Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) is the one of the novel technology to deliver the molecules through the skin for long period of time.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) are defined as self contained, discrete dosage forms which are also known as “patches” 2, 3 when patches are applied to the intact skin, deliver the drug through the skin at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation
Penetration Enhancers in Transdermal Drug Delivery SystemSimranDhiman12
Penetration Enhancers in Transdermal Drug Delivery System
Permeation enhancers are substances that reduce the skin barrier's ability to make skin more permeable and allow drug molecules to cross the skin at a faster rate
advantages and disadvantages
types of penetration enhancers
techniques
physical and chemical enhancers
Dr. A. SUMATHI - Transdermal Delivery of VaccinesSumathi Arumugam
M.Pharm - Drug Delivery System Syllabus includes Vaccine Delivery System. Transdermal Delivery of Vaccines is a part of vaccine delivery which describes the various barriers & approaches for delivery of vaccines via skin.
Controlled Release Oral Drug Delivery System
Controlled drug delivery is one which delivers the drug at a predetermined rate, for locally or systemically, for a specified period of time.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System [TDDS]Sagar Savale
Management of illness through medication has entered an era of rapid growth. A variety of means by which drugs are delivered to the human body for the therapy such as tablets, capsules, injections, aerosols, creams, ointments, suppositories, liquids etc. are referred as a conventional drug formulations. Among many pharmaceutical dosage forms, continuous intravenous infusion at preprogrammed rate has been recognized as a superior mode of drug delivery. At present, the most common form of delivery of drugs is the oral route. It has the notable advantage of easy administration.
Microneedles in Transdermal Drug Delivery SystemChandni Verma
This presentation includes the recent fivE year patentS as well as research articles mainly on dissolving needles and further description on typesof mns,mechanism of drug release,etc
Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) is the one of the novel technology to deliver the molecules through the skin for long period of time.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) are defined as self contained, discrete dosage forms which are also known as “patches” 2, 3 when patches are applied to the intact skin, deliver the drug through the skin at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation
Penetration Enhancers in Transdermal Drug Delivery SystemSimranDhiman12
Penetration Enhancers in Transdermal Drug Delivery System
Permeation enhancers are substances that reduce the skin barrier's ability to make skin more permeable and allow drug molecules to cross the skin at a faster rate
advantages and disadvantages
types of penetration enhancers
techniques
physical and chemical enhancers
Dr. A. SUMATHI - Transdermal Delivery of VaccinesSumathi Arumugam
M.Pharm - Drug Delivery System Syllabus includes Vaccine Delivery System. Transdermal Delivery of Vaccines is a part of vaccine delivery which describes the various barriers & approaches for delivery of vaccines via skin.
Controlled Release Oral Drug Delivery System
Controlled drug delivery is one which delivers the drug at a predetermined rate, for locally or systemically, for a specified period of time.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System [TDDS]Sagar Savale
Management of illness through medication has entered an era of rapid growth. A variety of means by which drugs are delivered to the human body for the therapy such as tablets, capsules, injections, aerosols, creams, ointments, suppositories, liquids etc. are referred as a conventional drug formulations. Among many pharmaceutical dosage forms, continuous intravenous infusion at preprogrammed rate has been recognized as a superior mode of drug delivery. At present, the most common form of delivery of drugs is the oral route. It has the notable advantage of easy administration.
Microneedles in Transdermal Drug Delivery SystemChandni Verma
This presentation includes the recent fivE year patentS as well as research articles mainly on dissolving needles and further description on typesof mns,mechanism of drug release,etc
Glass as a packaging material in pharmaceutical packagingShweta Shelke
This presentation gives a brief idea about the types of glasses used in pharmaceutical industry and its intended use. Different tests used for assuring its quality for intended use.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF OCUSERTS OF CIPROFLOXACIN HClMohammad Adil
Conventional ocular drug delivery system i.e., eye drops, ointments, gels etc., had become less popular pertaining to their disadvantages like evaporation by tears, pre-corneal loss, drug metabolism, drug-protein interaction, drainage, sticking of eye lids, induced lacrimation, poor patient compliance, systemic side effect and blurred vision etc. That’s why fundamentals of controlled release by means of ocular inserts were utilized to increase problem pre-corneal drug residence time.
This project title “Formulation and Evaluation of Ocuserts of Ciprofloxacin HCl” revealed following results:
Compatibility study using FTIR was performed to check the compatibility of drug with various excipient. Characteristics peaks obtained with pure drug were compared with that produced with different excipients that confirmed the compatibility of drug with excipients.
Ocusert of Ciprofloxacin HCl was prepared using different material i.e., PVP K-30, PVA, PEG 400 and glycerin.
Prepared ocuserts were evaluated for various parameters viz., percentage moisture loss, percentage moisture absorbs, thickness, weight variation, drug content and In-vitro diffusion.
The percentage (%) moisture absorption and loss of ocular insert were found to be 26% and 27% respectively.
The thickness of ocular insert was found to be uniformed and its mean while measuring at different points was found to be 0.124mm.
The weight of ocular inserts was found to be in the range of 12.2 - 12.6mg which indicated decent distribution of the drug, polymer and plasticizer.
The drug content of ocular insert was found to be 99.89%.
Percentage drug release from Ciprofloxacin HCl Ocusert was found to be 41.969% in 8 hr.
It was concluded that prepared Ocusert of Ciprofloxacin HCl could be a better alternative to conventional ocular formulations that retained on ocular surface for longer duration and released drug in controlled manner.
Its not as good but still comprises outlines for added substances of parenteral in good.
All credit goes to Mr. Saifullah Khan.
Leave your comments to let us improve it for more.
HERBAL TRANSDERMAL PATCHES By SAILI. P. RAJPUT SailiRajput
Wound is the term which means the damage or tearing of cells and its anatomy and cell function. Wound are classified as surgical, traumatic, diabetic, venous, arterial wound and etc. The wound healing is a process which involves coagulation, Ephilization, granulation, and remodelling of tissue.
The proposed study was done and performed to evaluate the wound healing capacity of the herbs like ocimum sanctum (tulsi) and aloe vera when formulated in form of transdermal patches.
In this study Natural wound healing was enhanced by the various phytochemicals present in tulsi and aloe vera. The present study includes the drug delivery through transdermal patches for treating, curing, preventing various skin allergy, infection or wound healing.
The main aim of this study was to formulate the herbal transdermal patches in which tulsi plant extract is loaded in aloe vera patches which help to treat the skin infection like rashes, redness, and in wound healing.
Herbal formulation is still the mainstay about 75-80 % of world’s population in various country for health care because it has fewer side effects. And they also have better compatibility as compare to synthetic drugs.
Herbal formulation consists of the extract of herbs, plants and its part like root system and shoot system which are rich in various phytochemicals which helps to treat various injuries, disease or infection. In various study it has been seen and observed that the plants like tulsi and aloe have the wound healing activities.
Various Research Study and Surveys States that there are Topical and Transdermal Medicated Formulation for Dealing with Treatment of Skin Infections but this Study States the Transdermal Drug Delivery System has wide range of Advantages over Topical Formulation.
In Present Study the Advantage of Transdermal Formulation over Topical Formulation is briefly Discussed. And from various aspects its observed that the transdermal formulation has wide range of advantages over topical formulation. This TDDS has wide scope in future so it involves various New Approaches like Iontophoresis, Photomechanical waves etc.
The Transdermal Drug Delivery System Aims in Drug Targeting and Controlled Release of Drug.
Transdermal Drug Delivery system of Novel Drug Delivery System which also involves various drug delivery systems like Sustain Release system , Delayed release System, Targeted release system, Modified release system, Extended release system and many more.
The Transdermal drug delivery system is used to produce clinical effects like local anesthesia and anti-inflammatory activities.
TDDS has a very wide scope now-a-days because it has many advantages over old and traditional drug delivery systems.
There are wide scope for new innovations in TDDS as is its developing in medical field
TDDS tends to enhance the Bioavailability of and drug and also Bypass the First Pass Metabolism.
TDDS helps to maintain the drug concentration in given therapeutic
transdermal patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream
Transdermal drug delivery has made an important contribution to medical practice, but has yet to fully achieve its potential as an alternative to oral delivery and hypodermic injections. First-generation transdermal delivery systems have continued their steady increase in clinical use for delivery of small, lipophilic, low-dose drugs. Second-generation delivery systems using chemical enhancers, non-cavitational ultrasound and iontophoresis have also resulted in clinical products; the ability of iontophoresis to control delivery rates in real time provides added functionality. Third-generation delivery systems target their effects to skin’s barrier layer of stratum corneum using microneedles, thermal ablation, microdermabrasion, electroporation and cavitational ultrasound. Microneedles and thermal ablation are currently progressing through clinical trials for delivery of macromolecules and vaccines, such as insulin, parathyroid hormone and influenza vaccine. Using these novel second- and third-generation enhancement strategies, transdermal delivery is poised to significantly increase impact on medicine.
Transdermal drug delivery system- structure of skinAkankshaPatel55
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) have transcended the realm of simple nicotine patches and entered an exciting era of innovation. Gone are the days of bulky, uncomfortable adhesives; in their place stand sophisticated systems capable of delivering a myriad of therapeutic agents through the seemingly impregnable barrier of the skin. To truly understand the magic behind this technology, we delve deeper, exploring its intricate mechanisms and promising future. The journey begins with a microscopic waltz at the skin's outermost layer, the stratum corneum. Drug molecules, meticulously formulated into miniscule particles, are incorporated into a semi-permeable patch. This patch acts as a launchpad, adhering snugly to the skin and initiating the drug's odyssey. Guided by the principles of Fick's Law of Diffusion, the drug embarks on a clandestine mission. Driven by a concentration gradient, it permeates the intercellular lipids of the stratum corneum, navigating a labyrinthine path formed by keratinocytes. This passive journey, governed by factors like drug lipophilicity and skin thickness, determines the rate and extent of absorption. However, diffusion plays just the first act in this multi-part drama. Once traversing the stratum corneum, the drug encounters the viable epidermis, a dynamic landscape teeming with enzymes and metabolic pathways. Here, some compounds may undergo degradation, limiting their systemic bioavailability. To overcome this hurdle, scientists devise ingenious strategies:
Penetration Enhancers: Chemical agents like propylene glycol or oleic acid temporarily disrupt the skin's lipid packing, easing the drug's passage.
Iontophoresis: Electric current gently guides charged molecules through the skin, bypassing enzymatic barriers and boosting delivery.
Microneedle Technology: Tiny, painless needles create transient microchannels, facilitating the delivery of larger molecules like proteins and peptides. The Symphony of Controlled Release:
A key advantage of TDDS lies in their ability to sustain drug release over extended periods. This controlled release symphony is orchestrated by sophisticated reservoir systems:
Matrix Systems: The drug is homogeneously dispersed within a polymer matrix, gradually diffusing out over time.
Reservoir Systems: A distinct drug reservoir separates from the adhesive layer, allowing for precise and prolonged delivery.
Programmable Systems: Advanced patches incorporate microfluidic channels and microchips, enabling customized release profiles and even pulsatile delivery for specific therapeutic needs.
Benefits Beyond Convenience:
The charm of TDDS extends far beyond the mere convenience of avoiding needles. They offer distinct advantages over traditional oral and parenteral routes:
Enhanced Bioavailability: By bypassing first-pass metabolism in the liver, certain drugs achieve higher systemic concentrations through transdermal delivery.
Improved Patient Compliance: Continuous, hassle-free adminis
Overview of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systemijtsrd
Transdermal drug delivery systems are topically administered medicaments. Transdermal drug transport structures TDDS are the dosage shape of adhesive patch this is positioned on the skin to deliver specific dose of medication through the skin and in to the blood stream. The main objective of transdermal drug delivery system is to deliver drug into systemic circulation through skin at predetermined rate with minimal inter and intrapatients variation. This article gives a brief overview over principles behind transdermal drug delivery, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of transdermal therapeutic system and the recent innovations in the field of transdermal drug delivery and also describe the methods of preparation of different types of transdermal patches, evaluation parameters and some available marketed products. Sayali Dhepe | Manisha Sukre | Vikram Veer "Overview of Transdermal Drug Delivery System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50107.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50107/overview-of-transdermal-drug-delivery-system/sayali-dhepe
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), also known as "patches," are dosage forms designed to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of drug across a patient's skin. The adhesive of the transdermal drug delivery system is critical to the safety, efficacy and quality of the product. In the Drug Quality Reporting System (DQRS), the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has received numerous reports of "adhesion lacking" for transdermal drug delivery systems. This article provides an overview of types of transdermals, their anatomy, the role of adhesion, the possible adhesion failure modes and how adhesion can be measured. Excerpts from FDA reports on the lack of adhesion of transdermal system products are presented. Pros and cons of in vitro techniques, such as peel adhesion, tack and shear strength, in vivo techniques used to evaluate adhesive properties are discussed. To see a decrease in "adhesion lacking" reports, adhesion needs to become an important design parameter and suitable methods need to be available to assess quality and in vivo performance. This article provides a framework for further discussion and scientific work to improve transdermal adhesive performance.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Tdds1
1. Presented by: DEEPAK B.GADHAVE
Sub: Novel Drug Delivery System
Branch: Pharmaceutics
2. TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Definition:-
It defined as ,distinct dosage form which when applied to the intact skin, delivers the drug
through the skin at a controlled rate to systemic circulation.
Advantages
1. Avoidance of first pass metabolism
2. Avoidance of GI incompatability
3. Longer duration of action
4. Minimizing undesirable side effect
5. Narrow therapeutic window
6. Improving pharmacological & physiological response
7. Avoiding the fluctuation in drug levels
8. Termination of therapy is easy at any point of time
9. Greater patient compliance
10. Self administration
Disadvantages
1. Uneconomic.
2. The delivery system can not be used for those drug requiring high blood flow.
3. Drug or drug formulation may cause skin irritation or sensitization
3. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
SKIN
Human skin comprises of three distinct but mutually dependent tissues:
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis.
Epidermis
Stratum corneum
This is the outermost layer of skin also called as horny layer.
It is approximately 10 mm thick when dry but swells to several times this thickness
when fully hydrated.
It contains 10 to 25 layers of dead, keratinized cells called coenocytes.
It is flexible but relatively impermeable.
The stratum corneum is the principal barrier for penetration of drug.
The lipids are arranged in multiple bilayers. There is sufficient amphiphilic material in
the lipid fraction, such as polar free fatty acids and cholesterol, to maintain a bilayer
form.
4.
5. • Dermis
– Dermis is 3 to 5 mm thick layer and is composed of a matrix of connective
tissue, which contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves.
– The cutaneous blood supply has essential function in regulation of body
temperature.
– It also provides nutrients and oxygen to the skin while removing toxins and
waste products.
– Capillaries reach to within 0.2 mm of skin surface and provide sink conditions
for most molecules penetrating the skin barrier.
• Hypodermis
It is subcutaneous fat tissue support the dermis & epidermis. it serve as fat
storage area. This layer regulate temperature , provide nutrition support &
mechanical protection.it carry blood vessel & nerve to skin & contain sensory
pressure organ.
7. Factor affecting TDDs
Biological factor
1. Skin condition
2. Skin age
3. Blood supply
4. Skin metabolism
5. Species difference
Physicochemical factor
1. Skin hydration
2. Temperature
3. pH
4. Diffusion coefficient
5. Drug concentration
6. Log p
7. Molecular size
8. Methods for Permeation enhancement:
1.CHEMICAL ENHANCEMENT
a. Disruption of the highly ordered of stratum corneum lipid.
b. Interaction with intercellular protein.
c. Improved partition of the drug, coenhance or solvent into the
stratum corneum.
Examples:
1.Solvent:
water, alcohol (ethyl methyl isopropyl),Alkoxide, Dimethyl sulphoxide
(DMSO).
2. pyrrolidones:
2-pyrroliodone, N-methyl pyrrolidone, Laurocapram
3.Ampiphiles;
anionic, nonionic, cationic surfactants.
4.Miscelllaneous:
enzyme, urea, terpenes and sesquiterpenes
12. 4.Electroporation
• Electroporation is also based on the application of a voltage to
the skin.
• In contrast to iontophoresis where a low voltage is applied.
• electroporation requires a large voltage treatment for a short
period of 10 µs to 100 ms.
• Electroporation produces transient hydrophilic pores (aqueous
pathways) across the skin barrier.
These pores allow the passage of macromolecules via a
combination of diffusion, electrophoresis and electroosmosis.
13.
14. 5.Microneedle array
• Microneedles are needles that are 10 to 200 µm
in height and 10 to 50 µm in width.
• They are solid or hollow and are connected to a
reservoir which contains the active principle.
• Needles of approximately with or without centre
hollow channels are placed onto the skin surface
so that they penetrate the stratum corneum and
epidermis without reaching the nerve endings
present in the upper dermis.
15. 6.Pressure waves
Pressure waves are generated by the intense laser radiation and can
permeabilize the stratum corneum and cell membrane; it allows
macromolecules to diffuse stratum corneum and facilitate the
transdermal drug transport through the skin.
The pressure wave is applied for a very short time (100 ns-1μs). It is
thought that the pressure waves form a continuous or hydrophilic
pathway across the skin due to expansion of lacunae domains in the
stratum corneum.
7.Stratum corneum removal
16. TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPINGTRANSDERMAL
DELIVERY
1.Polymer membrane partition- controlledTDDS
• It has features of both reservoir & matrix dispersion type
drug delivery system.
• The drug reservoir is formed by suspending the drug solid
in an aq. Solution of water soluble polymer.
• The drug suspension is dispersed homogenously in a
Lipophilic polymer, by high shear mechanical agitation to
form thousands of unleachable microspheres of drug.
17.
18. 2. Polymer matrix diffusion-controlledTDDS
• It is formed by homogenously dispersing the drug in a mixture
of hydrophilic – Lipophilic polymer{matrix} & the medicated
polymer is moulded on the medicated disc of defined surface
area & thickness .
• It is then glued over an occlusive base plate consisted of
compartment fabricated using an impermeable plastic backing.
19.
20. 3.Drug resevoir gradient-controlled TDDS
The drug reservoir is encapsulated in a shallow compartment moulded
from a drug impermeable metallic – plastic lamination while the drug
delivery side is covered by controlling polymeric membrane.
21. 4.Microreservoir dissolution- controlledTDDS
• It is the simplified form of membrane moderated drug delivery system
• It is prepared by directly dispensing the drug in an adhesive polymer & then
spreading the medicated adhesive by solvent film casting method over a flat
sheet of drug impermeable metallic or plastic backing membrane, this forms a
thin drug reservoir layer.
22. BASIC COMPONENTS OFTRANSDERMAL DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEM
1. Polymer matrix
2. Drug substance
3. Penetration enhancer
4. Drug reservoir components
5. Backing membrane
6. Adhesive layer
7. Release liner
23. Evaluation parameter
1. Interaction studies
2. Thickness of patch
3. Weight uniformity
4. Drug content
5. Thumb tack test
6. In-vitro drug release study
7. In-vitro skin permeation studies
8. Skin irritation studies
9. stability studies
24. conclusion
• Delivering medicine to the general circulation through the
skin is seen as a desirable alternative to the oral route.
• Intact skin is not sufficiently permeable to the majority of
drugs, hence permeation enhancement is needed.
• Though chemical enhancers have achieved limited success in
increasing the transdermal transport, they can be employed
together with physical methods to give synergistic action
which would improve the efficacy, safety and convenience of
use, and open up the benefits of the transdermal drug
delivery technology to a much broader range of therapeutic
areas.