The document provides an overview of biochemistry and the key components of cells. It discusses the four main compounds that make up cells - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates like glucose are used for energy, lipids include fats and oils, proteins perform important functions and are made of amino acids, and nucleic acids DNA and RNA control cell activities and inheritance. The document also describes important cell structures like mitochondria and the nucleus, as well as metabolic processes like cellular respiration.

1. 9 th Grade Chapter 7 Lesson 3 Pgs. 180-191 For Student Use Only

2. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life

3. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Parts of the Cell: Lysozome- recycles things in cell Microtubles- transporation Cytoplasm- gel and fuel refueling E.R.- protein and lipid factory Mitochondria- power plant Golgi Apparatus- packs and ships Vacuole- water and food storage Nucleus- control center

4. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Cell has 4 main compounds: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

5. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Biochemistry- study of the chemistry of life Life Processes that use Chemistry Energy Digestion Thinking

6. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Carbohydrates: Energy producing compounds Simple Sugars- (simple carbs) have up to 12 carbons Have 3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms per molecule Glucose- 6 carbon sugar Fructose- (honey) 6 carbon sugar

7. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Photosynthesis: Uses sun to create glucose from CO 2 and H 2 O Glucose= C 6 H 12 O 6 This is the ultimate food for most living things

8. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Complex Sugars: Disaccharides: 2 sugars- Fructose + Glucose= Sucrose (table sugar)- C 12 H 22 O 11 Polysaccharides: many sugars Starches: found in plants Glucogen: found in humans and animals Cellulose: building sugar in plants

9. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Lipids: Chains of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Types of Lipids Fatty Acid- has a carboxylic acid at the end Fats- large molecule- three fatty acids attached to a glycerol Oils- fats that are liquids at room temperature

10. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Types of Fats: Saturated Fats: animal fats and Carbons are connected to as many hydrogens as possible Unsaturated Fats: not full of hydrogens Monounsaturated: lacking one hydrogen Polyunsaturated: contain linoleic acid Hydrogenation- adding hydrogen to make oils thicker

11. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Types of Lipids: Choloesterol: used for horomones, bile, and vitamin D Lipoproteins- cholesterol globs that are encased in a membrane of lipids and proteins LDL- Low Density Lipoproteins HDL- High Density Lipoproteins (better for you)

12. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Proteins: Complex molecules that build cells Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and possibly other elements Made of AMINO ACIDS

13. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Proteins: Compose most structures of the cell Special proteins directly control the chemical activities in the cell AMINO ACIDS: Building blocks of proteins

14. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life AMINO ACIDS: They are 20 amino acids Different combinations= different proteins Some are found in the body Some have to be eaten directly in food

15. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Complete Proteins: Have all essential amino acids Found in meat, eggs, fish, milk and cheese Incomplete Proteins: Are missing essential amino acids Found mostly in vegetables

16. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Amino Acid: Have central carbon bonded to (4): 1 hydrogen 1 amine group 1 Carboxyol group Something that distinguishes one amino acid from another

17. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Fibrous Proteins: Long (fairly) straight chains of amino acids Globular Proteins: Form into tight folds Have intricate three dimensional shapes

18. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Proteins: Enzymes- initiate chemical reactions in the cell Catalyst- speed up reactions but are not changed themselves, enzymes are biocatalysts

19. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Nucleic Acids: Most important proteins Found in DNA and RNA DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid- plans for your body

20. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Importance of DNA: It is found in every cell of every living organism Contains blueprint for every protein in the body Directs constructions of new cells Directs repair and putting together of new and old cells It controls what traits you will pass on to your children

21. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life DNA in Humans 46 Chromosomes (23 pairs) Found in cells nucleus Found in a (ladder) double helix shape Deoxyribose and Phospate backbone Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, Quanine, Cytosine, and Thymine Order of bases create genetic code 3 bases create one amino acid and amino acids make proteins Gene- one segment of DNA

22. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life RNA: Ribonucleic Acid: Messenger Carries DNA code where it needs to go Is a single chain of the code

23. BioChemistry: Chemistry of Life Metabolism: Glucose: most important carbohydrates Cellular Respiration: Takes place in Mitochondria Glucose is broken down into energy, CO 2 and H 2 O ATP: cells energy Called Adenosine Triphosphate Metabolism: uses food energy for body processes