer retention.

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Why keep historical data?
The data warehouse is different because, again it’s not a database you do data
entry. You are actually collecting data from the operational systems and loading into
the DWH. So the transactional processing systems like the ERP system are the
source systems for the data warehouse. You feed the data into the data warehouse.
And the data warehouse typically collects data over a period of time. So if you look
at your transactional processing OLTP systems, normally such systems don’t keep
very much history. Normally if a customer leaves or expired, the OLTP systems
typically purge the data associated with that customer and all the transactions off
the database after some amount of time. So normally once a year most business
will purge the database of all the old customers and old transactions. In the data
warehouse we save the historical data. Because you don’t need historical data to do
business today, but you do need the historical data to understand patterns of
business usage to do business tomorrow, such why a customer left?

300
Starts with a 6x12 availability requirement ... but 7x24 usually becomes the goal.
If we look at the availability requirements for a data warehouse, normally you start out
with 6 days a week, 12 hours a day. The decision makers are not going to come during
the middle of a weekend to ask marketing questions. They don’t normally do that. They
don’t come in midnight to ask these questions either. However, a transaction
processing system, like the ATM systems, should be available all the time. I can go to
an ATM at midnight if I want to, and withdraw money. That’s not usually the
requirement in the beginning of the data warehouse project, but as the data warehouse
matures, availability becomes much more important. Because the decision makers
start accessing and using the data more often. They start doing maybe interactive kind
of analysis in the day and data mining kind of things over night. We will talk more about
data mining later. So you can start out with 6×12 availability but will usually evolve in to
7×24 over a period of time. So one of the things we are going to talk about, although
there will not be a major focus is about the tradeoffs that you make in availability. How
do I design my data warehouse for 100% availability? So that it is always available for
quires. And it turns out that there are very subtle interactions between availability and
data loading. How do I make sure the data is available for querying while uploading the
data? These issues turn out to have some tricky subtleties in that kind of environment.

302
Definition of OLAP
OLAP stands for On Line Analytical Processing.
That has two immediate consequences: the on line
part requires the answers of queries to be fast, the
analytical part is a hint that the queries itself are
complex. i.e. Complex Questions with FAST
ANSWERS!

303
Why an OLAP Tool?
• Empowers end-users to do own analysis
• Frees up IS backlog of report requests
• Ease of use
• Drill-down
• No knowledge of SQL or tables required
• Exception Analysis
• Variance Analysis

304
ROLAP vs. MOLAP
What is ROLAP? (Relational)
What is MOLAP? (Multidimensional)
It's all in how the data is stored

306
Extraction, Transformation & Load (ETL)
• Attribute Standardization and Cleansing.
• Business Rules and Calculations.
• Consolidate data using Matching and
Merge / Purge Logic.
• Proper Linking and History Tracking.

310
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
OLAP is Analytical Processing instead of Transaction Processing. It is also NOT a
physical database design or implementation technique, but a framework.
Furthermore OLAP implementations are either highly de-normalized or completely
de-normalized, while OLTP implementations are fully normalized. Therefore, a
clear understanding of how OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing) fits into the
overall architecture of your data warehouse is essential for appropriate
deployment. There are different methods of deployment of OLAP within a decision
support environment - often obscured by vendor hype and product salesmanship.
It is important that you as data warehouse architect drive your choice of OLAP
tools - not driven by it!

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Data Warehouse Characteristics
Data warehouse systems:
• Present data for business analysis processes
• Commonly store data in subject-specific stores called data marts
• Contain structures optimized for rapid ad hoc information retrieval
• Combine validated source data
• Integrate data from heterogeneous source systems
• Provide a consistent historical data store

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Analytic Systems
• Multidimensional databases are commonly called online analytical processing
(OLAP) databases. They:
• Contain structures optimized for rapid ad hoc information retrieval
• Pre-calculate and store aggregated values
• Include calculation engines for fast, flexible transformation of base data
• Are designed to reveal business trends and statistics not directly visible in the
data retrieved from a data warehouse
• Business users can query them directly with easy to use tools
• Data mining models discover patterns in data, typically for prediction analysis

319
Microsoft Excel 2010 /2013
• The core spreadsheet capabilities have been dramatically enhanced to
enabled users to analyze, communicate, and manage information
• Provides full support for Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 Analysis Services
• The SQL Server Power Pivot for Excel add-in enables the efficient storage
and querying of large volumes data within the workbook

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Microsoft SharePoint Server 2010
• Manages content and business processes
• Improves business insight
• Present business-critical information in one central location
• Centralized Business Intelligence Center sites give users a single place to
find the latest spreadsheets, reports, or KPIs
• Includes BI-related service applications:
• Excel Services
• PerformancePoint Services
• Visio Services
• Business Connectivity Services
• Simplifies internal and external collaboration

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Excel Services
• A server-side technology for secure and controlled sharing of spreadsheets
• Publish spreadsheets to SharePoint document libraries
• Maintain a “single version of the truth” while still sharing spreadsheets
• Protect confidential and proprietary information
• Delivered as a SharePoint 2010 service application

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PerformancePoint Services
• The next-generation Performance Management (PM) application from Microsoft
•Delivered as a SharePoint 2010 service application
•Provides rich KPI and scorecard definitions
•Delivers interactive dashboard capabilities in a zero-footprint Web browser

326
SUPPORTING
BUSINESS
USERS
BUILDING
THE DATA CENTER
OF THE FUTURE
JUST SOLVE
MY PROBLEM
EFFORTLESSLY
CONNECTED
& IN CONTROL
REWIRING
THE ECONOMY

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Relational Engine Enhancements in:
 Manageability
 Availability
 Programmability
 Scalability and performance
 Security
Enhancements relate to the ability to manage
data-tier applications and multiple instances of
SQL Server from a central SQL Server Utility
Control Point (UCP); new database mirroring
options to support hot-standby servers without
data loss; new data storage features; new data
types; a revamped full-text search architecture;
and numerous Transact-SQL improvements.
Scalability and performance improvements
achieve higher query-processing performance,
and new encryption functions increase security.

328
Master Data Services  Centralized data management
and delegation of
administration
 Stewardship portal
 Data integration and
synchronization services
 Data cleansing service
 Workflows and business rules
 MDS Platform APIs
 Reporting and auditing
capabilities
 Versioning for data entities and
hierarchies
Supports data replication through Transact-SQL
and Web services and a broad range of
hierarchy and attribute management strategies;
provides secure, role-based Web access to
master data for browsing, editing, authoring,
auditing, and approving; and enables anyone
in the organization to access and update master
data directly with minimal impact on IT. Role-
based security features enable fine-grained,
secure access to master data, and MDS can
automatically notify data stewards of business-
rule violations. The reporting, auditing, and
versioning features help to protect master data
and ensure compliance by maintaining change
histories and logging user, date, and time for
each master data update as well as pertinent
audit details, such as type of change, member
code, and prior versus new value.

329
Reporting Services  SharePoint integration
enhancements
 Reusable report parts
 Shared datasets
 Cache refresh plans
 Sparklines, data bars, and other
design enhancements
 Rich geospatial visualizations
 Rendering reports to data feeds
 Business Intelligence Development
Studio (BIDS) support
 Report Builder 3.0
Supports SharePoint Lists as a data source,
multiple SharePoint Zones, and the SharePoint
Universal Logging service. Offers the ability to
store the individual parts of reports as shared
components on a report server or on a SharePoint
site for reuse in other reports. Provides the ability
to retrieve data from shared data sources that
connect to external data sources. Improves data
retrieval and report viewing response times by
caching and refreshing reports and shared dataset
query results. Includes new visualization and
design features to convey as much information as
possible in little space, and uses maps for rich
visualizations by combining spatial and
analytical data sources. Offers the capability to
render report data to an Atom service document,
which is included by default in all reports created
with Report Builder 3.0.

330
Analysis Services  SharePoint integration in
VertiPaq™ mode
 Aggregation design
enhancements
 Cube design enhancements
 Dimension design enhancements
 Backup and restore enhancements
 Personalization extensions
 Filtering and cross-validation of
data mining models
 Support for Office Data Mining
Add-Ins
Provides the backend query-processing
service for PowerPivot for SharePoint 2010,
as well as a multidimensional database and
data mining system in traditional OLAP
environments. Design improvements make it
easier to create, browse, and modify
aggregations, dimensions, and attribute
relationships. Also features a new storage
structure for a more robust repository of
archived databases with no practical limit to
the size of the database files, nor is there a
limit to the number of files a database can
have. Personalization extensions enable
developers to provide new objects and
functionality dynamically in the context of
the user session, and the data-mining
enhancements support new methods of
filtering model cases and assessing the
accuracy of data mining models directly in
Excel when using the Data Mining Add-Ins.

331
Empowering Business Users
SQL Server 2008 R2 helps organizations empower their users by means of
the following tools: Office applications and add-ins, PowerPivot for Excel
2010, and Report Builder 3.0. Standard Office applications, specifically Excel,
have long been the preferred data analysis tools of business users. Excel
includes a formidable formula engine, a familiar user interface, and extensive
data manipulation, analytics, and data mining capabilities, including
PivotTables, PivotCharts, and SQL Server Data Mining Add-ins. PowerPivot
for Excel 2010 extends these capabilities by adding an in-memory BI engine
and new compression algorithms to load even the biggest data sets into
Excel. PowerPivot also introduces Data Analysis Expressions (DAX) for
advanced analytics in familiar Excel formula syntax. Report Builder 3.0, on the
other hand, is a separate ad-hoc authoring tool for intuitive reports based on
Reporting Services. By using Report Builder 3.0, users can create attractive
business reports in a matter of minutes, featuring conditional formatting and
rich geographical visualizations. In combination, Office applications,
PowerPivot for Excel 2010, and Report Builder 3.0 are the keys to bringing
managed self-service BI to all employees, leading to better, faster, more
relevant decisions.

332
Intuitive Authoring, Analysis, and Publishing
Microsoft recommends that power users and business users with advanced
analytics requirements use Excel 2010 and PowerPivot for Excel 2010 for
intuitive authoring and analysis on the desktop. PowerPivot for Excel 2010 is
an application-level add-in, available as a Web download at
www.powerpivot.com.

333
MicrosoftOfficeExcel 2010
PowerPivotfor Excel2010 Add-In Assembly
Excel Workbook
(.xlsx file)
Excel Workbook
Default XML Parts
PowerPivot
Custom XML Part
PowerPivot
Database
(item1.data)
VertiPaq Engine
VertiPaq Database Module
Data
Cache
OLE DB
Provider for
OLAP
AMO ADOMD.NET
Excel
Features
(PivotTable,
PivotChart,
Custom
Code, etc.)
`
PowerPivot for Excel 2010 Architecture

334
PowerPivot extends Excel 2010. Especially noteworthy is the new version of
Microsoft OLE DB for Online Analytical Processing (OLAP), which PowerPivot
adds to the client configuration. By leveraging the familiarity of the Office Fluent
user interface, PivotTables, PivotCharts, and Excel formula syntax in DAX
expressions, users can hit the ground running and get the answers they need
in seconds.
PowerPivot for Excel 2010 supports intuitive authoring, analysis, and publishing
by means of the following key features:
 User interface customizations PowerPivot implements its own assembly
to enhance the Excel user experience through ribbon customizations and
spreadsheet templates, and overrides the default PivotTable field list to
implement its own task pane.
 VertiPaq engine for advanced data analysis VertiPaq makes the most of
multi-core processors and gigabytes of memory to process enormous
quantities of data with incredible speed. Processing millions of rows takes
about the same time as thousands.

335
 Column-based compression VertiPaq compresses the data users
import into a PowerPivot workbook with efficient column-based
compression algorithms and maintains its database in a custom XML part
directly in the Excel workbook.
 Broad support for data sources PowerPivot users can enjoy broad
support of data sources to load and combine a great variety of data for
massive analysis on the desktop, including relational databases,
multidimensional sources, cloud services, data feeds, Excel files, text
files, and data from the Web.
 Data Analysis Expressions By using DAX in addition to standard Excel
features, PowerPivot users can quickly create advanced workbook
applications. These applications can rely on data relationships between
tables as in a database, include calculated columns and measures, and
aggregate over billions of rows. In many cases, PowerPivot for Excel
2010 can establish the table relationships automatically.

336
 SharePoint integration PowerPivot users can share data models and
analysis seamlessly and securely, and because the solutions are in
SharePoint, server-based refresh cycles can be configured to ensure the
data remains current automatically. The section “Facilitating Sharing and
Collaboration” later in this white paper provides more details about
publishing user-generated BI solutions in a SharePoint environment.

337
Interactive Slicing and Dicing
Excel PivotTables and Pivot Charts are very effective tools for slicing and
dicing, and in combination with Power Pivot for Excel 2010, users can slice
and dice even the largest datasets in a matter of seconds without writing
any complicated formulas. Slicing refers to a two-dimensional filtering
process—the resulting data set only has two dimensions, such as products
purchased based on geographical regions. Dicing is a filtering process that
produces a multi-dimensional subset of the original data, such as products
purchased by region, quarter, and customer age, which enables the user to
look at the data from different dimensional combinations with a specific
focus. Slicing and dicing are closely related and enable the user to interact
with the data, drill down into details, and infer insights that are not
immediately apparent in the overall data set. With PowerPivot for Excel
2010, slicing and dicing is as easy as dragging horizontal and vertical
slicers onto a spreadsheet

338
Interactive Slicing and Dicing with PowerPivot for Excel 2010

339
PowerPivot for Excel 2010 offers the following advantages for interactive
slicing and dicing:
 User interface familiarity Users can use familiar PivotTable views,
charts, and slicers for interactive analysis.
 High scalability and performance Users can sort, filter, and scroll
through millions of rows in seconds.
 Anywhere access In a SharePoint environment, users can work
seamlessly via Web browser and enjoy the same performance as in Excel
2010.
Note: Interactive slicers enable users to look at their data from multiple
directions in Excel 2010 and in the browser through PowerPivot for
SharePoint and Excel Services.

340
Facilitating Sharing and Collaboration
There are at least three compelling reasons to use SharePoint 2010 in an
enterprise BI environment to establish a business collaboration platform:
Seamless sharing and collaboration with flexible security down to the individual
item level; centralization of farm and infrastructure administration; and
automated server-based processing through Windows services and SharePoint
Timer jobs. Seamless sharing and collaboration with the ability to delegate
control over individual site collections, sites, libraries and galleries, as well as
over individual workbook applications provides the basis to bring all BI players
together in a managed environment, as illustrated in Figure 7. Centralization of
farm and infrastructure administration helps IT departments maintain the
managed BI environment with operational efficiency, and server-based
processing gives users the ability to access published BI solutions in a Web
browser instead of Excel, while workbook owners can schedule fully automated
data refresh cycles to ensure data and analysis remain current and accurate.
Server-based processing also makes it possible to reuse published workbook
applications and reports as data sources in additional self-service BI solutions.

341
IT deploys and maintains
the managed BI environment.
Information workers and decision makers
use corporate BI solutions and
published self-service BI applications.
Corporate BI
Suggestions
Technological
Requirements
Collaboration
Requirements
Organizational
BIsolutions
BI Solution
Developer
Producer of
Insights
(Power User)
Sharedself-service
BIapplications
Consumers of Insights
IT Admin
Bringing all BI Players Together in a Managed BI Collaboration Environment
Note: Managed self-service BI is about providing business insights to all
employees. Heavy involvement of power users and business users in the
design and creation of self-service BI solutions is therefore critical to the
success of managed self-service BI initiatives.

342
Seamless and Secure Collaboration
power users play an important role as producers of insights at the team
and personal BI level. Complementing BI developers who create
organizational solutions, power users create and share workbook
applications and reports by using PowerPivot for Excel 2010 and Report
Builder 3.0. the relationship between power users as producers and
business users as consumers of insights in more detail.

343
SharePoint SiteCollections, Sites,
Libraries, and Galleries
Uploading Workbooks and Report Definitions
as Shared Self-Service BI Applications
Consumers of
Insights
(Business Users)
IT Admin SharePoint Farm and BI Infrastructure
SharePoint-
integrated
Reporting
Services
PowerPivot for
SharePoint
PowerPivot for
Excel 2010
Report
Builder 3.0
Internet
Explorer
PowerPivot for
Excel 2010
Viewing or Downloading
Shared Self-Service BI Applications
Producer of
Insights
(Power User)
Excel Services
Collaboration between Producers and Consumers of Insights

344
Ultimately, power users decide whether to publish self-service BI solutions in
SharePoint-based report libraries and PowerPivot galleries. To ensure they
do, the managed BI collaboration environment must enable power users to
publish their solutions effortlessly and securely. They must also be able
determine security roles indicating who can access uploaded self-service BI
solutions and who can modify these solutions with minimal dependency on IT.
SharePoint 2010 fulfils these requirements by means of a flexible role-based
security model that supports delegation of administrative control to groups
and individual user accounts, as well as permission inheritance and explicit
permission assignments. At any level in the site collection hierarchy, down to
the individual workbook files, a privileged power user can disable permission
inheritance and specify individual settings, such as view-only permissions to
prevent business users from downloading a particular PowerPivot workbook
to their workstations.

345
In general, business users do not need to download PowerPivot workbooks
and do not need to install Office 2010 or PowerPivot for Excel 2010 on their
workstations because these consumers of insights can access published self-
service applications through a Web browser. PowerPivot for SharePoint 2010
(in combination with Excel Services) and Reporting Services in SharePoint-
integrated mode can render PowerPivot workbooks and online reports directly
on a SharePoint server. This capability not only eliminates software and
download requirements on the desktop, but makes it easy for business users
to work together. It also boosts the productivity of project teams and business
units because analysis and detailed business insights are accessible at any
time, in any location, on any device.
By taking advantage of SharePoint 2010, SQL Server 2008 R2 enables
producers and consumers of insights to collaborate seamlessly and securely in
a managed BI environment:

346
 SharePoint security model All SharePoint-integrated technologies of
SQL Server 2008 R2 leverage the role-based SharePoint security model to
delegate administrative authority and apply group and user permissions at
the site collection, site, library, gallery, and item level in a consistent way.
 Excel Services PowerPivot for SharePoint 2010 takes advantage of Excel
Services to render PowerPivot workbooks directly on the application server.
BI consumers can seamlessly access shared workbook applications directly
in the browser without having to download all the data to their workstations.
 Reporting Services in SharePoint-integrated mode Report Builder 3.0
fully exploits the advantages of Reporting Services in SharePoint-integrated
mode to store, manage, and render reports directly within the SharePoint
collaboration environment. Uploaded report definitions automatically open in
the Report Viewer Web Part, which supports page navigation, search, print,
and export features. You can also connect the Report Viewer Web Part to a
Filter Web Part or a Library Web Part in dashboards or site pages.

347
 Standard SharePoint features By using workflows, alerts, and version
control, IT organizations and business units can coordinate how users
share their solutions and streamline analysis. SharePoint also facilitates
dynamic collaboration on user-generated contents with the ability to
provide feedback and details about usage metrics.

348
Keeping Insights Up-to-Date
In addition to permission assignments, power users can also manage the
data refresh settings for uploaded self-service BI solutions, including refresh
schedule, user credentials for the update process, and the portions of the
datasets that should be updated to ensure accurate analysis and decision-
making. SharePoint 2010 then performs the data refresh automatically.
SharePoint accomplishes this task based on a PowerPivot Data Refresh
timer job, which the SQL Server 2008 R2 Setup program adds to the
SharePoint configuration when installing PowerPivot for SharePoint 2010.
This timer job runs every minute on the SharePoint server to determine if a
data refresh job needs to be scheduled and executed.

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Data Sources
PowerPivot
Data Refresh
Timer Job
Power User
PowerPivot for Excel 2010 Internet Explorer
PowerPivot for SharePoint 2010
Business Users
Power user specifies data
refreshing settings.
Business users enjoy up-to-
date information and analysis.
Analysis
Services
Microsoft
SQL Azure
Office
Access
Oracle
Teradata
Reporting
Services
SQL
Server
Excel
Files
Text
Files
Others
(OLE DB/ODBC)
IBM DB2
Sybase Informix
Specifying Data Sources and Keeping Data Up-To-Date

350
Automatic data refresh for published PowerPivot workbooks offers
organizations the following advantages:
 Decisions based on most recent data Scheduled data refreshes ensure
the data in managed self-service BI solutions remains current automatically,
even over the Internet.
 Centralized monitoring of update processes The IT organization can
use the PowerPivot Management Dashboard to monitor shared workbook
applications and ensure they are always available and up-to-date. Among
other things, the PowerPivot Management Dashboard enables IT
administrators to analyze the data source information to see where the data
in managed self-service BI solutions is coming from. The section
“Increasing IT Efficiencies” later in this white paper covers the Management
Dashboard in more detail.

351
Maximizing Business Insight
Another innovative capability with impact on the relationship between power
users and the IT department centers on the ability to reuse existing
PowerPivot workbooks and Reporting Services-based reports as data
sources in further analysis and reporting solutions. This helps to reduce the
requirement for direct access to enterprise information systems and
mitigates hindering dependencies on IT.
A power user with access to an enterprise information system can now
create intermediate data sources in the form of PowerPivot workbooks and
reports. By publishing these self-service BI
applications in SharePoint, other users without direct access can then reuse
the published intermediary information in their own PowerPivot workbooks
and reports—while SharePoint keeps the data automatically updated in all
solutions. the relationship between PowerPivot, Reporting Services, and
SharePoint in this scenario.

352
Report
Builder 3.0
PowerPivot for
SharePoint 2010
PowerPivot for
Excel 2010
Workbooks and Reports as Data Sources

353
BI producers can use the following strategy to maximize business insight
with minimal dependency on IT:
1. A power user imports data into PowerPivot through report-based data
feeds or other means.
2. The power user publishes the resulting PowerPoint workbook in
SharePoint, configures automatic data refresh settings, grants
access permissions if necessary, and communicates the URL of the
published workbook to other BI producers.
3. Other BI producers reference the URL of the published PowerPoint
workbook as a data source in their own self-service BI solutions.

354
Implementing Master Data Management
Master Data Services gives organizations all the tools they need to
maintain and synchronize business data across all their source
information systems so the individual pieces of the data puzzle always add
up to a consistent, complete, and accurate picture,. By integrating the
various source systems in the enterprise with a centralized MDS-based
Master Data Management solution, organizations can ensure the accuracy
of business-critical information, consistency of reporting, and compliance
with laws and regulations.

355
Point-Of-Sales SystemGeneral Ledger SystemCustomer Relationship
Management System
Enterprise Resource
Planning System
ID: 1
Customer
ID: 7-B-C
Customer
ID: 43
Customer
ID: XY
Customer
Customer _MasterID: 123
Marketing: 1
Consulting: XY
Support: 43
Claims: 7-B-C
Other: AB01
Homeless: H1
Data Store
(Master Data, Version
History, Hierarchies)
Stewardship Portal
(Role-BasedSecurity, Business
Rules, Merge/Match/Revert,
Workflows, Approval, Versioning,
Auditing, Reporting, Hierarchy
Management)
Extract, Transform and Load (ETL) Processes
(Stored Procedures, SQL Server Integration Services Packages , Web Services)
Other System(s)
ID: AB01
Customer
Data Steward
IT Admin Information Worker LOB App UserSolution Developer
GL
Credits and
Debits
Outlook Contact
ERP
Tax
Information
CRM
Database
Record
PSS
Helpdesk
Tickets
SCM
Reverse
Logistics
Conference
System
Seat
Reservation
Legal
Contracts
SharePoint
List Item
ECM
Letters and
Documents
Additional
Information
Order
Fulfillment
System
GL
Credits and
Debits
Outlook Contact
ERP
Tax
Information
CRM
Database
Record
PSS
Helpdesk
Tickets
SCM
Reverse
Logistics
Conference
System
Seat
Reservation
Legal
Contracts
SharePoint
List Item
ECM
Letters and
Documents
Additional
Information
Order
Fulfillment
System
GL
Credits and
Debits
Outlook Contact
ERP
Tax
Information
CRM
Database
Record
PSS
Helpdesk
Tickets
SCM
Reverse
Logistics
Conference
System
Seat
Reservation
Legal
Contracts
SharePoint
List Item
ECM
Letters and
Documents
Additional
Information
Order
Fulfillment
System
Power User Decision Maker
GL
Credits and
Debits
Outlook Contact
ERP
Tax
Information
CRM
Database
Record
PSS
Helpdesk
Tickets
SCM
Reverse
Logistics
Conference
System
Seat
Reservation
Legal
Contracts
SharePoint
List Item
ECM
Letters and
Documents
Additional
Information
Order
Fulfillment
System
ID: H1
Customer
Additional Data
An MDM System based on Master Data Services

356
At the core, MDS implements a store to maintain master data and service
client applications. Master data is business data that pertains to the nouns of
the business, such as customers, stores, products, or contracts, or any other
business-relevant items or concepts. The MDS store can also capture
additional business data that is not stored in any other information system.
MDS also implements an ETL pipeline to connect and synchronize the MDS
system with the various source systems in the enterprise. As part of data
synchronization, MDS can perform data cleansing tasks and establish reliable
associations between the data fragments hosted in each individual
information system.
To facilitate business process optimization, MDS also incorporates a
Stewardship Portal for secure, role-based Web access to master data for
browsing, authoring, editing, approving, auditing, and reporting according to
the business rules defined in the system. Stewardship Portal implements the
interface to manage role-based security, master data hierarchies, approval
workflows, and version histories. Data stewards can also merge and match
replicated data attributes and revert incorrect changes back to the previous
state.

357
An MDM solution based on Master Data Services provides the following
capabilities:
 Data governance and stewardship By centrally maintaining business
rules that the business data has to follow in all stages of its lifecycle, the
MDS system has both a governance function to guarantee that the right
controls are in place and a stewardship function to ensure that the controls
are enforced. Organizations can establish a single, unified, clean, and
authoritative “master” representation of relevant business data.
 Data integration and synchronization The MDS platform can act as the
system of entry as well as the system of record for all other information
systems in the enterprise.
 Enterprise data encapsulation MDS can act as a central data source for
line-of-business (LOB) applications, OLAP tools, and self-service BI
solutions, encapsulating enterprise information systems that might otherwise
not be accessible.

358
 Enhance business data The MDS master data store can also host
additional information that is not maintained elsewhere in the
organization it gives “homeless” data a home.
 Facilitate collaboration across organizational boundaries As a
Web-based collaboration platform, MDS enables organizations to
manage the process of change for business data securely and
efficiently.
 Tracking and auditing MDS maintains a complete version history of
all changes. It is easy to roll back incorrect changes, and if an auditor
wants to know who was working on the data, there is a single
authoritative place to find the answer.
 Compliance with laws and regulations By enabling a single, unified
view of the truth, master data can help an organization comply with laws
and regulations that mandate accuracy and completeness of business
reports. Organizations can prove that reports are based on accurate and
verifiable data.

359
 Business planning As a planning system, MDS enables business
users to track relevant information even in the earliest brainstorming
phases.
 Hierarchy management An MDS system can organize and classify
business data in multiple explicitly or dynamically defined hierarchies that
may or may not exist in the underlying data sources.
 Proactive data profiling and reporting MDS can scan source systems
for violations of business rules, missing values in data records, incorrect
values, duplicate records, and other data-quality issues. Reports can be
created that show the number of rules violations detected, the number of
manual interventions required, and the average latency of master data
updates.

360
Centralizing BI and Data Management
Power users and business users view the managed BI environment primarily
as a centralized collection of sites, libraries, and galleries that provide access
to the BI applications they need and trigger alerts and workflows to facilitate
collaboration. IT administrators, on the other hand, view the managed BI
environment from a different perspective

361
SharePoint Site Collections, Sites,
Libraries, and Galleries
SharePoint Farm and
BI Infrastructure
Power User Business Users
Web Applications
PowerPivot
Gallery
Excel Web
Access
Excel Web
Services
PowerPivot
Management
Dashboard
PowerPivot
Web Service
Service Applications
Analysis Services
in VertiPaq Mode
PowerPivot
System Service
Excel
Calculation
Services
SharePoint-
integrated
Reporting Services
SharePoint
Timer Service
IT Admin
SharePoint Databases
SharePoint
Content
Database
PowerPivot
Application
Database
SharePoint
Content
Database
SharePoint
Content
Database
SharePoint
Configuration
Database

362
IT administrators primarily care about usage statistics for published
workbook applications, as well as statistics regarding the availability and
performance of their Web applications, service applications, and databases
hosted on front-end servers, application servers, and database servers in
the SharePoint farm. To provide this information, SQL Server 2008 R2
includes a customizable PowerPivot Management Dashboard that
visualizes server and usage statistics with animated charts. The dashboard
information helps IT administrators oversee their BI environments with
operational efficiency, and it provides the basis to ensure that user-
generated BI solutions are continuously available, up-to-date, and secure.

363
The PowerPivot Management Dashboard enables the following
administrative tasks:
 Discover mission-critical self-service BI applications IT
administrators can monitor activities and performance of shared
workbook applications, track usage patterns over time, drill down to
reveal hidden details, and detect solutions that have become mission-
critical.
 Ensure data quality, integrity, and security The Operations
Dashboard reveals the largest and most popular solutions, their data
sources, top users, and query-performance per workbook, and helps in
this way to ensure high availability, scalability, and reliability for mission-
critical applications.
 Track server status and ensure quality of service (QoS) Server
administrators can keep an eye on CPU and memory utilization, system
capacity and performance per server, response times, and current server
state to provision appropriate server resources to ensure high availability
and performance according to QoS requirements.

364
Dashboard
A dashboard is a visual display of the most important information needed to
achieve one or more objectives which fits entirely on a single computer screen so
it can be monitored at a glance »
Dashboard reports allow managers to get high-level overview of the business and
help them make quick decisions. Dashboards are often called as management
dashboards or information dashboards or dashboard reports.

366
How to Make a Dashboard?
You can create dashboards using a lot of different tools. However, in my opinion, Microsoft
Excel is an excellent choice for creating and distributing dashboards due its ease of use and
universal availability.
Dashboard Design Principles & Theory
Information Dashboard Visualization is vast area. In order to make better dashboards, it is
imperative that you understand the theory and principles behind dashboard design &
implementation. In this section you find useful resources on dashboard design.
Charting Tricks to Make Better Dashboards Charts (graphs) are an integral part of any
dashboard. If you want to make a very good dashboard, you should master some of the
charting tricks like making micro-charts, making dynamic charts, using form controls etc. In
this section, you can find resources that can help you make better charts.

368
Why Use a Balanced Scorecard?
Building a Strategy Map and Balanced Scorecard for an organization
follows much
the same process as taking a trip to a specific location. To take a trip you
need to:
■■ Select a destination
■■ Agree on the type of trip
■■ Agree on the route
■■ Map the route
■■ Plan time and resources
■■ Travel
■■ Stay on course

369
What Are the Differences Between
Dashboards and Scorecards?
If you have listened to many discussions or web seminars on the topics of
performance
management, Business Intelligence, or Balanced Scorecards, you’ve
probably heard some speakers using the terms “dashboard” and “scorecard”
interchangeably — but there is a difference between the two.
Executives use scorecards to monitor strategic alignment and success with
strategic objectives, and the Balanced Scorecard is undoubtedly the best
known corporate strategy scorecard, used to help organizations align with
strategy. Other forms of executive scorecards can show multiple dashboards
that give an executive-level view into operational or functional performance.
Dashboards are used at the tactical and operational level. Managers use
dashboards to monitor the success of tactical initiatives, such as marketing
campaigns or sales performance during a specific new product introduction.
Managers and supervisors use dashboards to monitor operational performance
on a weekly, daily, and even hourly frequency. Operational uses include areas
such as monitoring manufacturing quality or budget variance
on projects.

370
A Comparison of Operational and Tactical Dashboards and Strategic
Scorecards

371
Dashboards? Or Scorecards?
Probably the most frequent question that people ask about
dashboards is, ―What’s the difference between dashboards and
scorecards?‖
The short answer is, ―Not much.‖
―Dashboard‖ often describes the format of a report. A dashboard
contains a variety of measures, typically in small charts and tables.
They often use traffic lights and other indicators to provide the
status of a measure at a glance. Dashboards typically are printed or
displayed in color.
―Scorecard‖ often describes the content of a report. As the term has
come to be used in the past decade or so, scorecards often contain
measures of strategic importance.
Scorecard reports typically are presented in a dashboard format.
But a scorecard report printed with no charts, no color, and no
fancy graphics still would be a scorecard report.
In short, scorecard typically is a common type of dashboard report.

372
How Many Measures?
Another common question is, ―How many measures should a
dashboard or scorecard contain?
If the question is specifically about scorecards, ―seven‖ is the most frequent
answer. Because scorecards often report on progress towards strategic goals,
about seven such goals seems to be a manageable number for most
organizations. If the question is generally about dashboards, ―as many as you
need‖ is the honest answer. Dashboard reports can replace many standard reports
in any organization. Just as there’s no end to the type of information that anagers
need to see, there’s no end to the number of measures that a dashboard report
can present.

373
On-Screen or On-Paper Reporting?
As a general rule, Excel dashboard reporting means paper reporting, for several
reasons. From the point of view of Excel users who prepare the reports, paper reports
are easy to generate. Everyone knows how to print an Excel report. But delivering
dashboard results online typically means that the Information Technology (IT)
department must get involved.

Thank You
ahmedyasirkhan@live.com
375

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