This document discusses various types of pharmaceutical excipients used in drug formulations. It defines excipients as pharmacologically inactive substances formulated alongside active pharmaceutical ingredients. Excipients provide bulk, facilitate drug absorption and stability, aid manufacturing, and improve handling. Common excipients include fillers, binders, disintegrants, coatings, preservatives, antioxidants, and solvents. Each excipient type has distinct functions and ideal properties. Proper excipient selection is important to ensure drug efficacy, stability, safety, and to avoid complications.
Preformulation Studies: Introduction to preformulation, goals and objectives, study of
physicochemical characteristics of drug substances.
a. Physical properties: Physical form (crystal & amorphous), particle size, shape, flow
properties, solubility profile (pKa, pH, partition coefficient), polymorphism.
b. Chemical Properties: Hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, racemisation, polymerization
BCS classification of drugs & its significant
Application of preformulation considerations in the development of solid, liquid oral and
parenteral dosage forms and its impact on stability of dosage forms.
Preformulation Studies: Introduction to preformulation, goals and objectives, study of
physicochemical characteristics of drug substances.
a. Physical properties: Physical form (crystal & amorphous), particle size, shape, flow
properties, solubility profile (pKa, pH, partition coefficient), polymorphism.
b. Chemical Properties: Hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, racemisation, polymerization
BCS classification of drugs & its significant
Application of preformulation considerations in the development of solid, liquid oral and
parenteral dosage forms and its impact on stability of dosage forms.
The chapter deals with the preformulation studies that have to be considered while designing a dosage form and developing a formulation that is suitable for a patient. Here, physical and chemical properties of a drug substance are studied along with biopharmaceutical classification of drugs. Also a detailed study on the application of preformulation studies in different dosage forms are also studied.
These are the substances which are added in the formulation along the therapeutic agent so as to impart specific qualities in the formulation.
These are have very little or no therapeutic value but are necessary in the manufacture of various dosage forms.
Purposes served by Additives:
Provide bulk to the formulation.
Facilitate drug absorption or solubility and other pharmacokinetic considerations.
Aid in handling of “API” during manufacturing .
Provide stability and prevent from denaturation etc
An excipient is generally a pharmacologically inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication
EXCIPIENTS USED IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS:
Solvents/co-solvents ,
Buffering agents,
Preservatives,
Anti-oxidants,
Humectants,
Wetting agents,
Anti-foaming agents,
Thickening agents,
Sweetening agents,
Flavouring agents,
EXCIPIENTS USED IN TABLETS:
Binders
Coatings
Disintegrants
Fillers
Flavours
Colours
Lubricants
Glidants
Preservatives
Sweeteners
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
Colorants or coloring agents are mainly used to impart a distinctive appearance to the pharmaceutical dosage forms.
We can also say that the colorants are the cosmetics for the pharmaceutical preparations, because the aesthetic appearance of dosage forms can be enhanced by using suitable colorants.
The chapter deals with the preformulation studies that have to be considered while designing a dosage form and developing a formulation that is suitable for a patient. Here, physical and chemical properties of a drug substance are studied along with biopharmaceutical classification of drugs. Also a detailed study on the application of preformulation studies in different dosage forms are also studied.
These are the substances which are added in the formulation along the therapeutic agent so as to impart specific qualities in the formulation.
These are have very little or no therapeutic value but are necessary in the manufacture of various dosage forms.
Purposes served by Additives:
Provide bulk to the formulation.
Facilitate drug absorption or solubility and other pharmacokinetic considerations.
Aid in handling of “API” during manufacturing .
Provide stability and prevent from denaturation etc
An excipient is generally a pharmacologically inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication
EXCIPIENTS USED IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS:
Solvents/co-solvents ,
Buffering agents,
Preservatives,
Anti-oxidants,
Humectants,
Wetting agents,
Anti-foaming agents,
Thickening agents,
Sweetening agents,
Flavouring agents,
EXCIPIENTS USED IN TABLETS:
Binders
Coatings
Disintegrants
Fillers
Flavours
Colours
Lubricants
Glidants
Preservatives
Sweeteners
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
Colorants or coloring agents are mainly used to impart a distinctive appearance to the pharmaceutical dosage forms.
We can also say that the colorants are the cosmetics for the pharmaceutical preparations, because the aesthetic appearance of dosage forms can be enhanced by using suitable colorants.
drug execipent compatibilty studies is of prime importance for the better formulation of the new drug and also for reducing cost by verfication of the data at the earlier atage.
this presentation will give the brief explanation of the goal, importance, dteps involve to studi the drug execient compatibility studies with different examples suitable accordiingly.
Liquid dosage form Power Presentation ( Sem-I)SumedhGhodke
Liquid dosage divided in mainly two types
1) Monophasic
2) Biphasic
The monophasic liquid dosage form divided into two types
1) Internal
2) External
Biphasic liquid dosage form divided into two parts
1) Suspension
2) Emulsion
Liquid dosage forms: Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms. Excipients used in formulation of liquid dosage forms. Solubility enhancement techniques
Herbal excipients which are easily available, lower cost and are noncarcinogenic, which can be used to replace synthetic excipients which are carcinogenic.
Natural colorants obtained from various insects and plants, which gives harmless dying agents which can be used in food industry as well as textile industry.
An excipient is a pharmacologically inactive/ inert substance formulated alongside the active pharmaceutical ingredient of a medication. Drug products contain both drug substance (commonly referred to as active pharmaceutical ingredient or API) and excipients.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. Definition:
An excipient is a pharmacologically inactive substance formulated alongside the active
pharmaceutical ingredient of a medication.
Purposes served by excipients:
• Provide bulk to the formulation.
• Facilitate drug absorption or solubility and other pharmacokinetic considerations.
• Aid in handling of “API” during manufacturing .
• Provide stability and prevent from denaturation . etc.
3. Ideal properties of Excipients:
Excipients
No interaction with
drug.
Pharmacologically
inert.
Feasible .
4. A list of Pharmaceutical Excipients used in pharmaceutical
preparations usually:
Fillers.
Binders.
Disintegrants.
Coatings.
Sorbents.
Antiadherent.
Lubricants.
Glidants.
Preservatives.
Antioxidants.
Flavoring Agents.
Sweeting Agents.
Coloring Agents.
Solvent & Co-solvent.
Buffering Agents.
Chelating Agents.
Viscosity imparting Agents.
Surface Active Agents.
Humectants .
5. Fillers:
Fillers typically also fill out the size of a tablet or capsule, making it practical to produce
and convenient for the consumer to use.
Function of fillers:
Fillers add volume and/or mass to a drug substance, thereby facilitating precise metering
and handling thereof in the preparation of dosage forms . Used in tablets and capsules.
Typical features of fillers:
A good filler should typically be inert, compatible with the other components of the
formulation, non-hygroscopic, relatively cheap, compactible, and preferably tasteless or
pleasant tasting.
Examples:
Plant cellulose and dibasic calcium phosphate are used popularly as fillers . A range
of vegetable fats and oils can be used in soft gelatin capsules. Other examples of fillers
include: lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, calcium carbonate, and magnesium
stearate.
6. Binders:
Binders hold the ingredients in a tablet together . Binders ensure that tablets and granules
can be formed with required mechanical strength, and give volume to low active dose tablets .
Typical features of binders:
A binder should be compatible with other products of formulation and add sufficient
cohesion to the powders .
Classification and examples:
Binders are classified according to their application,
• Solution binders are dissolved in a solvent (for example water or alcohol can be used in wet
granulation processes). Examples include gelatin, cellulose, cellulose derivatives,
polyvinylpyrrolidone, starch, sucrose and polyethylene glycol.
• Dry binders are added to the powder blend, either after a wet granulation step, or as part
of a direct powder compression (DC) formula. Examples include cellulose, methyl cellulose,
polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol.
7. Disintigrants:
Disintegrants are substances or mixture of substances added to the drug formulations, which
facilitate dispersion or breakup of tablets and contents of capsules into smaller particles for
quick dissolution when it comes in contact with water in the GIT.
Ideal properties of disintigrants:
Good hydration capacity , poor solubility , poor gel formation capacity .
Examples:
polyvinylpyrrolidone , carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium starch glycolate etc.
8. Coating Agent:
Coating is a process by which an essentially dry, outer layer of coating material is applied
to the surface of a dosage form and agents which are used in this coating process is called
coating agents.
Types:
Three types of coating agents are used pharmaceutically,
Film coating.
Sugar coating.
Compression coating.
Function of coating agents:
Protection, masking, elegance, ease of swallowing, identification etc..
Examples:
HPMC, MC, HPC etc..
9. Sorbents:
Sorbents are materials that soak up oil from the water.
Types and examples of sorbents:
• Natural sorbents- peat moss, sawdust, feathers, and anything else natural that contains
carbon.
• Synthetic sorbents- polyethylene and nylon etc..
Functions of sorbents:
Sorbent are used for tablet/capsule moisture-proofing by limited fluid sorbing (taking up of a
liquid or a gas either by adsorption or by adsorption) in a dry state.
10. Antiadherents:
Antiaderents or anti-sticking agents prevent adhesion of the tablet surface to the die walls
and the punches and as a consequence counter the picking or sticking of tablet.
Examples:
Water insoluble lubricants such as magnesium stearate can be used as antiadherents , as can
talc and starch.
Lubricants:
Lubricants prevent ingredients from clumping together and from sticking to the tablet
punches or capsule filling machine. Lubricants also ensure that tablet formation and ejection
can occur with low friction between the solid and die wall.
Types:
• Hydrophilic- Generally poor lubricants, no glidant or anti-adherent properties.
11. • Hydrophobic-Most widely used lubricants in use today are of the hydrophobic category.
Hydrophobic lubricants are generally good lubricants and are usually effective at
relatively low concentrations. Many also have both anti- adherent and glidant properties.
For these reasons, hydrophobic lubricants are used much more frequently than
hydrophilic compounds. Examples include magnesium stearate.
Roles of lubricants:
1.True Lubricant Role:
• To decrease friction at the interface between a tablet’s surface and the die wall during
ejection and reduce wear on punches & dies.
2. Anti-adherent Role:
• Prevent sticking to punch faces or in the case of encapsulation, lubricants
• Prevent sticking to machine dosators, tamping pins, etc.
3. Glidant Role:
• Enhance product flow by reducing interparticulate friction
12. Examples of lubricants:
Polyethylene glycol, Magnesium stearate, Stearic acid and it’s derivatives.
Glidants:
A substance (as colloidal silica) that enhances the flow of a granular mixture by reducing
inter-particle friction and that is used in the pharmaceutical production of tablets and
capsule.
Functions of glidants:
Glidants are used to promote powder flow by reducing interparticle friction and cohesion.
These are used in combination with lubricants as they have no ability to reduce die wall
friction.
Examples:
Fumed silica, talc, and magnesium carbonate.
13. Preservatives:
Preservatives are substances that commonly added to various foods and pharmaceutical
products in order to prolong their shelf life.
Ideal properties of preservatives:
In concept, the preservative system protects the product against microbial proliferation but
does not compromise product performance. In practice, this means that it must:
• Exert a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity at low inclusion levels.
• Maintain activity throughout product manufacture, shelf life and usage.
• Not compromise the quality or performance of product, pack or delivery system.
• Not adversely affect patient safety or tolerance of the product.
Examples:
Methyl & Ethyl parabens, Propyl paraben, Benzoic acid and its salts, Sorbic acid and its salts.
14. Antioxidant:
An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a
chemical reaction that transfers electrons or hydrogen from a substance to an oxidizing agent.
Ideal Properties of Antioxidants:
• Effective at a low, nontoxic concentration
• Stable and effective under normal conditions of use, over a wide pH and temperature range
• Soluble at the required concentration
• Compatible with a wide variety of drugs and pharmaceutical excipients
• Free from objectionable odor, objectionable taste
• Colorless in both the original and oxidized form
• Nontoxic both internally and externally at the required concentration
• Reasonable cost
• Unreactive (does not adsorb, penetrate, or interact) with containers or closures
Examples:
BHT( Butylated Hydroxy Toluene), BHA( Butylated Hydroxy Anisol), Sodium sulfite, Ascorbic acid
etc..
15. Sweetening agents:
Sweetening agents are employed in liquid formulations designed for oral administration
specifically to increase the palatability of the therapeutic agent.
Example:
Sucrouse, Saccarine, Aspertame, Sorbitol etc.
Uses of sweetening agent:
The main sweetening agents employed in oral preparations are sucrose, liquid glucose, glycerol,
sorbitol, saccharin sodium and aspartame. Aspartame is an artificial sweetening agent. The use
of artificial sweetening agents in formulations is increasing . The use of sugars in oral
formulations for children and patients with diabetes mellitus is to be avoided.
16. Flavoring agents:
Flavouring agents are added to increase patient acceptance. The four basic taste sensations are
salty, sweet, bitter and sour. It has been proposed that certain flavours should be used to mask
these specific taste sensations.
Example:
Clove oil, citric and syrup, glycerin, rose oil, orange oil, menthol etc..
Coloring agents:
Coloring agents are pharmaceutical ingredients that impart the preferred color to the
formulation.
There are two types of coloring agents
1.Natural and
2.synthetic
Example:
1.White: Titanium dioxide 2. Blue :Brilliant blue ,Indigo carmine
3. Red :Amaranth Carmine 4.Yellow: saffron 5.Green 6.Brown: caramel
17. Solvent
A solvent is a substance that can dissolve a solute (a chemically different liquid , solid or gas)
resulting in solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but it can also be solid or a gas. A solvent
never changes its state forming a solution.
Solvent classification
Solvents can be broadly classified into two groups ; They are
• Polar
• Non polar
Normally solvation of a solvent depends upon its classification. Generally polar solvent dissolves
polar compound best and non polar solvent dissolves non polar compound best.
18. Example and uses of solvent
• The first choice for a solvent is water in which a drug is freely soluble.
• Water –miscible solvent such as Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride can be used to improve
solubility and stability.
• Oils are used as emulsion, intramuscular injections and liquid fill oral preparation.
• Aqueous methanol is widely used in HPLC and is the standard solvent in sample extraction.
• Other acceptable non-aqueous solvents are glycerol ,propylene glycol, ethanol and are used
generally for a lipophilic drug.
19. Co-solvent
Co-solvents are defined as water-miscible organic solvents that are used in liquid drug
formulations to increase the solubility of poorly water soluble substances or to enhance the
chemical stability of a drug.
Properties of co-solvent
• Co-solvent increases the solubility of a drug.
• An ideal co-solvent should possess values of dielectric constant between 25 and 80.
• The most widely used system that will cover this range is a water/ethanol blend.
• It should not cause toxicity or irritancy when administrated for oral or parental use
• Other co-solvents are sorbitol, glycerol, propylene glycol and syrup..
20. Chelating agent
Chelating agents are molecules that are capable of forming complexes with the drug
involving more than one bond it’s a complex compound contains one or more ring in its
structure .
For example; ethylene diamine is bidentate and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid is
hexadentate.
Example and uses of chelating agent
• EDTA: ethylene diamine tetraacetate is used for the estimation of metals ions .
• EDTAH4: ethylene diamin tetraacetic acid is used for softening water.
• Calcium Disodium Edetate: it is used in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning mostly
caused by lead.
• Disodium Edetate: it is used in hypercalcemic states. It is also useful ion the treatment of
cardiac arrhythmias.
21. Buffering agent
These are materials which, when dissolved in solvent will enable the solution to resist any
change in pH should an acid or an alkali be added. The choice of suitable buffer depends
on the pH and buffering capacity required.
Features of buffering agent
It should have a low toxicity, it should be buffered at the range of 7.4 as the pH of the body
is 7.4, it should be non-irritant.
Examples of buffering agent
Most of the buffering system are based on carbonate, citrates, gluconates ,lactates,
phosphates, or tartrates etc.
22. Viscosity imparting agents : These agents are used when it is desirable to increase
or decrease the viscosity of a liquid either to serve as adjacent for palatability or to improve
pour ability. They are also called thickening agents.
Viscosity imparting agents are of two types:
a) Viscosity modifier-Viscosity modifiers decrease the viscosity of a liquid to improve pour
ability and make it more palatable.
b) Viscosity enhancer- Viscosity enhancers increase the viscosity of a liquid to improve pour
ability and make it more palatable.
Most commonly used viscosity imparting agents are :
Hydroxyethylcellulose
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
Methylcellulose
Polyvinyl alcohol
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
23. Humectant : A humectant attracts and retains the moisture in the nearby air via
absorption, drawing the water vapor into and/or beneath the organism/object's surface.
Humectants absorb water vapors from atmosphere till a certain degree of dilution is
attained. Aqueous solutions of humectants can reduce the rate of loss of moisture.
Ideal properties of humectants :
•It must absorb moisture from atmosphere and retain the same under the normal
conditions of atmospheric humidity.
•It should be colorless or not of too intense color.
•It should have good odor and taste.
•It should be nontoxic and nonirritant.
•It should be noncorrosive to packaging materials
•It should not solidify under normal conditions.
•It should not be too costly.
.
24. Classification of humectants with examples :
There are three types of humectants such as inorganic humectants, metal organic
humectants and organic humectants.
Inorganic humectants:
These are limited used in cosmetics. Calcium chloride is an example. It has
compatibility problems and corrosive in nature. Hence it is not frequently used in
cosmetics.
Metal organic humectants:
These are limited used in cosmetics because of compatibility problems, corrosive
nature and pronounced taste. The example of this class is sodium lactate.
Organic humectants:
These are widely used in cosmetics. They include polyhydric alcohols, their esters and
ethers. The most commonly used organic humectants are glycerol, ethylene
glycol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), diethylene glycol, tri ethylene glycol, propylene
glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, glucose.
25. Surfactants : Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or
interfacial tension) between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid and increase
the solubility. They are also known as surface active agents.
Properties of surfactants : A surfactant must fulfill two structural requirements:
a) A surfactant must contain a lipophilic region.
b) A surfactant must contain a hydrophilic region.
In a surfactant both hydrophilic and lipophilic region must be balanced because
then both the regions will be concentrated at an interface and therefore surface
tension will be lowered.
Types of surfactants :
There are of four types of surfactants based on the charge of the hydrophilic region :
1. Anionic surfactant ( here the hydrophilic region is negatively charged i.e. an
anion)
Sodium lauryl sulphate - It is used as an excipient on some dissolvable aspirins and
other fiber therapy caplets.
26. 2. Cationic surfactant (here hydrophilic region is positively charged i.e. a cation)
Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide ( cetrimide ) - is an effective antiseptic
agent against bacteria and fungi.
3. Non-ionic surfactants :
Tween 80 ( polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate)- Polysorbate 80 is an excipient that
is used to stabilize aqueous formulations of medications for parenteral administration
Span ( sorbitan ester of lauric acid )
4. Amphoteric surfactant :
Lecithin- it acts as a wetting, stabilizing agent and a choline enrichment carrier, helps
in emulsifications and encapsulation, and is a good dispersing agent.
N-dodecyl alanine.
27. CONCLUSION
The real importance of ensuring an excipient’s quality and
performance is are often underestimated . In reality, the
functionality of the excipient can help determine whether or
not a drug succeeds or fails. The possible consequences of not
carefully choosing the best excipient for formulation include
manufacturing complications, compromised stability, poor
bioavailability of the API, unintended side-effects, and even
serious adverse reaction or death of the patient . So to avoid
these undesirable outcomes it is very important to select the
right excipient for the formulation and guarantee its quality.
28. References:
1.Hand book of pharmaceutical excipients, Edition-Sixth, Edited by-Raymond Crowe Paul J
Sheskey and Marian E Quinn, Publisher-Pharmaceutical Press.
2.Aulton’s Pharmaceutics The design and manufacture of medicines, Edition-Third, Edited by-
Michael E.Aulton, Publisher-Elsevier.
3. Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Edition- Ninth, Publisher-
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
4.www.wikipedia.com