This document defines and discusses various types of pharmaceutical excipients. It begins by defining an excipient as a pharmacologically inactive substance formulated alongside the active pharmaceutical ingredient. It then discusses the purposes of excipients such as providing bulk, facilitating drug absorption, aiding manufacturing, and providing stability. Common excipients are also categorized and examples are provided, including fillers, binders, disintegrants, coatings, preservatives, and solvents. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of selecting the appropriate excipient to avoid complications during manufacturing and to ensure patient safety.
Direct compression is the most advanced technology. It involves only blending and compression. Thus offering advantage particularly in terms of speedy production. Because it requires fewer unit operations, less machinery, reduced number of personnel and considerably less processing time along with increased product stability.
Direct compression is the most advanced technology. It involves only blending and compression. Thus offering advantage particularly in terms of speedy production. Because it requires fewer unit operations, less machinery, reduced number of personnel and considerably less processing time along with increased product stability.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the types of containers and closure systems which are up to par with all the parameters defined by pharmacopoeias for parenterals.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
POLYMERS IN SOLID STATE, PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS AND RECENT A...Priyanka Modugu
A description on polymers in solid state, solid state properties of polymers, mechanical properties of polymers, heat of crystallization & fusion, thermodynamics of fusion & crystallization, pharmaceutical applications of polymers and recent advances in the use of polymers for drug delivery system
An excipient is a pharmacologically inactive/ inert substance formulated alongside the active pharmaceutical ingredient of a medication. Drug products contain both drug substance (commonly referred to as active pharmaceutical ingredient or API) and excipients.
These are the substances which are added in the formulation along the therapeutic agent so as to impart specific qualities in the formulation.
These are have very little or no therapeutic value but are necessary in the manufacture of various dosage forms.
Purposes served by Additives:
Provide bulk to the formulation.
Facilitate drug absorption or solubility and other pharmacokinetic considerations.
Aid in handling of “API” during manufacturing .
Provide stability and prevent from denaturation etc
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with the types of containers and closure systems which are up to par with all the parameters defined by pharmacopoeias for parenterals.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
POLYMERS IN SOLID STATE, PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS AND RECENT A...Priyanka Modugu
A description on polymers in solid state, solid state properties of polymers, mechanical properties of polymers, heat of crystallization & fusion, thermodynamics of fusion & crystallization, pharmaceutical applications of polymers and recent advances in the use of polymers for drug delivery system
An excipient is a pharmacologically inactive/ inert substance formulated alongside the active pharmaceutical ingredient of a medication. Drug products contain both drug substance (commonly referred to as active pharmaceutical ingredient or API) and excipients.
These are the substances which are added in the formulation along the therapeutic agent so as to impart specific qualities in the formulation.
These are have very little or no therapeutic value but are necessary in the manufacture of various dosage forms.
Purposes served by Additives:
Provide bulk to the formulation.
Facilitate drug absorption or solubility and other pharmacokinetic considerations.
Aid in handling of “API” during manufacturing .
Provide stability and prevent from denaturation etc
Liquid dosage form Power Presentation ( Sem-I)SumedhGhodke
Liquid dosage divided in mainly two types
1) Monophasic
2) Biphasic
The monophasic liquid dosage form divided into two types
1) Internal
2) External
Biphasic liquid dosage form divided into two parts
1) Suspension
2) Emulsion
Liquid dosage forms: Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms. Excipients used in formulation of liquid dosage forms. Solubility enhancement techniques
Herbal excipients which are easily available, lower cost and are noncarcinogenic, which can be used to replace synthetic excipients which are carcinogenic.
Natural colorants obtained from various insects and plants, which gives harmless dying agents which can be used in food industry as well as textile industry.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Definition:
An excipient is a pharmacologically inactive substance formulated alongside the active
pharmaceutical ingredient of a medication.
Purposes served by excipients:
• Provide bulk to the formulation.
• Facilitate drug absorption or solubility and other pharmacokinetic considerations.
• Aid in handling of “API” during manufacturing .
• Provide stability and prevent from denaturation . etc.
3. Ideal properties of Excipients:
Excipients
No interaction with
drug.
Pharmacologically
inert.
Feasible .
4. A list of Pharmaceutical Excipients used in pharmaceutical
preparations usually:
Fillers.
Binders.
Disintegrants.
Coatings.
Sorbents.
Antiadherent.
Lubricants.
Glidants.
Preservatives.
Antioxidants.
Flavoring Agents.
Sweeting Agents.
Coloring Agents.
Solvent & Co-solvent.
Buffering Agents.
Chelating Agents.
Viscosity imparting Agents.
Surface Active Agents.
Humectants .
5. Fillers:
Fillers typically also fill out the size of a tablet or capsule, making it practical to produce
and convenient for the consumer to use.
Function of fillers:
Fillers add volume and/or mass to a drug substance, thereby facilitating precise metering
and handling thereof in the preparation of dosage forms . Used in tablets and capsules.
Typical features of fillers:
A good filler should typically be inert, compatible with the other components of the
formulation, non-hygroscopic, relatively cheap, compactible, and preferably tasteless or
pleasant tasting.
Examples:
Plant cellulose and dibasic calcium phosphate are used popularly as fillers . A range
of vegetable fats and oils can be used in soft gelatin capsules. Other examples of fillers
include: lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, calcium carbonate, and magnesium
stearate.
6. Binders:
Binders hold the ingredients in a tablet together . Binders ensure that tablets and granules
can be formed with required mechanical strength, and give volume to low active dose tablets .
Typical features of binders:
A binder should be compatible with other products of formulation and add sufficient
cohesion to the powders .
Classification and examples:
Binders are classified according to their application,
• Solution binders are dissolved in a solvent (for example water or alcohol can be used in wet
granulation processes). Examples include gelatin, cellulose, cellulose derivatives,
polyvinylpyrrolidone, starch, sucrose and polyethylene glycol.
• Dry binders are added to the powder blend, either after a wet granulation step, or as part
of a direct powder compression (DC) formula. Examples include cellulose, methyl cellulose,
polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol.
7. Disintigrants:
Disintegrants are substances or mixture of substances added to the drug formulations, which
facilitate dispersion or breakup of tablets and contents of capsules into smaller particles for
quick dissolution when it comes in contact with water in the GIT.
Ideal properties of disintigrants:
Good hydration capacity , poor solubility , poor gel formation capacity .
Examples:
polyvinylpyrrolidone , carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium starch glycolate etc.
8. Coating Agent:
Coating is a process by which an essentially dry, outer layer of coating material is applied
to the surface of a dosage form and agents which are used in this coating process is called
coating agents.
Types:
Three types of coating agents are used pharmaceutically,
Film coating.
Sugar coating.
Compression coating.
Function of coating agents:
Protection, masking, elegance, ease of swallowing, identification etc..
Examples:
HPMC, MC, HPC etc..
9. Sorbents:
Sorbents are materials that soak up oil from the water.
Types and examples of sorbents:
• Natural sorbents- peat moss, sawdust, feathers, and anything else natural that contains
carbon.
• Synthetic sorbents- polyethylene and nylon etc..
Functions of sorbents:
Sorbent are used for tablet/capsule moisture-proofing by limited fluid sorbing (taking up of a
liquid or a gas either by adsorption or by adsorption) in a dry state.
10. Antiadherents:
Antiaderents or anti-sticking agents prevent adhesion of the tablet surface to the die walls
and the punches and as a consequence counter the picking or sticking of tablet.
Examples:
Water insoluble lubricants such as magnesium stearate can be used as antiadherents , as can
talc and starch.
Lubricants:
Lubricants prevent ingredients from clumping together and from sticking to the tablet
punches or capsule filling machine. Lubricants also ensure that tablet formation and ejection
can occur with low friction between the solid and die wall.
Types:
• Hydrophilic- Generally poor lubricants, no glidant or anti-adherent properties.
11. • Hydrophobic-Most widely used lubricants in use today are of the hydrophobic category.
Hydrophobic lubricants are generally good lubricants and are usually effective at
relatively low concentrations. Many also have both anti- adherent and glidant properties.
For these reasons, hydrophobic lubricants are used much more frequently than
hydrophilic compounds. Examples include magnesium stearate.
Roles of lubricants:
1.True Lubricant Role:
• To decrease friction at the interface between a tablet’s surface and the die wall during
ejection and reduce wear on punches & dies.
2. Anti-adherent Role:
• Prevent sticking to punch faces or in the case of encapsulation, lubricants
• Prevent sticking to machine dosators, tamping pins, etc.
3. Glidant Role:
• Enhance product flow by reducing interparticulate friction
12. Examples of lubricants:
Polyethylene glycol, Magnesium stearate, Stearic acid and it’s derivatives.
Glidants:
A substance (as colloidal silica) that enhances the flow of a granular mixture by reducing
inter-particle friction and that is used in the pharmaceutical production of tablets and
capsule.
Functions of glidants:
Glidants are used to promote powder flow by reducing interparticle friction and cohesion.
These are used in combination with lubricants as they have no ability to reduce die wall
friction.
Examples:
Fumed silica, talc, and magnesium carbonate.
13. Preservatives:
Preservatives are substances that commonly added to various foods and pharmaceutical
products in order to prolong their shelf life.
Ideal properties of preservatives:
In concept, the preservative system protects the product against microbial proliferation but
does not compromise product performance. In practice, this means that it must:
• Exert a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity at low inclusion levels.
• Maintain activity throughout product manufacture, shelf life and usage.
• Not compromise the quality or performance of product, pack or delivery system.
• Not adversely affect patient safety or tolerance of the product.
Examples:
Methyl & Ethyl parabens, Propyl paraben, Benzoic acid and its salts, Sorbic acid and its salts.
14. Antioxidant:
An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a
chemical reaction that transfers electrons or hydrogen from a substance to an oxidizing agent.
Ideal Properties of Antioxidants:
• Effective at a low, nontoxic concentration
• Stable and effective under normal conditions of use, over a wide pH and temperature range
• Soluble at the required concentration
• Compatible with a wide variety of drugs and pharmaceutical excipients
• Free from objectionable odor, objectionable taste
• Colorless in both the original and oxidized form
• Nontoxic both internally and externally at the required concentration
• Reasonable cost
• Unreactive (does not adsorb, penetrate, or interact) with containers or closures
Examples:
BHT( Butylated Hydroxy Toluene), BHA( Butylated Hydroxy Anisol), Sodium sulfite, Ascorbic acid
etc..
15. Sweetening agents:
Sweetening agents are employed in liquid formulations designed for oral administration
specifically to increase the palatability of the therapeutic agent.
Example:
Sucrouse, Saccarine, Aspertame, Sorbitol etc.
Uses of sweetening agent:
The main sweetening agents employed in oral preparations are sucrose, liquid glucose, glycerol,
sorbitol, saccharin sodium and aspartame. Aspartame is an artificial sweetening agent. The use
of artificial sweetening agents in formulations is increasing . The use of sugars in oral
formulations for children and patients with diabetes mellitus is to be avoided.
16. Flavoring agents:
Flavouring agents are added to increase patient acceptance. The four basic taste sensations are
salty, sweet, bitter and sour. It has been proposed that certain flavours should be used to mask
these specific taste sensations.
Example:
Clove oil, citric and syrup, glycerin, rose oil, orange oil, menthol etc..
Coloring agents:
Coloring agents are pharmaceutical ingredients that impart the preferred color to the
formulation.
There are two types of coloring agents
1.Natural and
2.synthetic
Example:
1.White: Titanium dioxide 2. Blue :Brilliant blue ,Indigo carmine
3. Red :Amaranth Carmine 4.Yellow: saffron 5.Green 6.Brown: caramel
17. Solvent
A solvent is a substance that can dissolve a solute (a chemically different liquid , solid or gas)
resulting in solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but it can also be solid or a gas. A solvent
never changes its state forming a solution.
Solvent classification
Solvents can be broadly classified into two groups ; They are
• Polar
• Non polar
Normally solvation of a solvent depends upon its classification. Generally polar solvent dissolves
polar compound best and non polar solvent dissolves non polar compound best.
18. Example and uses of solvent
• The first choice for a solvent is water in which a drug is freely soluble.
• Water –miscible solvent such as Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride can be used to improve
solubility and stability.
• Oils are used as emulsion, intramuscular injections and liquid fill oral preparation.
• Aqueous methanol is widely used in HPLC and is the standard solvent in sample extraction.
• Other acceptable non-aqueous solvents are glycerol ,propylene glycol, ethanol and are used
generally for a lipophilic drug.
19. Co-solvent
Co-solvents are defined as water-miscible organic solvents that are used in liquid drug
formulations to increase the solubility of poorly water soluble substances or to enhance the
chemical stability of a drug.
Properties of co-solvent
• Co-solvent increases the solubility of a drug.
• An ideal co-solvent should possess values of dielectric constant between 25 and 80.
• The most widely used system that will cover this range is a water/ethanol blend.
• It should not cause toxicity or irritancy when administrated for oral or parental use
• Other co-solvents are sorbitol, glycerol, propylene glycol and syrup..
20. Chelating agent
Chelating agents are molecules that are capable of forming complexes with the drug
involving more than one bond it’s a complex compound contains one or more ring in its
structure .
For example; ethylene diamine is bidentate and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid is
hexadentate.
Example and uses of chelating agent
• EDTA: ethylene diamine tetraacetate is used for the estimation of metals ions .
• EDTAH4: ethylene diamin tetraacetic acid is used for softening water.
• Calcium Disodium Edetate: it is used in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning mostly
caused by lead.
• Disodium Edetate: it is used in hypercalcemic states. It is also useful ion the treatment of
cardiac arrhythmias.
21. Buffering agent
These are materials which, when dissolved in solvent will enable the solution to resist any
change in pH should an acid or an alkali be added. The choice of suitable buffer depends
on the pH and buffering capacity required.
Features of buffering agent
It should have a low toxicity, it should be buffered at the range of 7.4 as the pH of the body
is 7.4, it should be non-irritant.
Examples of buffering agent
Most of the buffering system are based on carbonate, citrates, gluconates ,lactates,
phosphates, or tartrates etc.
22. Viscosity imparting agents : These agents are used when it is desirable to increase
or decrease the viscosity of a liquid either to serve as adjacent for palatability or to improve
pour ability. They are also called thickening agents.
Viscosity imparting agents are of two types:
a) Viscosity modifier-Viscosity modifiers decrease the viscosity of a liquid to improve pour
ability and make it more palatable.
b) Viscosity enhancer- Viscosity enhancers increase the viscosity of a liquid to improve pour
ability and make it more palatable.
Most commonly used viscosity imparting agents are :
Hydroxyethylcellulose
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
Methylcellulose
Polyvinyl alcohol
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
23. Humectant : A humectant attracts and retains the moisture in the nearby air via
absorption, drawing the water vapor into and/or beneath the organism/object's surface.
Humectants absorb water vapors from atmosphere till a certain degree of dilution is
attained. Aqueous solutions of humectants can reduce the rate of loss of moisture.
Ideal properties of humectants :
•It must absorb moisture from atmosphere and retain the same under the normal
conditions of atmospheric humidity.
•It should be colorless or not of too intense color.
•It should have good odor and taste.
•It should be nontoxic and nonirritant.
•It should be noncorrosive to packaging materials
•It should not solidify under normal conditions.
•It should not be too costly.
.
24. Classification of humectants with examples :
There are three types of humectants such as inorganic humectants, metal organic
humectants and organic humectants.
Inorganic humectants:
These are limited used in cosmetics. Calcium chloride is an example. It has
compatibility problems and corrosive in nature. Hence it is not frequently used in
cosmetics.
Metal organic humectants:
These are limited used in cosmetics because of compatibility problems, corrosive
nature and pronounced taste. The example of this class is sodium lactate.
Organic humectants:
These are widely used in cosmetics. They include polyhydric alcohols, their esters and
ethers. The most commonly used organic humectants are glycerol, ethylene
glycol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), diethylene glycol, tri ethylene glycol, propylene
glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, glucose.
25. Surfactants : Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or
interfacial tension) between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid and increase
the solubility. They are also known as surface active agents.
Properties of surfactants : A surfactant must fulfill two structural requirements:
a) A surfactant must contain a lipophilic region.
b) A surfactant must contain a hydrophilic region.
In a surfactant both hydrophilic and lipophilic region must be balanced because
then both the regions will be concentrated at an interface and therefore surface
tension will be lowered.
Types of surfactants :
There are of four types of surfactants based on the charge of the hydrophilic region :
1. Anionic surfactant ( here the hydrophilic region is negatively charged i.e. an
anion)
Sodium lauryl sulphate - It is used as an excipient on some dissolvable aspirins and
other fiber therapy caplets.
26. 2. Cationic surfactant (here hydrophilic region is positively charged i.e. a cation)
Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide ( cetrimide ) - is an effective antiseptic
agent against bacteria and fungi.
3. Non-ionic surfactants :
Tween 80 ( polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate)- Polysorbate 80 is an excipient that
is used to stabilize aqueous formulations of medications for parenteral administration
Span ( sorbitan ester of lauric acid )
4. Amphoteric surfactant :
Lecithin- it acts as a wetting, stabilizing agent and a choline enrichment carrier, helps
in emulsifications and encapsulation, and is a good dispersing agent.
N-dodecyl alanine.
27. CONCLUSION
The real importance of ensuring an excipient’s quality and
performance is are often underestimated . In reality, the
functionality of the excipient can help determine whether or
not a drug succeeds or fails. The possible consequences of not
carefully choosing the best excipient for formulation include
manufacturing complications, compromised stability, poor
bioavailability of the API, unintended side-effects, and even
serious adverse reaction or death of the patient . So to avoid
these undesirable outcomes it is very important to select the
right excipient for the formulation and guarantee its quality.
28. References:
1.Hand book of pharmaceutical excipients, Edition-Sixth, Edited by-Raymond Crowe Paul J
Sheskey and Marian E Quinn, Publisher-Pharmaceutical Press.
2.Aulton’s Pharmaceutics The design and manufacture of medicines, Edition-Third, Edited by-
Michael E.Aulton, Publisher-Elsevier.
3. Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Edition- Ninth, Publisher-
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
4.www.wikipedia.com