- The skin has a normal flora of resident and transient microorganisms that protect against pathogens. Common resident bacteria include Staphylococcus epidermis and S. aureus. Fungal colonies such as Trichosporon cutaneum and Microsporum gypseum are also present.
- The skin flora provides protection from external invaders through competing for resources and producing antimicrobial substances. Some flora, like P. acnes, can stimulate immunity but also potentially cause infections under certain conditions.
- Factors like dryness, low pH from organic acids, and inhibitory substances in sweat and sebum help discourage colonization by pathogenic microorganisms on the skin.
Medical Mycology Black Piedra and White Piedra.pptxDeborahAR1
Black piedra is a fungal infection of the hair shafts. It is also known as Trichomycosis nodosa. The fungal elements are attached to the hair shaft to form nodules along the hair shaft. It predominantly affects scalp hair, although involvement of the beard, mustache and pubic hairs is also known.
White Piedra is a superficial fungal infection of the hair caused by Trichosporon asahii. It is also known as trichomycosis nodosa or trichomycosis nodularis.
Introduction and Brief about Bacteriology, Bacterial Structure, Difference Be...Zunaira Gillani
Introduction and Brief about Bacteriology, Bacterial Structure, Difference Between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria, Flagellar structure, Cell wall Structure,
Medical Mycology Black Piedra and White Piedra.pptxDeborahAR1
Black piedra is a fungal infection of the hair shafts. It is also known as Trichomycosis nodosa. The fungal elements are attached to the hair shaft to form nodules along the hair shaft. It predominantly affects scalp hair, although involvement of the beard, mustache and pubic hairs is also known.
White Piedra is a superficial fungal infection of the hair caused by Trichosporon asahii. It is also known as trichomycosis nodosa or trichomycosis nodularis.
Introduction and Brief about Bacteriology, Bacterial Structure, Difference Be...Zunaira Gillani
Introduction and Brief about Bacteriology, Bacterial Structure, Difference Between Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria, Flagellar structure, Cell wall Structure,
it is based on Harrisons and Davidson text book of internal medicine and Anathanarayanan textbook of microbiology. many clinical pictures have been embeded for better understanding. most common conditions seen in dermatology wards.
In air sampling the separation of particles from air can be achieved by
1. Settling under gravity
Hesse's Tube
Settle Plate Method
2. Centrifugal action
Air Centrifuge
Reuter centrifugal air sampler
3. Filtration
Tube sampler
Millipore filter
4. Impingement
Impingement into liquids
Raised impinger
Bead - bubbler device
Lemon Sampler
Impingement onto solids.
Hollaender & Dalla Valle Sampler
Slit Sampler
Sieve Sampler
5. Electrostatic Precipitation
it is based on Harrisons and Davidson text book of internal medicine and Anathanarayanan textbook of microbiology. many clinical pictures have been embeded for better understanding. most common conditions seen in dermatology wards.
In air sampling the separation of particles from air can be achieved by
1. Settling under gravity
Hesse's Tube
Settle Plate Method
2. Centrifugal action
Air Centrifuge
Reuter centrifugal air sampler
3. Filtration
Tube sampler
Millipore filter
4. Impingement
Impingement into liquids
Raised impinger
Bead - bubbler device
Lemon Sampler
Impingement onto solids.
Hollaender & Dalla Valle Sampler
Slit Sampler
Sieve Sampler
5. Electrostatic Precipitation
In this slide Structure of Skin and Hair, Hair Growth Cycle were described followed by skin related diseases such as Acne, dry skin, pigmentation, wrinkles etc.
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disorder characterized by the rapid and excessive growth of skin cells. It affects around 2-3% of the global population and can manifest in various forms, from mild to severe. This condition is often associated with genetic factors and involves the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy skin cells.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
3. Skin
Human adult has two square meters of skin
• Skin is the organ of the human body that protects
from the pathogens from the environment and
retards the loss of excessive water.
• Its other functions are insulation,
temperature regulation, sensation and synthesis
of vitamin D.
• The skin is composed of the epidermis , dermis and fat
cells.
4. Epidermis
• This layer consist of dead cells( without nucleus) and
constantly in contact with microorganism from the
environment.
• Impermeable to microorganism; however cuts,
abrasion and wounds can allow the organisms to
penetrate.
5. Dermis
• Consist of connective tissues and cushions the body
from heat and strain.
• Has sebaceous gland, sweat gland, hair follicles and
nerve endings.
Hypodermis
• It attaches the dermis layer to the underlying bones
and provides with blood.
• It functions as padding and insulation.
7. WHAT IS NORMAL FLORA ?
mixture of microorganisms regularly found at on
/ within the body of a healthy person.
Some of these microorganisms are found in
association with humans / animals only.
Definition
Normal flora is the mixture of microorganisms
(bacteria and fungi) that are regularly found at
any anatomical site of human body.
8. Normal Skin Flora
The skin is hostile to the survival and growth of
microorganisms.
Skin flora can be commensalistic, mutalistic or
pathogenic.
The flora depends on the area, the clothing,
occupation and environment.
e.g. Pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes does not survive
for more than a few hours when applied to the skin
whereas it may survive in room air for weeks.
9. Microorganisims that normally live on or in
any part of the body with out causing disease
Two basic types of Normal Flora:
Resident Normal Flora – normally GROW on/in
indicated body site,presence fixed in body.
Transient Normal Flora – only TEMPORARILY
PRESENT on/in indicated body site, usually don’t
become firmly attached but simply die within hours.
Transient microbes: in contact with environment
10. Resident microbes
Areas of high moisture content
(Axilla, groin, toe webs, perineum, scalp)
Neither profuse sweating nor washing
significantly modifies normal skin flora
Soap or disinfectant diminish microbial population
Soap: physically removes organisms
11. disinfectant. : an agent that frees from infection;
especially : a chemical that destroys vegetative forms
of harmful microorganisms (as bacteria and fungi)
especially on inanimate objects but that may be less
effective in destroying spores.
But Normal Flora rapidly replenished(restore to a
former level or condition) from sebaceous and sweat
glands
12. ROLE OF NORMAL FLORA
Immunostimulation
a) They produce antibodies which may
contribute to host defenses.
b) Some of these antibodies may
cross react with normal tissue
components.
May be source of opportunistic infections
e.g. : In Patients with impaired defence Mechanisms
13. •Protection from External Invaders
a) Because of the normal flora occupy body's
epithelial surfaces, they are able to prevent other
bacteria by blocking receptors
b) competing for essential nutrients
c) producing anti-bacteria substances
e.g. : Fatty acids, peroxides , Bacteriocins.
Nutrition
Some of the normal intestinal flora
e.g. E. coli & Bacteroids produce Vitamin K in the gut
which is available for use by host.
14. Some of the common flora on skin are:
Bacteria:
Staphylococcus aureus – folliculitis, boils, etc.
Staphylococcus epidermis - Impetigo, Abscess
Pseudomonas aeroginosa - Folliculitis
15. Folliculitis & Impetigo
Folliculitis is a common skin condition in which hair
follicles become inflamed. It's usually caused by a bacterial
or fungal infection. At first it may look like small red
bumps or white-headed pimples around hair follicles —
the tiny pockets from which each hair grows.
Impetigo is a bacterial skin infection. It causes red sores
that can break open, ooze fluid, and develop a yellow-
brown crust. These sores can occur anywhere on the
body. Impetigo is one of the most common skin infections
in children. It can occur in adults but is seen far more often
in children.
21. White Piedra & Dermatophytosis
White Piedra is an unusual asymptomatic superficial
fungal infection of the hair, characterized by the
presence of numerous, discrete, soft, asymptomatic
nodules loosely attached to the infected hair shafts. It
may occur on the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, beard,
axilla or in the groin.
Dermatophytosis, also known as ringworm, is
a fungal infection of the skin. Typically it results in a
red, itchy, scaly, circular rash. Hair loss may occur in
the area affected.
22. There are some microbes present on skin which
actually increase the immunity to fight pathogenic
organisms
e.g. P. Acnes inhibits the growth of many pathogenic
microorganisms but under some conditions the
organism can even cause infection( i.e. acne vulgaris)
23. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR
DISCOURAGING
MICROBIAL COLONIZATION ON SKIN
1. DRYNESS:
Dry surface is inhibitory to microbial growth.
Some regions of the skin are moist than others, e.g.
The axillary region, toe webs and the perineum( skin
at the lower end of the trunk between the thighs.)
These regions has higher number of normal flora
organisms than the drier area of skin.
24. 2. Low Ph:
Skin has a normal pH between 3 and 5 and it is higher
in moist regions.
This low pH is due to the lactic acid or other organic
acids produced by normal skin microorganisms such
as staphylococci. This factor discourages the growth of
other organisms.
3. Inhibitory Substances:
Sweat glands – secrete lyzozyme that destroys bacterial
cell walls.
25. Sebaceous glands – secrete complex lipids which
may be partially degraded by Propionibacterium
acnes, that results in long chained unsaturated fatty
acids e.g. Oleic acid. This fatty acids are highly toxic
to other bacteria.
BENEFIT OF SKIN FLORA
The benefits bacteria can offer include preventing
transient pathogenic organisms from colonizing the
skin surface, either by competing for nutrients,
secreting chemicals against them, or stimulating the
skin's immune system.
26. DISADVANTAGE OF SKIN FLORA
Even resident microbes can cause skin diseases and
enter the blood system creating life-threatening
diseases particularly in immuno suppressed people.
27. WHY ARE ARMPITS
SMELLY?
1. Anaerobic bacteria in the pit use sebum
from sweat glands to produce short
chain fatty acids
2. The sweat and sebum produced by the
pit is naturally aromatic
3. Use of deodorants with antibacterial
substances, inhibit growth of G(+), may
lead to growth of G(-) MOs and infection