Confabulation and segregation about different Virtex FPGA families of XILINX is presented. Starting with the features of latest Spartan-6 FPGA followed by Spartan-3A-DSP, 3AN, 3A, 3E and Spartan-3 are correlated, contrasted accordingly and the changes over these generations are also deliberated. For every family, Introduction and ordering information, Functional description, DC and switching characteristics and Pin out descriptions are mentioned and elucidated.
Implementation of Soft-core processor on FPGA (Final Presentation)Deepak Kumar
Implementation of Soft-core processor(PicoBlaze) on FPGA using Xilinx.
Establishing communication between two PicoBlaze processors.
Creating an application using the multi-core processor.
Implementation of Soft-core processor on FPGA (Final Presentation)Deepak Kumar
Implementation of Soft-core processor(PicoBlaze) on FPGA using Xilinx.
Establishing communication between two PicoBlaze processors.
Creating an application using the multi-core processor.
Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) contains ten thousand to more than a million logic gates with programmable interconnection. Programmable interconnections are available for users or designers to perform given functions easily.How FPGAs are used in Space are briefly described in this slide.
This presentation gives an overview of FPGA devices. An FPGA is a device that contains a matrix of re-configurable gate array logic circuitry. When a FPGA is configured, the internal circuitry is connected in a way that creates a hardware implementation of the software application.
FPGA devices can deliver the performance and reliability of dedicated hardware circuitry.
A review of the history of digital design throughout the years until the era of programmable logic, and a detailed exploration of the architecture of FPGA chips, followed by an introduction to SoC FPGAs and some of their benefits.
Field-programmable gate array\
only for these students that are intrested in Field-programmable gate array
field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing – hence "field-programmable". The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). (Circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, as they were for ASICs
The FPGA industry sprouted from programmable read-only memory (PROM) and programmable logic devices (PLDs). PROMs and PLDs both had the option of being programmed in batches in a factory or in the field (field-programmable). However, programmable logic was hard-wired between logic gates.[6]
In the late 1980s, the Naval Surface Warfare Center funded an experiment proposed by Steve Casselman to develop a computer that would implement 600,000 reprogrammable gates. Casselman was successful and a patent related to the system was issued in 1992.[6]
Some of the industry's foundational concepts and technologies for programmable logic arrays, gates, and logic blocks are founded in patents awarded to David W. Page and LuVerne R. Peterson in 1985.
This is a presentation on FPGA from my 3rd year academics which was the field of my mini project/seminar in the same. Main emphasis is laid on the application of FPGA in DSP domain
Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) contains ten thousand to more than a million logic gates with programmable interconnection. Programmable interconnections are available for users or designers to perform given functions easily.How FPGAs are used in Space are briefly described in this slide.
This presentation gives an overview of FPGA devices. An FPGA is a device that contains a matrix of re-configurable gate array logic circuitry. When a FPGA is configured, the internal circuitry is connected in a way that creates a hardware implementation of the software application.
FPGA devices can deliver the performance and reliability of dedicated hardware circuitry.
A review of the history of digital design throughout the years until the era of programmable logic, and a detailed exploration of the architecture of FPGA chips, followed by an introduction to SoC FPGAs and some of their benefits.
Field-programmable gate array\
only for these students that are intrested in Field-programmable gate array
field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing – hence "field-programmable". The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). (Circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, as they were for ASICs
The FPGA industry sprouted from programmable read-only memory (PROM) and programmable logic devices (PLDs). PROMs and PLDs both had the option of being programmed in batches in a factory or in the field (field-programmable). However, programmable logic was hard-wired between logic gates.[6]
In the late 1980s, the Naval Surface Warfare Center funded an experiment proposed by Steve Casselman to develop a computer that would implement 600,000 reprogrammable gates. Casselman was successful and a patent related to the system was issued in 1992.[6]
Some of the industry's foundational concepts and technologies for programmable logic arrays, gates, and logic blocks are founded in patents awarded to David W. Page and LuVerne R. Peterson in 1985.
This is a presentation on FPGA from my 3rd year academics which was the field of my mini project/seminar in the same. Main emphasis is laid on the application of FPGA in DSP domain
FPGA are a special form of Programmable logic devices(PLDs) with higher densities as compared to custom ICs and capable of implementing functionality in a short period of time using computer aided design (CAD) software....by mathewsubin3388@gmail.com
"Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)" devices have been used in space for more than a decade with a mixed level of success. Until now, few reprogrammable devices have been used on European spacecraft due to their sensitivity to involuntary reconfiguration due to Single Event Upsets (SEU) induced by radiation.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
ML for identifying fraud using open blockchain data.pptx
A review on virtex fpga family from xilinx
1. 1
A Review on Virtex FPGA Family from XILINX
Tanmay Bhargava
Dept. of Electronics and Communications
University of Kassel
tanmay5030.05@bitmesra.ac.in
Abstract - Confabulation and segregation about different Virtex FPGA families of XILINX is presented. Starting with the features of latest Spartan-6 FPGA followed by Spartan-3A-DSP, 3AN, 3A, 3E and Spartan-3 are correlated, contrasted accordingly and the changes over these generations are also deliberated. For every family, Introduction and ordering information, Functional description, DC and switching characteristics and Pin out descriptions are mentioned and elucidated. Keywords - Field Programmable Logic Array (FPGA), Look Up Tables (LUT’s).
I. INTRODUCTION
The Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are field programmable integrated circuits that can be tailored according to the end user's requirements. FPGA is similar to a PLD, but whereas PLDs are generally limited to hundreds of gates, FPGAs support thousands of gates. Instead of being restricted to any predetermined hardware function, an FPGA allow to use a product program feature and functions, adapt new standards, reconfigure hardware for specific applications even after product have been installed in the field hence the name - “Field Programmable”. We can use an FPGA to implement any logical function that an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) would perform, but ability to update the functionality after shipping offers advantage for many applications. [1] Ross Freeman, the cofounder of Xilinx, invented the first FPGA in 1985. XILNX is a supplier of programmable logic devices. It is known for inventing the field programmable gate array (FPGA) and as the first semiconductor company with a fabless manufacturing model. These FPGAs deliver the performance, cost, power consumption and capacity that at one time could only be met by costly custom chips designed for specific applications. In essence, they offer the design engineer a blank device that can be configured and reconfigured "on the fly" to implement any logic function that can be performed by an application-specific device. They make hundreds of thousands of programmable logic blocks - comprised of billions of transistors - available to the designer to wire together using reconfigurable interconnects to deliver the desired electronic functions. For Xilinx, the programmable imperative represents a two-fold commitment. First, to increase performance, densities and system-level functionality, while driving down cost and power consumption, at each manufacturing process node with every new generation of FPGAs. Secondly, to provide simpler, smarter programmable platforms and design methodologies that free up engineers to focus on end product innovation and differentiation. Xilinx has offered two main FPGA families: the high performance Vertex series and the high volume Spartan series. Virtex-6 and Spartan-6 FPGA families are said to consume 50 percent less power, and have up to twice the logic capacity compared to the previous generation of Xilinx FPGAs. The Virtex series of FPGAs have integrated features that include FIFO and ECC logic, DSP blocks, PCI-Express controllers, Ethernet MAC blocks, and high-speed transceivers. In addition to FPGA logic, the Virtex series includes embedded fixed function hardware for commonly used functions such as multipliers, memories, serial transceivers and microprocessor cores. These capabilities are used in applications such as wired and wireless infrastructure equipment, advanced medical equipment, test and measurement, and defense systems. QPro Virtex 2.5V and 1.5V are available in radiation- hardened packages, specifically to operate in space where harmful streams of high-energy particles can play havoc with semiconductors. The Virtex-5QV FPGA is designed to be 100 times more resistant to radiation than previous radiation-resistant models and offers a ten-fold increase in performance. Legacy Virtex devices (Virtex, Virtex-II, Virtex-II Pro, Virtex 4) are still available, but are not recommended for use in new designs. The Virtex-5 LX and the LXT are intended for logic- intensive applications, and the Virtex-5 SXT is for DSP applications. With the Virtex-5, Xilinx changed the logic fabric from four-input LUTs to six-input LUTs. With the increasing complexity of combinational logic functions performed by SoC, the percentage of combinational paths requiring multiple four-input LUTs became a performance and routing bottleneck. The new
2. 2
six-input LUT represented a tradeoff between better handling of increasingly complex combinational functions, at the expense of a reduction in the absolute number of LUTs per device. The Virtex-5 series is a 65 nm design fabricated in 1.0 V, triple-oxide process technology. The Virtex-6 family is built on a 40 nm process for compute-intensive electronic systems, and the company claims it consumes 15 percent less power and has 15 percent improved performance over competing 40 nm FPGAs. Xilinx's most recently announced Virtex, the Virtex 7 family, is based on a 28 nm design and is reported to deliver a two-fold system performance improvement at 50 percent lower power compared to previous generation Virtex-6 devices. In addition, Virtex-7 doubles the memory bandwidth compared to previous generation Virtex FPGAs with 1866 Mb/s memory interfacing performance and over two million logic cells. The Virtex-7 2000T FPGA packages four smaller FPGAs into a single chip by placing them on a special silicon communications pad called an interposer which can deliver 6.8 billion transistors in a single large chip. The interposer provides 10,000 data pathways between the individual FPGAs – roughly 10 to 100 times more than usually would be available on a board – to create a single FPGA. This approach allows the FPGA to conserve power, drawing 20 watts of power or less. This approach allows the Virtex-7 2000T FPGA to exceed Moore’s Law – Intel co-founder Gordon Moore’s prediction that the number of those transistors will double roughly every two years – by providing twice the number of transistors in a single FPGA than would be expected under the prediction [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [11].
II. VIRTEX FPGA FAMILY
The Virtex-II family is a platform FPGA developed for high performance from low-density to high-density designs that are based on IP cores and customized modules. The family delivers complete solutions for telecommunication, wireless, networking, video, and DSP applications, including PCI, VDS, and DDR interfaces. The leading-edge 0.15 μm / 0.12 μm CMOS 8-layer metal process and the Virtex-II architecture are optimized for high speed with low power consumption. Combining a wide variety of flexible features and a large range of densities up to10 million system gates, the Virtex-II family enhances programmable logic design capabilities and is a powerful alternative to mask- programmed gates arrays. The Virtex-II family comprises 11 members, ranging from 40K to 8M system gates [2].
The Virtex-II Pro and Virtex-II Pro X families contain platform FPGAs for designs that are based on IP cores and customized modules. The family incorporates multi- gigabit transceivers and PowerPC CPU blocks in Virtex- II Pro Series FPGA architecture. It empowers complete solutions for telecommunication, wireless, networking, video, and DSP applications. The leading-edge 0.13 μm CMOS nine-layer copper process and Virtex-II Pro architecture are optimized for high performance designs in a wide range of densities. Combining a wide variety of flexible features and IP cores, the Virtex-II Pro family enhances programmable logic design capabilities and is a powerful alternative to mask-programmed gate arrays [3].
The Virtex-E FPGA family delivers high-performance, high-capacity programmable logic solutions. Dramatic increases in silicon efficiency result from optimizing the new architecture for place-and-route efficiency and exploiting an aggressive 6-layer metal 0.18 μm CMOS process. These advances make Virtex-E FPGAs powerful and flexible alter- natives to mask- programmed gate arrays. The Virtex-E family includes the nine members in Table 1. Building on experience gained from Virtex FPGAs, the Virtex-E family is an evolutionary step forward in programmable logic design. Combining a wide variety of programmable system features, a rich hierarchy of fast, flexible interconnect resources, and advanced process technology, the Virtex-E family delivers a high-speed and high-capacity programmable logic solution that enhances design flexibility while reducing time-to- market [4].
Combining Advanced Silicon Modular Block (ASMBL™) architecture with a wide variety of flexible features, the Virtex-4 family from Xilinx greatly enhances programmable logic design capabilities, making it a powerful alternative to ASIC technology. Virtex-4 FPGAs comprise three platform families—LX, FX, and SX—offering multiple feature choices and combinations to address all complex applications. The wide array of Virtex-4 FPGA hard-IP core blocks includes the PowerPC processors (with a new APU interface), tri-mode Ethernet MACs, 622 Mb/s to 6.5 Gb/s serial transceivers, dedicated DSP slices, high- speed clock management circuitry, and source- synchronous interface blocks. The basic Virtex-4 FPGA building blocks are enhancements of those found in the popular Virtex, Virtex-E, Virtex-II, Virtex-II Pro, and Virtex-II Pro X product families, so previous-generation designs are upward compatible. Virtex-4 devices are produced on a state-of-the-art 90 nm copper process using 300 mm (12-inch) wafer technology [5].
3. 3
The Virtex-5 family provides the newest most powerful features in the FPGA market. Using the second generation ASMBL™ (Advanced Silicon Modular Block) column-based architecture, the Virtex-5 family contains five distinct platforms (sub-families), the most choice offered by any FPGA family. Each platform contains a different ratio of features to address the needs of a wide variety of advanced logic designs. In addition to the most advanced, high-performance logic fabric, Virtex-5 FPGAs contain many hard-IP system level blocks, including powerful 36-Kbit block RAM/FIFOs, second generation 25 x 18 DSP slices, SelectIO™ technology with built-in digitally- controlled impedance, ChipSync™ source-synchronous interface blocks, system monitor functionality, enhanced clock management tiles with integrated DCM (Digital Clock Managers) and phase-locked-loop (PLL) clock generators, and advanced configuration options. Additional platform dependant features include power- optimized high-speed serial transceiver blocks for enhanced serial connectivity, PCI Express compliant integrated Endpoint blocks, tri-mode Ethernet MACs (Media Access Controllers), and high-performance PowerPC 440 microprocessor embedded blocks. These features allow advanced logic designers to build the highest levels of performance and functionality into their FPGA-based systems. Built on a 65-nm state-of-the-art copper process technology, Virtex-5 FPGAs are a programmable alternative to custom ASIC technology. Most advanced system designs require the programmable strength of FPGAs. Virtex-5 FPGAs offer the best solution for addressing the needs of high-performance logic designers, high- performance DSP designers, and high-performance embedded systems designers with unprecedented logic, DSP, hard/soft microprocessor, and connectivity capabilities. The Virtex-5 LXT, SXT, TXT, and FXT platforms include advanced high-speed serial connectivity and link/transaction layer capability [6].
The Virtex-6 family provides the newest, most advanced features in the FPGA market. Virtex-6 FPGAs are the programmable silicon foundation for Targeted Design Platforms that deliver integrated software and hardware components to enable designers to focus on innovation as soon as their development cycle begins. Using the third-generation ASMBL™ (Advanced Silicon Modular Block) column - based architecture; the Virtex-6 family contains multiple distinct sub-families. This overview covers the devices in the LXT, SXT, and HXT sub- families. Each sub-family contains a different ratio of features to most efficiently address the needs of a wide variety of advanced logic designs. In addition to the high-performance logic fabric, Virtex-6 FPGAs contain many built-in system-level blocks. These features allow logic designers to build the highest levels of performance and functionality into their FPGA-based systems. Built on a 40 nm state-of-the- art copper process technology, Virtex-6 FPGAs are a programmable alternative to custom ASIC technology. Virtex-6 FPGAs offer the best solution for addressing the needs of high-performance logic designers, high- performance DSP designers, and high-performance embedded systems designers with unprecedented logic, DSP, connectivity, and soft microprocessor capabilities [7].
Xilinx 7 series FPGAs comprise three new FPGA families that address the complete range of system requirements, ranging from low cost, small form factor, cost-sensitive, and high-volume applications to ultra- high-end connectivity bandwidth, logic capacity, and signal processing capability for the most demanding high-performance applications. The 7 series devices are the programmable silicon foundation for Targeted Design Platforms that enable designers to focus on innovation from the outset of their development cycle. The 7 series FPGAs include:
Artix™-7 Family: Optimized for lowest cost and power with small form-factor packaging for the highest volume applications.
Kintex™-7 Family: Optimized for best price- performance with a 2X improvement compared to previous generation, enabling a new class of FPGAs.
Virtex-7 Family: Optimized for highest system performance and capacity with a 2X improvement in system performance. Highest capability devices enabled by stacked silicon interconnect (SSI) technology.
Built on a state-of-the-art, high-performance, low-power (HPL), 28 nm, high-k metal gate (HKMG) process technology, 7 series FPGAs enable an unparalleled increase in system performance with 2.9 Tb/s of I/O bandwidth, 2 million logic cell capacity, and 5.3 TMAC/s DSP, while consuming 50% less power than previous generation devices to offer a fully programmable alternative to ASSPs and ASICs. All 7 series devices share a scalable, optimized fourth- generation Advanced Silicon Modular Block (ASMBL™) column-based architecture that reduces system development and deployment time with simplified design portability [8].
III. SUMMARY
In case of independent blocks of logic that are not paired with soft combinational logic elements, distinct tiles containing dedicated hard circuit structures are added to the array of tiles. For example, multi-bit block RAMs that appear in modern FPGAs are common hard
4. 4
circuit structures. These RAMs range in size from
hundreds to tens or hundreds of thousands of bits and
are commonly found in contemporary devices such as
the Virtex, Virtex II, Virtex II Pro, Virtex 4 and 5. Block
RAMs typically are aligned in vertical columns within
the basic tile array, as shown in Figure1. Other common
hard circuit structures found in contemporary
commercial FPGAs include the multiplier blocks that
appear in Xilinx Virtex II, Virtex 4, and Virtex 5
FPGAs. Heterogeneity which includes hard circuit
structures can be referred to as tile-based heterogeneity
to reflect the inclusion of diverse tiles on the same
FPGA substrate. Figure1 illustrates an FPGA with a
mixture of different blocks with tile-based
heterogeneity. The Xilinx XC4000 series FPGAs, and
all subsequent Xilinx FPGAs provide the ability to turn
LUTs in the soft fabric into small memories. These
memories can be connected together to form larger
memories. This ability to convert LUTs to memory has
been added in all Xilinx FPGAs since the original
Virtex, the LUT can also be configured to act as a shift
register. An early example of a computation-oriented tile
is the multiplier integrated into the Xilinx Virtex II
FPGA. This tile consisted of an 18 × 18 2’s complement
multiplier that sat alongside a block memory tile. Since
the introduction of the Virtex II, Xilinx have introduced
more sophisticated hard computational units that include
multiplier-accumulators, and some multiplexer
functions. The ratio-based approach to resource
allocation was first introduced commercially by Xilinx
for the Virtex 4 family. This family has three sub-families,
one with a focus on soft logic and memory, one
with a focus on arithmetic computational units, and one
with a processor and high-speed serial interface focus.
Ratio-based subfamilies are also available for the Xilinx
Virtex 5 family. Microprocessors are vital components
in many digital systems. Xilinx introduced Virtex II Pro
FPGAs which included one, two, or four IBM Power PC
cores integrated with a Virtex II logic fabric. Several
Xilinx Virtex 4 and Virtex 5 subfamilies also support
Power PC cores. Virtex 4 family, used basic clusters of
4-input lookup tables to implement logic. The Virtex 5
FPGA, employs a 6-input lookup table that can also
implement two 5-input functions that share five inputs,
or two 4-input functions that share fewer inputs. A 22%
improvement in critical path delay and a 6% area
reduction is seen for a set of 10 benchmark designs. A
form of this approach has been included in the Xilinx
Virtex 5 FPGA family, which includes wires that
connect diagonally [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9].
[10], [11].
IV. FUTURE TRENDS
FPGAs play an important role in today's network,
computer, data center, and communication ecosystems.
The latest optical interface on FPGA overcomes the
limits of copper interconnect by integrating the latest
FPGA with a state-of-the-art laser and photon detector at
the FPGA package level. The optical FPGA interface
provides power, cost and density advantages that
dramatically exceeds conventional electrical signaling
and interconnect capabilities. These FPGAs will offer
enhanced critical reconfiguration and system on chip
(SoC) capabilities for data processing and transport, and
faster computation, DSP, packet processing, frame
processing, routing, switching, and bridging capabilities.
The Advanced Transceiver Technology has assured to
provide electrical transmit and receive functionality with
data rates up to 28 Gbps on the 28-nm process node.
These transceivers also support advanced clock
generation, clock recovery, and equalization capabilities.
This advanced transceiver technology integrates the
FPGA with an optical laser and the receiver becomes
seamless.
Figure1. Illustration of tile based heterogeneity. [9]
The FPGA in Figure2 is integrated with optics, such as a
Transmitter Optical Sub-Assembly (TOSA) and
Receiver Optical Sub-Assembly (ROSA), providing
direct optical signal transmitting and receiving without
the need for a discrete optical module.
5. 5
Figure2. FPGA with Optical Interface [10]
The FPGA in Figure 2 is integrated with optics, such as a transmitter optical sub-assembly (TOSA) and receiver optical sub-assembly (ROSA), providing direct optical signal transmitting and receiving without the need for a discrete optical module. Designers can replace chip-to- module link systems with an optical interface FPGA to capture significant power, resource, and cost reductions, as well as an increase in port density. It is easy to imagine that FPGAs with optical interface technology will be widely used in future data communications and telecom systems, data center, data transporting, and military network systems, as well as test and measurement, medical and broadcasting systems due to power, cost, density, and form-factor, weight, and EMI and crosstalk resilience benefits. This technology forever changes how future internet, network, data center, test and measurement, medical, and broadcast ecosystems will be designed and built [3], [4].
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to appreciate Prof. Zipf for his invaluable feedback and comments that helped me to improve my work.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] FPGAs at http://www.altera.com/products/fpga.html
[2] http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/ data_sheets/ds031.pdf
[3] http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/ data_sheets/ds083.pdf
[4] http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/ data_sheets/ds022.pdf
[5] http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/ data_sheets/ds112.pdf
[6] http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/ data_sheets/ds100.pdf
[7] http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/ data_sheets/ds150.pdf
[8] http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/ data_sheets/ds180_7Series_Overview.pdf
[9] FPGA Architecture: Survey and Challenges - www.eecg.toronto.edu/~jayar/pubs/kuon/foundtrend08.pdf
[10] Overcome Copper Limits with Optical Interfaces - Altera www.altera.com/literature/wp/wp-01161- optical-fpga.pdf
[11] http://www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in/industry/appnotes/xilinx/documents/products/virtex/techtopic/lvds.htm