Department of Computer Application- Advance Computer networks
ENCODING TECHNIQUES
Encoding Schemes:
NRZ (Non Return To Zero):
Baseline Wander:
Clock Recovery:
Non Return To Zero Inverted
Point-to-point
Multipoint
The following resources come from the 2009/10 BSc in Computer and Network Technologies (course number 2ELE0072) from the University of Hertfordshire. All the mini projects are designed as level two modules of the undergraduate programmes.
The objectives of this module are to Demonstrate within a private network environment:
• The implementation of a wireless local are networks (WLANs) topology with diverse physical parameters
• The real-time performance evaluation of the individual WLAN transmission characteristics in the presence of standard transport protocols.
This mini-project involves the implementation of an “infrastructure” wireless network, the generation and transmission of packets and the measurement of network performance for TCP transport protocols by means of the “Wireshark” benchmarking tool. Parameters most likely to affect network performance such as the transmission medium’s signal-to-noise ratio, the propagating signal’s latency and jitter and the packet loss rate will be determined.
The following resources come from the 2009/10 BSc in Computer and Network Technologies (course number 2ELE0072) from the University of Hertfordshire. All the mini projects are designed as level two modules of the undergraduate programmes.
The objectives of this module are to Demonstrate within a private network environment:
• The implementation of a wireless local are networks (WLANs) topology with diverse physical parameters
• The real-time performance evaluation of the individual WLAN transmission characteristics in the presence of standard transport protocols.
This mini-project involves the implementation of an “infrastructure” wireless network, the generation and transmission of packets and the measurement of network performance for TCP transport protocols by means of the “Wireshark” benchmarking tool. Parameters most likely to affect network performance such as the transmission medium’s signal-to-noise ratio, the propagating signal’s latency and jitter and the packet loss rate will be determined.
Networked Enterprise Components; Types of networks; Advantages of Network
Environment;
Business Uses of Internet;
Intranet and Extranet;
Distributed/Cloud Computing;
A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network which allows computers to exchange data. In computer networks, networked computing devices exchange data with each other using a data link. The connections between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media.
The Slides include a brief description of what is a Wireless LAN, some benefits over a wired network connection, where is WLAN mainly applied, how is the infrastructure of a Wireless LAN, the architecture of an ad-hoc Network, the range & throughput of the wireless ethernet and how to secure the wireless LAN.
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Digital Electronics,
Bits,
Analog, Digital,
Binary,
Logic
Analog Waveform
Digital Waveforms
Example of Analog System
Example of Digital System
Analog Vs. Digital
Networked Enterprise Components; Types of networks; Advantages of Network
Environment;
Business Uses of Internet;
Intranet and Extranet;
Distributed/Cloud Computing;
A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network which allows computers to exchange data. In computer networks, networked computing devices exchange data with each other using a data link. The connections between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media.
The Slides include a brief description of what is a Wireless LAN, some benefits over a wired network connection, where is WLAN mainly applied, how is the infrastructure of a Wireless LAN, the architecture of an ad-hoc Network, the range & throughput of the wireless ethernet and how to secure the wireless LAN.
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Digital Electronics,
Bits,
Analog, Digital,
Binary,
Logic
Analog Waveform
Digital Waveforms
Example of Analog System
Example of Digital System
Analog Vs. Digital
Types Of Computer Graphics
Raster Graphics
Primitive drawing using coordinate positions for each pixel
Vector graphics
Primitive drawing using pre-defined mathematical functions
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS- Logic Gates
The AND gate
The OR gate
The NOT gate (or inverter)
The NAND gate
The NOR gate
The Exclusive OR gate
The Exclusive NOR gate
Full Communication in a Wireless Sensor Network by Merging Blocks of a Key Pr...cscpconf
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are constraint by the limited resources available to its
constituting sensors. Thus the use of public-key cryptographyduring message exchange gets
forbidden. One has to invoke symmetric key techniques. This leads to key distribution in the
sensors which in itself is a major challenge. Again due to resource constraints, Key
Predistrubution (KPD) methods are preferred to other distribution techniques. It requires
predistribution of keys in nodes prior to deployment and establishing immediately once
deployed. However there are certain weaknesses in various existing KPD schemes. For
instance, often it is not guaranteed that any given pair of nodes communicate directly. This
leads one to revert to multi-hop communication involving intermediate sensor nodes resulting
in increased cost of communication. In this work a key predistribution technique using ReedSolomon
codes is considered which is faced with the above weakness. The authors suggests a
novel technique of merging certain number of sensors into blocks ensuring that the blocks
have full connectivity amongst themselves. Here the blocks are chosen in such a way that it
ensures no intra-node communication. Further this approach improves both time and space
complexity of the system
The rapid need of wireless demands a great deal of security and reliable routing in order to keep all the data sources and equipments secure. In order to develop efficient and robust protocols, it is essential to understand the inherent characteristics of wireless networks such as connectivity, coverage and varying channel conditions. Wireless LAN introduces the concept that use can connect to any one at any place at anytime by using various mobile appliances that can be carried at any place. Now Communication is no longer limited to a one place by holding wired phones. This is the big boom to the I.T industry but it also brings a lot of opportunities and challenges for the Network Administrator who is looking after the Wireless LANs (WLAN). WLAN traffic travels over radio waves that cannot be constrained by the walls or any Simranjeet Kaur"Reliable and Efficient Routing in WLAN" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd3585.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/3585/reliable-and-efficient-routing-in-wlan/simranjeet-kaur
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
A reconfigurable ldpc decoder optimized applicationsNxfee Innovation
This paper presents a high data-rate low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoder, suitable for the 802.11n/ac (WiFi) standard. The innovative features of the proposed decoder relate to the decoding algorithms and the interconnection between the processing elements. The reduction of the hardware complexity of decoders based on the min-sum (MS) algorithms comes at the cost of performance degradation, especially at high-noise regions. We introduce more accurate approximations of the log sum-product algorithm that also operate well for low signal-to noise ratio values. Telecommunication standards, including WiFi, support more than one quasi-cyclic LDPC codes of different characteristics, such as codeword length and code rate. A proposed design technique derives networks, capable of supporting a variety of codes and efficiently realizing connectivity between a variable number of processing units, with a relatively small hardware overhead over the single-code case. As a demonstration of the proposed technique, we implemented a reconfigurable network based on barrel rotators, suitable for LDPC decoders compatible with WiFi standard. Our approach achieves low complexity and high clock frequency, compared with related prior works. A 90-nm application-specified integrated circuit implementation of the proposed high-parallel WiFi decoder occupies 4.88 mm2 and achieves an information throughput rate of 4.5 G bit/s at a clock frequency of 555 MHz.
IEEE Final Year Projects 2011-2012 :: Elysium Technologies Pvt Ltd::Paralleld...sunda2011
IEEE Final Year Projects 2011-2012 :: Elysium Technologies Pvt Ltd
IEEE projects, final year projects, students project, be project, engineering projects, academic project, project center in madurai, trichy, chennai, kollam, coimbatore
Trinity Institute of Professional Studies (TIPS), ranked as one of the best Journalism College in Delhi NCR offers Bachelor of Arts in Journalism and Mass Communication (BAJMC) is a three-year undergraduate course aimed to imbibe journalistic and communication skills within the students, enabling them to prove their mettle in the media industry. It is considered as one of the best BAJMC Institute in West Delhi (Dwarka). BA JMC is a comprehensive and dynamic course, designed to enlighten students about the media industry, make them well versed with all the aspects of the field and prepare them to serve as responsible professionals. The curriculum is designed to cover both theoretical and practical subjects and provide hands-on training to the students leading to TIPS, as one of the best journalism and mass communication institutes of GGSIPU in Delhi-NCR.
Bachelor in Computer Application is one of the most popular courses among the students who want to make their career in the Information Technology area. It is a three-year undergraduate program that enhances students' knowledge and skills to meet the needs of the Information Technology (IT) industry. BCA is a course designed to give an insight to the students regarding various CS & IT concepts and their practical applications as well. TIPS, Dwarka offers excellent Placements in BCA colleges in Delhi NCR as enables students to grab promising opportunities available to them in the leading companies like Infosys, Amazon, Cognizant, Microsoft, HCL, Capgemini, Aricent, TCS, Concentrix, British Telecom, Network Bulls, IBM, and many more. The emphasis on quality and excellence has made TIPS one of the best BCA Institute of GGSIPU in Delhi NCR.
Learn More: www.tips.edu.in/bca
Principles of Management-Management-Concept & MeaningTrinity Dwarka
Principles of Management-Management-Concept & Meaning
Management- Traditional Approach
Modern Approach
Management - Meaning
Management: Nature & Characteristics
Management as an Art
Management as a Science
Importance of Management
Principles of Management- Management-Concept & Meaning
Management- Traditional Approach
Modern Approach
Management - Meaning
Management
Nature & Characteristics
Management as an Art
Management as a Science
Importance of Management
Principles of Management- Planning
Nature of Planning
Significance of Planning
Process of Planning
Limitations of Planning
Essential Requirements of an Effective Plan.
Types of Planning
Derivative Plans
Principles of Planning
Organizing Authority & Responsibility- Principles of ManagementTrinity Dwarka
Organizing Authority & Responsibility- Principles of Management
Organizing: Meaning
OrganizationcNature of Organizing
Process of Organizing
Significance of Organizing
Authority
Sources of Authority
Responsibility
Staffing- Principles of Management
Concept
Features
Nature
Scope
Sequence of activities in staffing
Principles of Staffing
Job Analysis
Recruitment
Training & Development
Directing-Principles of Management
Nature of Directing
Importance of Directing
Techniques of Directing
Directing- Motivation
Process of Motivation
Motivation Techniques
Types of Motivation
Dimensional Modelling-Data Warehouse & Data MiningTrinity Dwarka
Dimensional Modelling-Data Warehouse & Data Mining
Design Requirements
ER Modeling
Problems with ER Model
ER vs Dimensional Modeling
Dimensional Modeling:Salient Features
Dimensional Modeling: Vocabulary
Star Schema
Data Preprocessing- Data Warehouse & Data MiningTrinity Dwarka
Data Preprocessing- Data Warehouse & Data Mining
Data Quality
Reasons for inaccurate data
Reasons for incomplete data
Major Tasks in Data Preprocessing
Forms of Data Preprocessing
Data Cleaning
Incomplete (Missing) Data
Computer Networks- Network Basics
Network Definition
Simultaneous access to data
Shared peripheral device
Sharing Data
The Uses of Network
The Uses of a Network
Common Network Types
Java Programming- Introduction to Java Applet ProgramsTrinity Dwarka
Java Programming- Introduction to Java Applet Programs
Java Applets
Java Applet Classes
Contrast Application with Applet
Applet Declaration
Body of an Applet
Applets
Applets and Web Pages – HTML
Running the Applet
Database Management System
DBMS Functionality
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
Instances and Schemas
Data independence
The Entity-Relationship Model
Database Users
Advantages of Using the Database Approach
E-Commerce- Introduction to E-Commerce
Multistage Model for E-commerce
Search and identification
Selection and negotiation
Product and service delivery
After-sales service
Multistage Model for E-Commerce
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
1. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL
STUDIESSector – 9, DwarkaInstitutional Area, New Delhi-75
Affiliated G.G.S.IP.U, Delhi
Advance Computer
networks(20311)
Submitted By :Submitted By :
Natasha ManiktahlaNatasha Maniktahla
(Assistant Professor)(Assistant Professor)
2. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, DwarkaInstitutional Area, New Delhi-75
ENCODING TECHNIQUES
The first step in turning nodes and links into usable
building blocks is to understand how to connect
them in such a way that bits can be transmitted from
one node to another over physical links are called
encoding techniques.
3. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, DwarkaInstitutional Area, New Delhi-75
Encoding Schemes:
NRZ
Clock Recovery
NRZI
Manchester
4B/5B
4. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, DwarkaInstitutional Area, New Delhi-75
NRZ (Non Return To Zero):
In this values are mapped to data value 1 onto high
signal and data value 0 onto low signal and is called
NRZ scheme.
Drawback: Problem with NRZ is that a sequence of
several consecutive.
1’s: signal stay high on link 0’s: signal stay low on link.
5. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, DwarkaInstitutional Area, New Delhi-75
Baseline Wander:
Receiver keeps an average of signal and uses this
average to distinguish between low & high signal.
Low than 0: low signal.
High than 1: high signal
6. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, DwarkaInstitutional Area, New Delhi-75
Clock Recovery:
Frequent transitions from high to low & vice
versa. Clock recovery
uses two techniques:
Encoding
Decoding
Where every clock cycle sender transmits a bit &
receiver receives a bit. If receiver’s clock is
slightly faster or slower than sender’s clock, it
does not correctly decode the signal.
7. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, DwarkaInstitutional Area, New Delhi-75
NRZI (Non Return To Zero
Inverted):
Non return to zero inverted where the sender make a
transition from current signal to encode as 1 and stays
at current signal to encode as 0. This shows the
problem of consecutive 1’s but does nothing with
consecutive 0’s
8. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, DwarkaInstitutional Area, New Delhi-75
Manchester:
In Manchester, encoding results in 0, being encoded as
low to high and 1 being encoding as high to low, where
0’s & result is transition to signal clock can be
effectively recovered at receiver.
Drawback: It doubles the rate at which signal transition
made a link. The rate at which signal changes is called
Baud Rate.
9. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, DwarkaInstitutional Area, New Delhi-75
4B/5B Encoding:
The concept of 4B/5B is to insert extra bits into bit
stream so as to break up long sequences of 0’s or 1’s.
Here 4 bits of actual data are encoded in 5 bit code that
is then transmitted to the receiver hence the name is
4B/5B.
10. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, DwarkaInstitutional Area, New Delhi-75
LINKS & NODES
Link: A link is the physical communication pathway that
transfers data from one device to another.
Types of links:
1.Point-to-point: A point to point link provides a
dedicated link between two devices. The entire
capacity of the channel is reserved for transmission
between those two devices. For example, telephone
calls etc.
11. TRINITY INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sector – 9, DwarkaInstitutional Area, New Delhi-75
LINKS & NODES
2.Multipoint: Multipoint link is the one in which more
than two specific devices share a single link. In a
multipoint link, the capacity of the channel is shared,
either spatially or temporally.
3.Node: In a network, a node is a connection point or
an end point for data transmissions. In general, a node
has programmed or engineered capability to recognize
and process or forward transmissions to other nodes.