The document discusses input/output (I/O) interfaces. An I/O interface is required for communication between the CPU, I/O devices, and memory. It performs data buffering, control and timing, and error detection. There are two main techniques for I/O interfacing - memory mapped I/O and I/O mapped I/O. Programmed I/O is an approach where the CPU polls I/O devices by checking their status periodically to see when operations complete.

1. Accessing I/O devices
V. Saranya
AP/CSE
Sri vidya College of Engg & Tech

2. • I/O devices accessed through I/O interface.
• Requirements for I/O interface:
– CPU communication
– Device communication
– Data buffering
– Control and timing
– Error detection.

3. CPU Communication:
• Processor sends commands to the I/O system
which are generally the control signals on the
control bus.
• Exchange of data between the processor and
the I/O interface over the data bus.
• Check whether the devices are ready or not.

4. Data Buffering:
• Data transfer rate is too high .
• Data from processor and memory are sent to
an I/O interface, buffered and then sent to the
peripheral device at its data rate.
Error Detection:
• I/O interface is responsible for error detection
• Used to report errors to the processor.
• Types of errors:
– Mechanical, electrical malfunctions, bad disk
track, unintentional changes.

5. I/O interface Block diagram
Data Register
Data Data
Lines
Status/Control Register
Address Lines Status
Address
Decoder External
Device
Interface Control
Control Lines Logic

6. • Data Register: holds the data being
transferred to or from the processor.
• Status/Control Register: contains
information relevant to the operation.
• Data and status/control registers: are
connected to the data bus.
• Address decoder: enables the device to
recognize its address.

7. I/O interface for Input Device
Address Lines
BUS
Data Lines
Control lines
Data & Status
Address Decoder Control Circuits
Registers
I/O
interface
Input Device

8. I/O interface for Output Device
Address Lines
BUS
Data Lines
Control lines
Data & Status
Address Decoder Control Circuits
Registers
I/O
interface
Output Device

9. I/O interface Techniques

10. I/O Ports
• 4 registers - status, control, data-in, data-out
– Status - states whether the current command is
completed, byte is available, device has an error, etc
– Control - host determines to start a command or
change the mode of a device
– Data-in - host reads to get input
– Data-out - host writes to send output
• Size of registers - 1 to 4 bytes
10

11. I/O devices can be interfaced to a computer
system I/O in 2 ways:
• Memory Mapped I/O
• I/O mapped I/O

12. Memory-Mapped I/O (1)
Memory Address Space
I/O Address Space
(a) Separate I/O and memory space
(b) Memory-mapped I/O
(c) Hybrid 12

13. Memory Mapped I/O
• No need of special I/O instructions.
• Memory related instructions are used for I/O
related operations.

14. I/O Mapped I/O
Memory Address
Space I/O address Space
Total Address Space

15. I/O Mapped I/O
• If we want to reduce the memory address
space, we allot a different I/O address space,
apart from total memory space.
Memory related instructions do not work here
Processor use these mode only for I/O Read, I/O
Write.

16. Difference between Memory Mapped
I/O & I/O mapped I/O
Memory Mapped I/O I/O Mapped I/O
Memory & I/O share the entire address Processor provides separate address
range of processor range for memory & I/O
Processor provides more address lines Less address lines for accessing I/O
for accessing memory
More Decoding is required Less decoding is required
Memory control signals used to control I/O control signals are used to control
Read & Write I/O operations Read & Write I/O operations

17. Programmed I/O

18. • I/O operation means
– A data transfer between an I/O device & memory
or
– Between I/O device & Processor.
• If any I/O operations are completely
controlled by processor, then the system is
said to be using “ Programmed I/O”
– Processor has to check I/O system periodically
until the operation completes  “POLLING”
– Microprocessor has to check if any device need
service.

19. Programmed I/O
j
& Int A?
Service
& routine A
Address
Decoder
Int C?
j
& Service
routine C
Int Z?
j
Service
routine Z

20. Priority:
The Routines assigns priority to the different
I/O devices
Port A is always checked 1st.
Then Port B
Then Port C
Order may change by changing routine.

21. • When Programmed I/O techniques is used:
– Processor fetches I/O related instructions from
memory and Issues I/O commands to I/O system
to execute the instruction.
– Memory Mapped I/O & I/O mapped I/O
technique may apply.
– Processor has 2 separate instructions IN & OUT
for data transfer.
– When the I/O instruction is encountered by the
processor the I/O port is expected to be ready to
response.
Processor is usually programmed to test the I/O
device status before initiating a data transfer.