Biomolecule PPT

1. Greater Kolkata College of
Engineering and Management
BIOMOLECULE
NAME- SAIKAT BARICK
DCE-SEM 3 (2023-2024)

2. Chemicals or molecules present in the living organisms are known
as Biomolecules
The sum total of different types of biomolecules, compounds and
ions present in a cell is called as cellular pool
Biomolecules are compounds of carbon.
Hence the chemistry of living organisms is organized around
carbon.Carbon is the most versatile and the most predominant
element of life.
Biomolecules

3. ELEMENT Non living (Earth crust) Living Matter
Hydrogen 0.14 0.5
Carbon 0.03 18.5
Oxygen 46.6 65.0
Nitrogen Very less 3.3
Sulphur 0.03 0.3
Sodium 2.8 0.2
Calcium 3.6 1.5
Magnesium 2.1 0.1
Silicon 27.7 Very less
Inorganic Organic
Minerals
Gases
Water
Carbohydrates
Lipids Amino
acids Proteins
Enzymes
Nucleotides
Nucleic acids
Vitamins
BIOMOLECULES BIOMOLECULES
Minerals
Gases Water
Sugars
Amino acids
nucleotides
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Small sized, low mol wt
Between 18 and 800 daltons
Found in the acid soluble pool
Large sized, high mol wt
Above 10000 daltons
Found in the acid
insoluble pool
Micromolecules Macromolecules

4. Four Classes of
Organic
Compounds:
 Carbohydrate
 Lipid
 Protein
 Nucleic Acid
1
Macromolecules
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Monomers (M)
(Building Blocks)
(Building
Blocks
4 Classes of Organic
Compounds
All
Contain
Carbon
starch
es
cellulose
glycogen
CHO
steroids
oils
fats
waxes
CHO CHONS
CHONP
muscle fibers
cytoskeleton
enzymes
M=
Amino Acids
M=
Nucleotides
M=
Fatty Acids and
Glycerol
M=Sugars
RNA
DNA
Carbohydrates
WE TYPICALLY GET BIOMOLECULES
FROM FOOD… THIS IS WHY WE MUST EAT
IN THE FIRST PLACE! THE BIOMOLECULES
SERVE TO KEEP ORGANISMS ALIVE.

5. #1: CARBOHYDRATES
ARE SUGARS!
We get 4 kilocalories per gram
of carb that we eat!
What are Carbohydrates?
Most common organic molecule
 Function: Primary energy source our body
needs
 Elements present: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio)
 Monomer (building block):
Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common)
 Polymer: Polysaccharides (starch, Glycogen,
Cellulose, Chitin)
 Examples: Chocolate, Bread, Pasta, Fruits,
Vegetables (ALL FROM PLANTS!!!)

6. #2: LIPIDS ARE FATS
We get 9 kcals per gram
Of fat that we consume.
Lipids
 Function: Store energy, Insulates your body,
and make up the cell membrane!
 Elements: C-H-O
 Monomer (Building blocks): glycerol & 3
fatty acids
 Polymer: Phospholipids, triglycerides
 Example: Steroids, cholesterol, fats, Oils,
Nuts, Waxes, and make up part of the cell
membrane!

7.  Lipids are Hydrophobic (water fearing) and do not dissolve in water!
• Lipids can be:
 Saturated: The bonds between all the carbons are single bonds.
Solid at room temperature
Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard)
 Unsaturated: There is at least one double or triple bond between
carbons present.
Liquid at room temperature
Mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as well as oily fish
(Tuna, Sardines)
Important!
Lipids

8. #3: PROTEINS BUILD US
We get 4 kcals per gram
Of protein that we consume.
Function of proteins
 Transport molecules in and out of
the cell
 Control the speed of chemical
reactions
 Used for growth and repair
Proteins make up the structure
of living things…
Hair, nails, skin, bones, muscle,
etc are all built by protein!

9. Proteins
 Elements: C-H-O-N
 Monomer (Building Block):
amino acids (20 different
ones!)
 Polymer: proteins (tons)
 Examples of proteins:
hemoglobin in red blood cells,
albumin in eggs, enzymes that
control reactions in the body,
and antibodies
 Found in: fish, eggs, meat
NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW!
Structure
 Remember: Elements are
C, H, O, and N
 “R” groups represent one
of the 20 Amino Acids!
(so, each amino acid has
something different in
that spot)

10. Why are amino acids important?
• When groups of amino acids are joined together a protein is
formed
• There are 20 kinds of amino acids
• They consist of a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino
group NH2
• Peptide bonds form between amino acids
(polypeptide = many peptide bonds = protein!)

11. #4: NUCLEIC ACIDS
These Biomolecules are not
necessarily from food
Function:
Provide our genetic information
Holds the instructions to make proteins.
Elements: C-H-O-N-P
Monomer : nucleotides
A nucleotide is made up of:
Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U
Polymer: DNA, RNA and ATP
Genetic
code!
Recipe for
proteins
Energy
carrier

12. Structure of Nucleic Acid