Grade 10 unit 1

3. Sudarshana Elapatha

4. Sudarshana Elapatha
Grade 10
Sudarshana Elapatha

5. .
Out of them only about 25
elements in the living
body

6. Carbon,
Hydrogen,
Oxygen &
Nitrogen
The most common elements
in the living body

7. Chemical
compounds
Organic
compounds
Inorganic
compounds

8. Essential elements
• Carbon,Hydrogen,Oxygen,Nitrogen
• Phosphorous, Calcium, Sodium.
• Potassium, Magnesium, Sulphur ,
• Iron, Zinc , Chlorine.

9. 18%
65%
10%
4%
2% 1% 0%
Essential Elements
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Calcium
Phosphorous
other

10. 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
percentage
Element
Essential Elements
Sales

11. Organic compounds
Compounds which contain carbon
are known as organic compounds
Organic compounds that
build up living matter are known
as biological molecules.

12. Biological molecules
Carbohydrates Lipids
Nucleic acids Proteins

13. Carbohydrates
Combine Ratio of
H and O is 2:1
Common molecular formula Cx (H2O)y
The most abundant organic
compound on earth
produced during the
photosynthesis
Contain C H O.

14. Carbohy
drates
•Monosaccharides
•Disaccharides
•Polysaccharides

15. Monosaccharides C6H12O6
•Structural unit of carbs
•Properties
–Cristal shape
–Sweet taste
–Water soluble
Simple sugar

16. Monosacchari
des
•Glucose
•Fructose
•Galactose

18. Disaccharides

19. Two Monosaccharides join
to form a Disaccharide.
•During this process a
water molecule is
released
2 C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O

20. Disaccharides
•Maltose
•Sucrose
•Lactoseose

21. Maltose
An intermediate
product of starch
hydrolysis
Common molecular formula C12 H22O11
Can be Seen in
Germinating seeds
Union of two glucose
molecules

22. Sucrose
Glucose + Fructose
Sucrose + Water
Common molecular formula C12 H22O11
Can be Seen in Sugar cane
,Beet, Some fruits
& Phloem sap
Union of a Glucose
molecule with a Fructose

23. Lactose
absent in plants
• Not sweet as Sucrose
Common molecular formula C12 H22O11
Can be Seen in dairy
products
Union of a Glucose
molecule with a
Galactose molecule

24. Polysaccharides
• Many Monosaccharides join
to form a poiysaccharide.
• Polysaccharide is a polymer. It’s
monomer is monosaccharide

25. •Properties
–Not Cristal shape
–Sweetless
–Insoluble in Water
Eg: Cellulose, Starch and glycogen

26. Cellulose
Helps to avoid
constipation
Common molecular formula Cx (H2O)y
Cell wall of plant cells
structural unit is glucose
No nutritional value,

27. Starch
Helps to produce
energy in the body
Common molecular formula Cx (H2O)y
The type of carbohydrate
that stores in plants
structural unit is glucose
Has nutritional value,

28. Glycogen
Helps to produce energy
in the body
Common molecular formula Cx (H2O)y
The type of carbohydrate
that stores in animal body
structural unit is glucose
Has nutritional value,
Can be seen in Animal liver ,
muscles & mushroom

29. Significance of Carbohydrates
• As an energy Source
– Glucose
• As storage compound
– Starch
– Glycogen
• As a structural component in organism
– Cellulose
– Chitin
• As a constituent of Nucleic acid

30. Essential constituent in all living cells.

31. • Constituent elements are
–Carbon(C)
–Hydrogen (H)
–Oxygen (O)
–Nitrogen (N)
–Sometimes Sulphur

32. Protein is a complex
molecule made up of
polymerized amino acids.
Protein is a polymer. It’s
monomer is amino acids

33. Foods rich with proteins.
Meat , fish , egg white cereals

34. Amino acid
Amino group Carboxyl group

35. • The simplest Amino acid is glycine
H
Due to the change in R group, 20 different
amino acids are present.

36. • As an energy source
When energy supply from
Lipids and Carbohydrates is
not sufficient protein is used
in energy generation.
Significance of Proteins

37. To make structural components
• Proteins are important components in
making cell membrane.
• Other than that collagen protein is a
component of connective tissues in
animals.
• Hairs & feathers also contain keratin
protein.

38. • As enzymes
All the bio-chemical
reactions take place in
organisms are catalyzed by
enzymes. The enzymes are
proteins.

39. • As hormones
–Some hormones are proteins
which involve in homeostasis
& coordination of
organisms.

40. • As antibodies
–The antibodies that are
produced in the body to protect
the body against
microorganisms that enter into
the body are proteins

41. Lipids

42. • Fats & oils belong to this
group.
–Lipids which are solid at
room temperature are called
fats and
–liquids are called oils

43. LipidsCombine Ratio of
H and O is much higher
soluble in organic solvents.
insoluble in polar solvents
including water
Contain C H O.

44. •Fatty acids & glycerol
react to form Lipids.
Fatty acids + glycerol Lipids + Water

45. •Saturated fatty acids
• If the Carbon atom contains the
maximum number of Hydrogen
atoms then they are called
saturated fatty acids.
• Saturated fatty acids exist in
room temperature as solids or
semi-solids.

46. Significance of Lipids
• As an energy source
–More energy is produced during burning
of lipids.
• To form different structural
components
–Lipid is one of the most important
compounds in cell membrane.
• (Specially phospholipids & cholesterol)

47. • For conservation of water
– cutin present on the surface of the plant body
• To maintain the body temperature
– Warm blooded animals such as birds and
mammals possess a hypodermal fat layer which
acts as a thermal insulator. It helps to maintain
their body temperature.

48. • To protect internal body organs
–The fat layer surrounds the organs
& structures in the body and
absorbs external shocks.
• To synthesize some hormones
–Some Hormones of vertebrates
(Oestrogen, testosterone, Cortisol)

49. Unsaturated fatty acids
• If the Carbon atom does not
contain the maximum number
of Hydrogen atoms, they are
called unsaturated fatty acids.
• Unsaturated fatty acids exist in
room temperature as liquids.

50. Nucleic Acids

51. NucleicAcid linear polymer
made up with
nucleotides
importantin genetical
aspect.
two types. DNA & RNA
Contain C H O N P .

52. Nucleic acid is a complex
molecule made up of
polymerized nucleotides.
Nucleic acid is a polymer.
It’s monomer is nucleotides

53. Nucleotide is made up of 3
components.
1. Nitrogenous base
2. Pentose sugar group
3. Phosphate group

55. DNA
• The structural unit of DNA is
Deoxy ribo Nucleotide.
• DNA transfers genetic
characteristics from generation
to generation

56. RNA
•The structural unit of
RNA is Ribo nucleotide.
•Protein synthesis is the
function of RNA.

57. Significance of Nucleic acid
• Important in storage of genetic
information of organisms.
• Important in transferring genetic
information from generation to
generation.
• Important in protein synthesis
process.

58. • Important in controlling all cellular
activities in a cell. The information to
• control cellular activities is present in
DNA.
• RNA is important in storing genetic
information of some viruses.
• The variations occur in DNA due to
mutations are important in evolution

60. Water H2O
• Water is an inorganic compound
• 2/3 rd of the body weight of most
of organisms is by water.
• water is an essential medium for
the maintenance life.

61. Physical properties
•Colourless
•No any smell
•No any taste
•pH value is 7

62. Specific properties of water
• A good solvent
• Act as a respiratory medium
• Helps to regulate body temperature
• As a transport medium
• As a living environment for
organisms

63. As a solvent
• Provides a medium for bio-
chemical reactions
• The main constituent in the
extra-cellular fluids of
organisms.
• Facilitates removal of
excretory material

64. Act as a respiratory medium
• Important in respiration of
aquatic organisms as Oxygen
(O2) is soluble in water.

65. Helps to regulate body temperature
• Due to high specific heat capacity
the body temperature does not
fluctuate quickly with changes in
the environment.

66. As a transport medium
• Water is the main constituent of blood,
• it helps to transport nutrients, vitamins &
hormones
• Transports water to the upper parts of the
plant due to high cohesive & adhesive
force of water molecules

67. • Density of water is higher than density of ice.
When ice is formed they come to top layers of
water keeping water as it is in the bottom.
This provides living environment for aquatic
organisms.

68. Mineralsmaintain the life processes

69. Minerals absorbed
as trace or macro
elements into the
body

70. macro elements
The elements needed
in higher amounts
are known as
macro elements

71. trace elements
The elements needed
in small amounts
are known as
trace elements.

72. The elements are required
in small amounts.
But when they are not
present in correct
amounts,

73. Nitrogen
constituent of
amino acid,
proteins,
nucleic acid and
chlorophyll

74. • Retardation in growth
• Chlorosis in leaves

75. Phosphorous
•constituent of
–nucleic acid & ATP
• Retarded growth of roots
• Red and purple patches on leaves

76. Potassium
• Protein synthesis
• Control the activity of stomata
Chlorosis in leaves
Yellow or brown patches in
leaves

77. Iron
• Synthesis of chlorophylls
• Synthesis of respiratory enzymes
Chlorosis in tender leaves

78. Calcium
• Component of cell wall
• To maintain the structure &
functions of plasma
membrane
• For the Activity of enzymes

79. • Death of tissues and tips of the
leaves

80. Zinc
• For the activity of most
• enzymes Synthesis of chlorophyll
• Dead cells & tissues
throughout the plant.
• Extra thickness in leaves

82. Vitamin
Uses

83. Uses
Formation of visual pigments
important in eye vision
To keep skin healthy & fair

84. Vitamin
Deficiency Symptoms

85. Deficiency Symptoms
• Night blindness
• Bito patches in the eye
• Dryness in the skin
• Blisters on knees & elbow
• Diseases associated with
• respiratory tract

86. Cramp
•painful involuntary
contraction of a muscle or
muscles, typically caused
by fatigue or strain.

87. Nausea
a feeling of sickness
with an inclination to
vomit

88. Diarrhoea
• (United States diarrhea)
• a condition in which faeces
are discharged from the
bowels frequently and in a
liquid form

89. Rickets
• a disease of children caused by vitamin D
deficiency, characterized by softening and
distortion of the bones typically resulting in
bow legs.

90. ragile
•easily broken or
damaged.
•not strong or sturdy.

91. Anaemia
• (United States anemia)
• A condition in which there is a
deficiency of red cells or
haemoglobin in the blood,
resulting in pallor (an
unhealthy pale appearance.)
• and weariness.( tiredness )

92. Chlorosis
• Loss of the normal green
coloration of leaves, caused by
mineral deficiency, disease, or
lack of light.

93. Blister
•A small bubble on the
skin filled with serum and
typically caused by
friction or burning.

94. beriberi
a disease causing
inflammation of the nerves
and heart failure, ascribed to
a deficiency of vitamin B1.

95. Osteoporosis
• a medical condition in which
the bones become brittle
from loss of tissue, typically
due to hormonal changes,
or deficiency of calcium or
vitamin D.

96. • premature
• 1 occurring or done before the
proper time.
• 2 (of a baby) born before the
end of the full term of
gestation, especially three or
more weeks before.

97. Gum 2
•The firm area of flesh
around the roots of the
teeth in the jaw.

98. • Curvy
• a disease caused by a
deficiency of vitamin C,
characterized by swollen
bleeding gums and the
opening of previously healed
wounds.