The document discusses the four major classes of biological macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers, polymers, and functions of each macromolecule class. It also discusses nutrition and interpreting food labels, noting health effects of obesity like diabetes and heart disease.
This is a PowerPoint presentation for Topic 1 in the Edexcel Biology B A Level course that starts in 2015.
This is a free sample, the full PowerPoint presentation is available to purchase here: https://sellfy.com/MrExham
Concepts in BiochemistryChapter 2Wendy Herndon, BIS, RDH, CDAlleneMcclendon878
Concepts in Biochemistry
Chapter 2
Wendy Herndon, BIS, RDH, CDA
Introduction
Dental professionals need to have a basic understanding of biochemistry
It is the foundation for understanding and applying the concepts of nutrition
What is Biochemistry?
It is the study of life at the molecular level
A molecule is:
The smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance
A biomolecule is
Any molecule that is produced by a living cell or organism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YO244P1e9QM
Metabolism involves
Production and use of energy which can come from dietary carbs, proteins, and lipids
Bioinformation involves
The transfer of biological information from DNA to RNA to protein which carries out all of the processes of life
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA is Ribonucleic acid
3
Fundamentals
Atoms are:
Made of three tiny particles called:
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
An atom itself is made up of three tiny kinds of particles called subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and the neutrons make up the center of the atom called the nucleus and the electrons fly around above the nucleus in a small cloud. All matter is made up of atoms.
4
Fundamentals
Molecules are:
A group of atoms bonded together
An example is when two atoms of hydrogen bond with one atom of oxygen, it forms a water molecule
A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together
5
Fundamentals
The mass of the human body is made of atoms which form molecules (groups of atoms)
Molecules form cells (made up of billions of molecules)
Cells form tissues
Tissues form organs
Organs work together to form systems
Systems form organisms such as a human
Atomic Bonds
Ionic
Ionic bonds form between a positively charged metal and a negatively charged non-metal
An example of an ionic bond is the hydroxyapatite in enamel which is composed of ionic bonds between calcium and phosphate
Atomic Bonds
Covalent
-A covalent bond occurs when two non-metal atoms equally share electrons
-An example of this would be when nitrogen and oxygen bond together to form nitrous oxide
-Laughing gas
Carbon
Element
Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe and is the building block of life on earth
Cells are made of many complex molecules called macromolecules
These include proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), carbohydrates, and lipids
The carbon atom has unique properties that allow it to form covalent bonds to as many as four different atoms, making this versatile element ideal to serve as the basic structural component, or “backbone,” of the macromolecules (many complex molecules)
Main Biomolecules in Nutrition
(any molecule formed by a living cell or organism)
The four major biomolecules are:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
These biomolecules are characterized by the type of polymer or monomer they contain and by their function
A polymer is a large molecule containing repeating units kn ...
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