The document summarizes the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit and 8-bit processors like the Intel 4004 and 8080 to modern 64-bit processors. It describes several key processors throughout history like the Intel 8085, an 8-bit processor that was popular in the late 1970s/early 1980s. The document also provides details on the architecture and features of the Intel 8085 microprocessor, including its registers, ALU, address and data buses, instruction set, and interrupt handling capabilities.
The document summarizes the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit and 8-bit processors like the Intel 4004 and 8080 to modern 64-bit processors. It describes several generations of microprocessors including their increasing transistor counts, decreasing feature sizes, higher clock speeds, and wider data buses. It also discusses the evolution into different categories like dedicated controllers, bit-slice processors, and general purpose CPUs. Key microprocessors highlighted include the Intel 4004, 8008, 8080, 8085, 8086, 80386, and Pentium lines.
The document summarizes the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit and 8-bit processors like the Intel 4004 and 8080 to modern 64-bit processors. It describes several generations of microprocessors including their increasing transistor counts, decreasing feature sizes, higher clock speeds, and wider data buses. It also discusses the evolution into different categories like dedicated controllers, bit-slice processors, and general purpose CPUs. Key microprocessors highlighted include the Intel 4004, 8008, 8080, 8085, 8086, 80386, and Pentium lines.
The document discusses the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit and 8-bit processors like the Intel 4004 and 8080, to modern 32-bit and 64-bit processors. It describes several generations and types of microprocessors, including early dedicated controllers, bit-slice processors that could be customized, and general purpose CPUs. Key microprocessors discussed include the Intel 4004, 8008, 8080, 8085, 8086, 80386, and Pentium as well as the Motorola 6800 and 68000. The architecture and features of 8-bit microprocessors like the 8085 and Z80 are explained in detail.
The document provides information about a microprocessor and microcontroller course. It includes details about the 8086 microprocessor such as its architecture, registers, buses, instruction set, and flag register. It discusses the 8086's internal architecture which consists of a bus interface unit and execution unit. The execution unit decodes and executes instructions, and contains components like the ALU, general purpose registers, and flag register. The document also provides a brief history of microprocessor development from early 4-bit and 8-bit processors to modern 64-bit processors.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a course on microprocessors and their applications. The course aims to introduce students to the architecture, programming, and interfacing of 8085 and 8086 microprocessors as well as 8051 microcontrollers. The five units cover the 8085 CPU and peripheral interfacing, 8086 CPU, 8051 microcontroller hardware and programming, and 8051 applications. Students will learn about microprocessor components, assembly language programming, timing diagrams, interrupts, memory interfacing, and interfacing with devices like serial ports, parallel ports, keyboards, displays, and sensors. Reference textbooks are provided for each topic.
Ec6504 microprocessor and microcontrollerSenthil Kumar
This document provides information about the 8086 microprocessor architecture. It describes how the 8086 CPU is divided into two units: the Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and the Execution Unit (EU). The BIU handles data and address transfers between memory and I/O, while the EU decodes instructions and performs operations. The 8086 uses a queue to prefetch and store up to 6 instruction bytes to improve performance. It can perform 16-bit word reads from memory in one operation if the data is stored at an even address, but requires two operations for odd addresses.
The document provides information about the microprocessor 8085, including its pin configuration, functional blocks, interrupts, and history. It begins with an overview of the 8085 pinout and architecture, describing the functions of pins like crystal inputs, reset inputs/outputs, and serial I/O pins. It then covers the different types of interrupts the 8085 can receive, such as TRAP, RST, and INTR interrupts, and how interrupts are prioritized and handled. The document concludes with a brief timeline of Intel microprocessor developments from the early 4004 to multi-core 64-bit processors.
This document provides an introduction to the 8085 microprocessor. It discusses the basic concepts of microprocessors including the internal components of a microprocessor like the ALU and control unit. It describes the different parts of the 8085 architecture like the accumulator, registers, flags, and arithmetic logic unit. It also explains the addressing modes, instruction set, and interrupts of the 8085 microprocessor. Various instructions of the 8085 like data transfer, arithmetic, and logic instructions are discussed along with examples.
The document summarizes the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit and 8-bit processors like the Intel 4004 and 8080 to modern 64-bit processors. It describes several generations of microprocessors including their increasing transistor counts, decreasing feature sizes, higher clock speeds, and wider data buses. It also discusses the evolution into different categories like dedicated controllers, bit-slice processors, and general purpose CPUs. Key microprocessors highlighted include the Intel 4004, 8008, 8080, 8085, 8086, 80386, and Pentium lines.
The document summarizes the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit and 8-bit processors like the Intel 4004 and 8080 to modern 64-bit processors. It describes several generations of microprocessors including their increasing transistor counts, decreasing feature sizes, higher clock speeds, and wider data buses. It also discusses the evolution into different categories like dedicated controllers, bit-slice processors, and general purpose CPUs. Key microprocessors highlighted include the Intel 4004, 8008, 8080, 8085, 8086, 80386, and Pentium lines.
The document discusses the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit and 8-bit processors like the Intel 4004 and 8080, to modern 32-bit and 64-bit processors. It describes several generations and types of microprocessors, including early dedicated controllers, bit-slice processors that could be customized, and general purpose CPUs. Key microprocessors discussed include the Intel 4004, 8008, 8080, 8085, 8086, 80386, and Pentium as well as the Motorola 6800 and 68000. The architecture and features of 8-bit microprocessors like the 8085 and Z80 are explained in detail.
The document provides information about a microprocessor and microcontroller course. It includes details about the 8086 microprocessor such as its architecture, registers, buses, instruction set, and flag register. It discusses the 8086's internal architecture which consists of a bus interface unit and execution unit. The execution unit decodes and executes instructions, and contains components like the ALU, general purpose registers, and flag register. The document also provides a brief history of microprocessor development from early 4-bit and 8-bit processors to modern 64-bit processors.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a course on microprocessors and their applications. The course aims to introduce students to the architecture, programming, and interfacing of 8085 and 8086 microprocessors as well as 8051 microcontrollers. The five units cover the 8085 CPU and peripheral interfacing, 8086 CPU, 8051 microcontroller hardware and programming, and 8051 applications. Students will learn about microprocessor components, assembly language programming, timing diagrams, interrupts, memory interfacing, and interfacing with devices like serial ports, parallel ports, keyboards, displays, and sensors. Reference textbooks are provided for each topic.
Ec6504 microprocessor and microcontrollerSenthil Kumar
This document provides information about the 8086 microprocessor architecture. It describes how the 8086 CPU is divided into two units: the Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and the Execution Unit (EU). The BIU handles data and address transfers between memory and I/O, while the EU decodes instructions and performs operations. The 8086 uses a queue to prefetch and store up to 6 instruction bytes to improve performance. It can perform 16-bit word reads from memory in one operation if the data is stored at an even address, but requires two operations for odd addresses.
The document provides information about the microprocessor 8085, including its pin configuration, functional blocks, interrupts, and history. It begins with an overview of the 8085 pinout and architecture, describing the functions of pins like crystal inputs, reset inputs/outputs, and serial I/O pins. It then covers the different types of interrupts the 8085 can receive, such as TRAP, RST, and INTR interrupts, and how interrupts are prioritized and handled. The document concludes with a brief timeline of Intel microprocessor developments from the early 4004 to multi-core 64-bit processors.
This document provides an introduction to the 8085 microprocessor. It discusses the basic concepts of microprocessors including the internal components of a microprocessor like the ALU and control unit. It describes the different parts of the 8085 architecture like the accumulator, registers, flags, and arithmetic logic unit. It also explains the addressing modes, instruction set, and interrupts of the 8085 microprocessor. Various instructions of the 8085 like data transfer, arithmetic, and logic instructions are discussed along with examples.
Microprocessors have evolved significantly since their invention in the 1970s. Starting with early chips like the 4004 and 8008, microprocessors powered the computer revolution and are now found in most electronic devices. Advancements led to increased processing power and capabilities over generations. Modern microprocessors use 64-bit architecture and are found not just in computers but also appliances, vehicles, phones, and other consumer products, demonstrating the wide proliferation and impact of these fundamental computing components.
This document provides an introduction to microprocessors and the 8085 microprocessor architecture. It defines a microprocessor as a programmable device that processes binary numbers according to a stored program. The document describes the components of a microprocessor system including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, registers, and memory subsystem. It explains the fetch-decode-execute instruction cycle and discusses machine language and assembly language. The document focuses on the 8085 microprocessor, describing its register structure, flag register, pin functions, and instruction set.
The document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller, including its features, applications, evolution, and architecture. Specifically, it discusses the 8051's 4K bytes of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, four 8-bit I/O ports, two 16-bit timers, serial interface, and 64K external memory spaces. It also describes the 8051's registers, memory mapping, ports, timers/counters, and interrupt system. The document traces the evolution of microcontrollers from the Motorola 6801 in 1976 to modern 32-bit ARM and Intel processors used in devices like mobile phones.
This document provides an introduction to microcomputers and microprocessors. It discusses how a microprocessor is the central processing unit (CPU) of a microcomputer. A microcomputer system consists of a CPU (microprocessor), memory, and input/output devices connected by buses. The document then traces the evolution of microprocessors from the first 4-bit Intel 4004 in 1971 to more advanced 32-bit and 64-bit processors over subsequent decades. It provides details on characteristics of important processors like the Intel 8085, 8086, 80386, and Pentium series. The document concludes with information on the internal structure of the Intel 8085 microprocessor.
The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor. It provides details on its architecture, components, registers, addressing modes, and applications. The key points are:
1. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that serves as the central processing unit of a computer. It contains an ALU, registers, and a control unit.
2. It has general purpose registers like the accumulator, flags, program counter, and stack pointer. Instructions are fetched and executed sequentially.
3. The 8085 supports various addressing modes like immediate, register, direct, and indirect addressing to access memory locations and transfer data.
4. Microprocessors are used in applications like instrumentation, control systems, communication devices,
The document discusses the history and types of microprocessors. It notes that the microprocessor was born out of reducing the word size of CPUs to fit logic circuits onto a single integrated circuit. It then discusses notable 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit microprocessor designs from companies like Intel, Motorola, and Texas Instruments. The document also covers topics like RISC processors, multi-core processors, special-purpose microprocessors, and common microprocessor architectures.
This document provides information about the Microprocessors and Microcontrollers course EE8551. After completing the course, students will gain knowledge and be eligible for positions like Electronics Engineer, IOT Engineer, and Embedded Developer. The course will impart knowledge on topics like the architecture of 8085 and 8051 microprocessors and microcontrollers, addressing modes, interrupts, and programming in assembly language. It will develop the ability to explain microprocessor architecture and write assembly programs. The document then provides background information on microprocessors, their applications, evolution of Intel processors, architecture of 8085 processor, and interrupt concepts in 8085.
The document provides an overview of microprocessors and the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It discusses the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit designs to modern 32-bit and 64-bit designs. It then describes the key components and architecture of the Intel 8085, an early 8-bit microprocessor, including its 40-pin interface, address bus, data bus, registers, arithmetic logic unit, and interrupt controls. Finally, it provides a functional block diagram of the 8085, highlighting its main components like the ALU, registers, instruction decoder, and interrupt controls.
The document discusses the history and applications of microprocessors. It begins with an informal definition of a microprocessor as the "brain" of a computer contained on a single chip. It then discusses how microprocessors can be found in general purpose computers, embedded systems, and special purpose devices. The history section outlines some of the earliest and most advanced microprocessors developed by Intel, from the 4004 in 1971 to the Pentium 4 in the early 2000s, showing the rapid increase in capabilities. The document concludes by discussing the basic components and architecture of microprocessor systems.
Introduction of Motorola microprocessors
Designers
Motorola microprocessor family
Motorola 6800 Microprocessor Family
Variations of 6800
Motorola 680x0 Microprocessor Family
Motorola PowerPC Family
Features of MC6800 Microprocessor
Memory of MC6800 Microprocessor
This document provides information about the 8051 microcontroller. It begins by defining a microcontroller as a programmable digital processor with necessary peripherals. It then compares microcontrollers to microprocessors, noting that microcontrollers have on-chip memory and peripherals while microprocessors require external memory and interfacing ICs. The document proceeds to describe the evolution and development of popular microcontrollers and microprocessors over time. It provides details on the architecture of the 8051 microcontroller, including its registers, memory, and special function registers. It concludes by outlining the two power saving modes - idle mode and power down mode - of the 8051 microcontroller.
The document discusses the architecture and features of the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It can address up to 64KB of memory using its 16-bit address bus. It has an 8-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and six 8-bit general purpose registers that can be combined into register pairs. The control unit provides timing and control signals. The 8085 has interrupt capabilities and can perform serial I/O communication. It requires a single +5V power supply and operates at speeds up to 3MHz.
This document discusses the internal architecture and pin configuration of the 8085 microprocessor. It contains the following key points:
- The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that can address 64KB of memory and has 40 pins. It operates at a maximum frequency of 3MHz.
- The internal architecture of the 8085 includes registers, an ALU, instruction decoder, address buffer, and timing/control circuitry. It has general purpose registers, temporary registers, and special purpose registers.
- The 8085 has 16 address lines split into two 8-bit segments, as well as control/status signals like RD, WR, INT, and ALE. It uses pins for power supply, clock signals
This document provides information about microprocessors and their evolution. It discusses how millions of transistors on a single chip can perform arithmetic and logical operations. The world's first microprocessor was developed in 1968-70 for use in military aircraft. Intel later launched the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004, in 1971. The document traces the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 4004 through various generations and models. It describes how microprocessors are used in a wide range of devices and outlines the key topics to be covered in a course on microprocessors.
The document discusses the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It is an 8-bit microprocessor from Intel, introduced in 1976. It has an internal architecture consisting of an arithmetic logic unit, timing and control unit, and registers. It has 40 pins, uses a 5V power supply, has a clock speed of around 3MHz, and contains 80 basic instructions. The document provides a block diagram of the Intel 8085 and describes its status flags and pin configuration.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
This document provides information about microcontrollers and the Intel 8051 microcontroller. It begins with definitions of microprocessors and microcontrollers, distinguishing that microcontrollers contain memory and I/O ports on a single chip. The Intel 8051 microcontroller is then described in detail, including its architecture, features such as 4KB program memory, 128 bytes of RAM, and I/O ports. Development tools for microcontrollers like editors, assemblers, compilers and debuggers are explained. Finally, the architecture and features of the 8051 like registers, program counter, and stack are outlined.
This document provides information about microcontrollers and the Intel 8051 microcontroller. It begins with definitions of microprocessors and microcontrollers, distinguishing that microcontrollers contain memory and I/O ports on a single chip. The Intel 8051 microcontroller is then described in detail, including its architecture, features such as 4KB program memory, 128 bytes of RAM, and I/O ports. Development tools for microcontrollers like editors, assemblers, compilers and debuggers are explained. Finally, the architecture and features of the 8051 like registers, program counter, and stack are outlined.
Microprocessors have evolved significantly since their invention in the 1970s. Starting with early chips like the 4004 and 8008, microprocessors powered the computer revolution and are now found in most electronic devices. Advancements led to increased processing power and capabilities over generations. Modern microprocessors use 64-bit architecture and are found not just in computers but also appliances, vehicles, phones, and other consumer products, demonstrating the wide proliferation and impact of these fundamental computing components.
This document provides an introduction to microprocessors and the 8085 microprocessor architecture. It defines a microprocessor as a programmable device that processes binary numbers according to a stored program. The document describes the components of a microprocessor system including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, registers, and memory subsystem. It explains the fetch-decode-execute instruction cycle and discusses machine language and assembly language. The document focuses on the 8085 microprocessor, describing its register structure, flag register, pin functions, and instruction set.
The document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller, including its features, applications, evolution, and architecture. Specifically, it discusses the 8051's 4K bytes of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, four 8-bit I/O ports, two 16-bit timers, serial interface, and 64K external memory spaces. It also describes the 8051's registers, memory mapping, ports, timers/counters, and interrupt system. The document traces the evolution of microcontrollers from the Motorola 6801 in 1976 to modern 32-bit ARM and Intel processors used in devices like mobile phones.
This document provides an introduction to microcomputers and microprocessors. It discusses how a microprocessor is the central processing unit (CPU) of a microcomputer. A microcomputer system consists of a CPU (microprocessor), memory, and input/output devices connected by buses. The document then traces the evolution of microprocessors from the first 4-bit Intel 4004 in 1971 to more advanced 32-bit and 64-bit processors over subsequent decades. It provides details on characteristics of important processors like the Intel 8085, 8086, 80386, and Pentium series. The document concludes with information on the internal structure of the Intel 8085 microprocessor.
The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor. It provides details on its architecture, components, registers, addressing modes, and applications. The key points are:
1. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that serves as the central processing unit of a computer. It contains an ALU, registers, and a control unit.
2. It has general purpose registers like the accumulator, flags, program counter, and stack pointer. Instructions are fetched and executed sequentially.
3. The 8085 supports various addressing modes like immediate, register, direct, and indirect addressing to access memory locations and transfer data.
4. Microprocessors are used in applications like instrumentation, control systems, communication devices,
The document discusses the history and types of microprocessors. It notes that the microprocessor was born out of reducing the word size of CPUs to fit logic circuits onto a single integrated circuit. It then discusses notable 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit microprocessor designs from companies like Intel, Motorola, and Texas Instruments. The document also covers topics like RISC processors, multi-core processors, special-purpose microprocessors, and common microprocessor architectures.
This document provides information about the Microprocessors and Microcontrollers course EE8551. After completing the course, students will gain knowledge and be eligible for positions like Electronics Engineer, IOT Engineer, and Embedded Developer. The course will impart knowledge on topics like the architecture of 8085 and 8051 microprocessors and microcontrollers, addressing modes, interrupts, and programming in assembly language. It will develop the ability to explain microprocessor architecture and write assembly programs. The document then provides background information on microprocessors, their applications, evolution of Intel processors, architecture of 8085 processor, and interrupt concepts in 8085.
The document provides an overview of microprocessors and the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It discusses the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit designs to modern 32-bit and 64-bit designs. It then describes the key components and architecture of the Intel 8085, an early 8-bit microprocessor, including its 40-pin interface, address bus, data bus, registers, arithmetic logic unit, and interrupt controls. Finally, it provides a functional block diagram of the 8085, highlighting its main components like the ALU, registers, instruction decoder, and interrupt controls.
The document discusses the history and applications of microprocessors. It begins with an informal definition of a microprocessor as the "brain" of a computer contained on a single chip. It then discusses how microprocessors can be found in general purpose computers, embedded systems, and special purpose devices. The history section outlines some of the earliest and most advanced microprocessors developed by Intel, from the 4004 in 1971 to the Pentium 4 in the early 2000s, showing the rapid increase in capabilities. The document concludes by discussing the basic components and architecture of microprocessor systems.
Introduction of Motorola microprocessors
Designers
Motorola microprocessor family
Motorola 6800 Microprocessor Family
Variations of 6800
Motorola 680x0 Microprocessor Family
Motorola PowerPC Family
Features of MC6800 Microprocessor
Memory of MC6800 Microprocessor
This document provides information about the 8051 microcontroller. It begins by defining a microcontroller as a programmable digital processor with necessary peripherals. It then compares microcontrollers to microprocessors, noting that microcontrollers have on-chip memory and peripherals while microprocessors require external memory and interfacing ICs. The document proceeds to describe the evolution and development of popular microcontrollers and microprocessors over time. It provides details on the architecture of the 8051 microcontroller, including its registers, memory, and special function registers. It concludes by outlining the two power saving modes - idle mode and power down mode - of the 8051 microcontroller.
The document discusses the architecture and features of the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It can address up to 64KB of memory using its 16-bit address bus. It has an 8-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and six 8-bit general purpose registers that can be combined into register pairs. The control unit provides timing and control signals. The 8085 has interrupt capabilities and can perform serial I/O communication. It requires a single +5V power supply and operates at speeds up to 3MHz.
This document discusses the internal architecture and pin configuration of the 8085 microprocessor. It contains the following key points:
- The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that can address 64KB of memory and has 40 pins. It operates at a maximum frequency of 3MHz.
- The internal architecture of the 8085 includes registers, an ALU, instruction decoder, address buffer, and timing/control circuitry. It has general purpose registers, temporary registers, and special purpose registers.
- The 8085 has 16 address lines split into two 8-bit segments, as well as control/status signals like RD, WR, INT, and ALE. It uses pins for power supply, clock signals
This document provides information about microprocessors and their evolution. It discusses how millions of transistors on a single chip can perform arithmetic and logical operations. The world's first microprocessor was developed in 1968-70 for use in military aircraft. Intel later launched the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004, in 1971. The document traces the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 4004 through various generations and models. It describes how microprocessors are used in a wide range of devices and outlines the key topics to be covered in a course on microprocessors.
The document discusses the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It is an 8-bit microprocessor from Intel, introduced in 1976. It has an internal architecture consisting of an arithmetic logic unit, timing and control unit, and registers. It has 40 pins, uses a 5V power supply, has a clock speed of around 3MHz, and contains 80 basic instructions. The document provides a block diagram of the Intel 8085 and describes its status flags and pin configuration.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
This document provides information about microcontrollers and the Intel 8051 microcontroller. It begins with definitions of microprocessors and microcontrollers, distinguishing that microcontrollers contain memory and I/O ports on a single chip. The Intel 8051 microcontroller is then described in detail, including its architecture, features such as 4KB program memory, 128 bytes of RAM, and I/O ports. Development tools for microcontrollers like editors, assemblers, compilers and debuggers are explained. Finally, the architecture and features of the 8051 like registers, program counter, and stack are outlined.
This document provides information about microcontrollers and the Intel 8051 microcontroller. It begins with definitions of microprocessors and microcontrollers, distinguishing that microcontrollers contain memory and I/O ports on a single chip. The Intel 8051 microcontroller is then described in detail, including its architecture, features such as 4KB program memory, 128 bytes of RAM, and I/O ports. Development tools for microcontrollers like editors, assemblers, compilers and debuggers are explained. Finally, the architecture and features of the 8051 like registers, program counter, and stack are outlined.
The document traces the history and development of microprocessors from 1971 to the present. It begins with the Intel 4004, the first commercial microprocessor released in 1971. Important subsequent microprocessors included the Intel 8080 in 1974 and 8085 in 1977. The Pentium brand was introduced in 1993 and included 64-bit x86 instruction sets. The Core 2 brand from 2006 featured single, dual, and quad-core processors. The document also provides basic explanations of how microprocessors work and their components like the ALU, registers, and control unit.
The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor. It provides details on its architecture, components, registers, addressing modes, and applications. Some key points:
- The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that serves as the central processing unit of a computer. It contains an ALU, registers, flag registers and more.
- It has various addressing modes like immediate, register, direct, and indirect to access memory locations and transfer data.
- Registers like the accumulator, program counter, and stack pointer help process instructions and move data. Flag registers store status codes.
- Applications include uses in calculators, industrial controllers, communication systems, office automation, and more due to its low cost
The document discusses the history and architecture of microprocessors. It begins with the earliest 4-bit microprocessor, the Intel 4004 from 1971. It then covers the development of 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and now modern 64-bit microprocessors. The core components of a microprocessor including the ALU, registers, and control unit are described. Specific examples like the Intel 8085 8-bit microprocessor are explained in detail, including its architecture, registers, flags, and sample assembly language programs.
To understand the basic concepts of 8085 microprocessor, microcontroller. The students will also learn about the programming methods and integration of peripherals to the micro-controller.
Microprocessors and microcontrollers both have CPUs and are used for real-time applications, but they differ in key ways. Microprocessors are standalone chips that require external memory and I/O devices, have higher clock speeds, and are more versatile. Microcontrollers integrate CPU, memory, and I/O on a single chip, have lower clock speeds, and are cheaper and used for embedded systems. The 8085 was an early 8-bit microprocessor from Intel that had 40 pins, accessed 64KB of memory, and was used in early PCs and instruments.
The document discusses data acquisition systems. It provides an overview of data acquisition hardware and software. The key points are:
1. Data acquisition systems are used to measure or control physical characteristics in the real world by acquiring data through sensors, conditioning signals, converting to digital, and storing.
2. Data acquisition hardware interfaces sensors to a computer and can include modules, cards, and standards like CAMAC, Ethernet, and USB.
3. Data acquisition software is needed for the hardware to work with a PC and includes programming languages like C++, BASIC, and LabView.
4. Benefits of data acquisition systems include reduced data redundancy, improved integrity, and lower costs.
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND IOT lab manual for enginnering studentseceprinter6
This document outlines the course objectives and units of an embedded systems and IoT course. The course aims to teach students about embedded processor architecture and programming, interfacing I/O devices, the evolution of the Internet of Things, and building low-cost embedded and IoT systems using platforms like Arduino and Raspberry Pi. The units cover topics like 8-bit embedded processors, embedded C programming, IoT and Arduino programming, IoT communication protocols, and applications development for home automation, smart agriculture, and smart cities.
MPMC UNIT-1. Microprocessor 8085 pdf Microprocessor and MicrocontrollerRAHUL RANJAN
Diploma in Electrical Engineering MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER UNIT-1 Full Notes 📝 Microprocessor 8085 State Board Of Technical Education [SBTE] BIHAR
The document discusses the history and features of the 8051 microcontroller family. It specifically focuses on the AT89S52 microcontroller, which was introduced by Atmel in the 1980s. Key points include:
- The AT89S52 has 8K bytes of Flash memory, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, timers, serial port, and interrupts. It is compatible with the 8051 instruction set.
- It operates from 0-33MHz and has various power saving modes. It has features like watchdog timer, dual data pointers, and ISP programming.
- The document discusses the advantages of using a microcontroller over a microprocessor for embedded applications in terms of cost, size
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT EMBEDDED SYSTEM.pptxMeghdeepSingh
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and microcontrollers. It defines a microcontroller as a single-chip computer containing memory, input/output circuitry, and other components to function without additional support. The document describes the features and components of a typical microcontroller, including registers, instruction sets, addressing modes, and peripherals. It compares microcontrollers to microprocessors and provides examples of using LEDs and 7-segment displays with microcontrollers.
The document provides an introduction to microcontrollers, specifically the PIC16F877A microcontroller. It defines what a microcontroller is, compares microcontroller and microcomputer systems, and lists examples of embedded systems. It then describes the features and internal structure of the PIC16F877A microcontroller, including its program memory, data memory, I/O ports, and instruction set. The summary concludes by stating the PIC16F877A is a popular microcontroller due to its low cost, wide availability, and extensive support resources.
The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor. It presents information about its features, pin configuration, architecture, registers, bus structure, advantages, and disadvantages. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor with 8 data lines, 16 address lines, and a clock frequency of 3MHz. It has features like 8-bit operations, 64KB memory capacity, and 74 instructions with 5 addressing modes. The document concludes that while the 8085 had benefits like a 5V power supply, it also had limitations like low speed and small memory that led to later versions like the 8086.
The document provides an introduction to microcontrollers, specifically focusing on the Intel 8051 microcontroller. It defines microcontrollers and distinguishes them from microprocessors by noting that microcontrollers contain peripherals like RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timers on a single chip, while microprocessors require external circuitry. It then describes the architecture and features of the Intel 8051 microcontroller, including its 4KB program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, 32 general purpose registers, two timers, interrupts and I/O ports. Development tools for microcontrollers like editors, assemblers, compilers and debuggers/simulators are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of microprocessors. It discusses how the invention of the transistor led to the development of integrated circuits and eventually microprocessors. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 designed in 1971. This began the shift to smaller and more affordable personal computers. The document then discusses the architecture of the 8085 microprocessor, including its arithmetic logic unit, registers, buses, and classification based on data width and application.
This document provides an introduction to microprocessors. It defines a microprocessor as a CPU constructed on a single silicon chip. The document then discusses computer hardware components like the CPU and memory. It also outlines some common microprocessor families that are featured in the textbook like the 6502, 6800, 8080/8085/Z80, and 8086/8088. Finally, it mentions some ways to access microprocessors like using computers, microprocessor trainers, and software emulation programs.
Chances are you have a Wi-Fi network at home, or live close to one (or more) that tantalizingly pops up in a list whenever you boot up the laptop.
The problem is, if there's a lock next to the network name (AKA the SSID, or service set identifier), that indicates security is activated. Without the password or passphrase, you're not going to get access to that network, or the sweet, sweet internet that goes with it.
A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is a malicious attempt to disrupt normal traffic of a targeted server, service or network by overwhelming the target or its surrounding infrastructure with a flood of Internet traffic. DDoS attacks achieve effectiveness by utilizing multiple compromised computer systems as sources of attack traffic. Exploited machines can include computers and other networked resources such as IoT devices. From a high level, a DDoS attack is like a traffic jam clogging up with highway, preventing regular traffic from arriving at its desired destination.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
There are two methods for interfacing memory and I/O devices with a microprocessor: I/O mapped I/O and memory mapped I/O. I/O mapped I/O treats I/O devices and memory separately, while memory mapped I/O treats I/O devices as memory. I/O mapped I/O can use either 8 or 16 address lines, allowing connection of up to 256 fixed I/O devices or 65,536 variable I/O devices. Specific instructions like IN, OUT, and MOV are used to access I/O ports depending on whether it is fixed or variable addressing.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
This document discusses procedures, macros, and stack operations in assembly language. It explains that procedures allow repetitive code to be written once and called multiple times to save memory. Procedures use stack operations to push return addresses and data onto the stack. Macros simplify programming by reducing repetitive code. Procedures are called at runtime, while macro calls are replaced with their body at assembly time.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
Procedures and macros allow code to be reused in assembly language programs. Procedures are subroutines that are called using CALL and RET instructions. Macros allow short, repetitive code sequences to be defined once and reused by replacing the macro call with its body code. Some key differences are that procedures occupy less memory than macros since macro code is generated each time, while procedures' code is only stored once. Procedures are accessed using CALL while macros are accessed by name.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
This document describes the Jcc family of conditional jump instructions in x86 assembly language. It provides the instruction name, description of the condition tested, and any alternative mnemonics or opposite instructions. The instructions test various CPU flags like carry, zero, sign, overflow, parity, and compare values based on signed or unsigned arithmetic.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
1. Microprocessors and programming Chapter1 Mrs. Radhika Kamath, VPMP,Thane 1
Evolution of Microprocessors
Microprocessor:
Microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven, register based electronic
device that reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as
input and processes data according to those instructions, and provides as output.
A common way of categorizing microprocessors is by the number of bits that their ALU
can work time. In other words, a microprocessor with a 4-bit will be referred to as a 4-bit
microprocessor, regardless of the number of address lines or the number of data bus lines that it
has.
Intel 4004 :
The first commercially available microprocessor was the Intel 4004, produced in 1971. It
contained 2300 PMOS transistors. The 4004 was a 4 bit device intended to be used with some
other devices in making a calculator. Some logic designers however saw that this device could be
used to replace PC- boards full of combinational and sequential logic devices. Also, the ability to
change the function of a system by just changing the programming, rather than redesigning the
hardware is very appealing.
Intel 8008 :
In 1972 Intel came out with the 8008, which was capable of working with 8-bit words. The 8008
however required 20 or more additional devices to form a functional CPU.
Intel 8080 :
In 1974 Intel announced the 8080, which had a much larger instruction set than the 8008 and
required only two additional devices to form a functional CPU. Also, the 8080 used NMOS
transistors. So it operated much faster than the 8008. The 8080 is referred to as a second-
generation microprocessor. It requires +12 V power supply.
Motorola MC6800
Soon after Intel produced the 8080, Motorola came out with the MC6800, another 8-bit
general-purpose CPU. The 6800 had the advantage that it required only a +5-V supply rather
than the -5-V, +5-V and + 12V supplies required by the 8080.
For several years the 8080 and the 6800 were the top-selling 8-bit microprocessors. Some of
their competitors were the MOS Technology 6502, used as the CPU in the Apple II
microcomputer and the Zilog Z80, used as the CPU in the Radio Shack TRS microcomputer.
Three major directions of microprocessor Evolutions are
(i) Dedicated or Embedded Controllers
(ii) Bit Slice Processors
(iii) General purpose CPUs
(i) Dedicated or Embedded Controllers:
One direction has been dedicated or embedded controllers. These devices are used to
control "smart" machines such as microwave ovens, clothes washers, sewing machines, auto
ignition systems and metal lathes.
Texas Instruments has produced millions of their TMS-1000 family of 4-bit
microprocessors for this type of application.
In 1976 Intel introduced the 8048, which contains an 8-bit CPU. RAM. ROM. and some I/O
ports all in one 40-pin package. Other manufacturers have followed with similar products.
These devices are often referred to as microcontrollers.
Some currently available devices in this category-the Intel 8051 and the Motorola
MC6801.
A more recently introduced single chip microcontroller, the Intel 8096 contains a 16-bit
CPU, ROM, RAM, a UART ports, timers and a 10-bit analog-to-digital converter.
(ii) Bit Slice processors:
A second direction of microprocessor evolution has been bit-slice processors. For some
2. Microprocessors and programming Chapter1 Mrs. Radhika Kamath, VPMP,Thane 2
applications, general purpose CPUs such as the 8080 and 6800 are not fast enough or do not
have suitable instruction sets. For these applications, several manufacturers produce devices
which can be used to build a custom CPU.
An example is the Advanced Micro Devices 2900 family of devices. This family includes 4-
bit ALUs, Multiplexers, sequencers and other parts needed for custom-building a CPU. The
term slice comes from the fact that these parts can be connected in parallel to work with 8-bit
words, 16-bit words or 32-bit words. In other words, a designer can add as many slices as
needed for a particular application.
The designer not only custom-designs the hardware of the CPU, but also custom-makes the
instruction set for it using “microcode”.
(iii) General Purpose CPUs
The third major direction of microprocessor evolution has been toward general-purpose CPUs
which give a microcomputer most or all of the computing power of earlier minicomputers.
Intel 8085 :
After Motorola came out with the MC6800, Intel produced the 8085 an upgrade of the 8080
that required only a +5-V supply.
Motorola MC 6809:
Motorola then produced the MC6809. which has a few 16-bit instructions. but is still basically
an 8-bit processor.
Intel 8086 :
In 1978 Intel came out with the 8086, which is a full 16bit processor. Some 16-bit
microprocessors, such as the National PACE and the Texas Instruments 9900 family of
devices had been available previously, but the market apparently was not ready.
Motorola MC68000
Soon after Intel came out with the 8086, Motorola came out with the 16-bit MC68000.
The 8086 and the 68000 work directly with 16-bit words instead of with 8-bit words. they can
address a million or more bytes of memory instead of the 64 Kbytes addressable by the 8-bit
processors and they execute instructions much faster than the 8-bit processors. Also. these 16bit
processors have single instructions for functions such as multiply and divide, which required a
lengthy sequence of instructions on the 8-bit processors.
The evolution along this last path has continued on to 32-bit processors that work with
gigabytes (109 bytes) or terabytes (1012 bytes) of memory. Examples of these devices are the
Intel 80386, the Motorola MC68020, and the National 32032.
The Table below shows the Microprocessor evolution with comparison:
Name Date Transistors Microns Clock
Speed
Data
Width
MIPS
8080 1974 6000 6 2 MHZ 8 bits 0.64
8088 1979 29,000 3 5 MHZ 16 bits, 8
bit bus
0.33
80286 1982 1,34000 1.5 6 MHZ 16 bits 1
80386 1985 275,000 1.5 16 MHZ 32 bits 5
80486 1989 1,200,000 1 25 MHZ 32 bits 20
Pentium 1993 3,100,000 0.8 60 MHZ 32 bits, 64
bit bus
100
Pentium
II
1997 7,500,000 0.35 233 MHZ 32 bits,6 4
bit bus
~300
Penium
III
1999 9,500,000 0.25 450 MHZ 32 bits ,
64 bit bus
~510
Pentium
IV
2000 42,000,000 0.18 1.5 MHZ 32 bitx, 64
bit bus
~1,700
3. Microprocessors and programming Chapter1 Mrs. Radhika Kamath, VPMP,Thane 3
8085 Microprocessor
Features of 8085
• 8-bit microprocessor,
• 16-bit address bus, so max. 64KB of memory
• 8-bit data bus
• Generates 8-bit I/O device address, so can access 256 I/O devices
• Requires +5V supply
• On-chip clock generator
• Has 5 h/w interrupts
• Has serial I/O lines
• Has accumulator, flag register, 6 GPR, 2 SPR, 3 TR
• Has 74 instructions, 4 addressing modes
Architecture of 8085
The 8085 is an 8-bit general-purpose microprocessor capable of addressing 64K of memory.
It includes the ALU (arithmetic /Logic Unit), Timing and Control Unit, Instruction Register and
Decoder, Register Array, Interrupt Control, and Serial I/O Control.
ALU
The arithmetic and logic unit performs the computing functions; it includes the accumulator, the
temporary register, the arithmetic and logic circuits, and five flags. The temporary register is
used to hold data during an arithmetic and logic operation. The result is stored in the ac-
cumulator, and the flags are set or reset according to the result of the operation. All operations
are performed on 8 bit data.
4. Microprocessors and programming Chapter1 Mrs. Radhika Kamath, VPMP,Thane 4
The flags are affected by the arithmetic and logic operations in the ALU.
The flags are:
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
S Z AC P CY
S- Sign Flag . If D7 =1 , then sign flag is set, otherwise rest.
Z-Zero flag. If ALU operation results in zero, then this flag is set, otherwise it is reset.
AC-Auxilliary flag. In an arithmetic operation ,when a carry is generated by digit D3 and passed
on to digit D4, the AC flag is set. Otherwise it is reset.
P-Parity Flag. If the result of an arithmetic or logic operation has an even number of 1’s then this
flag is set. Otherwise it is reset.
CY-Carry Flag. If an arithmetic operation results in a carry, the carry flag is set. Otherwise it is
reset.
Among the five flags, the AC flag is used internally for BCD arithmetic; the instruction set does
not include any conditional jump instructions based on the AC flag. Of the remaining four flags,
the Z and CY flags are those most commonly used.
Timing and Control Unit
This unit synchronizes all the microprocessor operations with the clock and generates the
control signals necessary for communication between the microprocessor and peripherals.
The RD and WR signals indicate the availability of data on the data bus.
Instruction Register and Decoder.
The instruction register and the decoder are part of the ALU. When an instruction is fetched from
memory, it is loaded in the instruction register. The decoder decodes the instruction and
establishes the sequence of events to follow. The instruction register is not programmable and
cannot be accessed through any instruction.
Registerorganization:
It consists of 3 types of registers
1. Temporary registers
2. General purpose register
3. Special purpose register
1. Temporary registers: 8085 microprocessor provides two 8 bit temporary registers W & Z.
These registers are not available to the user. They are used by the control sections to hold the
address of the program memory, data memory and intermediate data temporarily.
2. General Purpose registers: 8085 microprocessor provides only 6 eight bit general purpose
register, B, C, D, E, H and L. These registers are available for the user. These are used to hold 8
bit operands in 8 bit operations. A pair of two 8 bit registers such as BC, DE, and HL can be used
with 16 bit operations.
3. Special purpose registers: 8085 provides two 16 bit special purpose registers, Program
Counter & Stack Pointer
a. Program Counter (PC): It is a 16 bit register used to hold the address of the next instruction to
be executed by the processor. It is automatically incremented by the control section during the
instruction fetch operations.
b. Stack pointer (SP): It is a 16 bit register. It is used to access Stack memory in LIFO mode. The
8085 microprocessor always stores bytes on the stack from the highest address (top) to lowest
address i.e., the stack is grown from top.
Signals of 8085 Microprocessor:
All the signals can be classified into six groups: (1) address bus, (2) data bus, (3) control and
status signals, (4) power supply and frequency signals, (5) externally initiated signals, and (6)
serial I/O ports.
Address Bus
5. Microprocessors and programming Chapter1 Mrs. Radhika Kamath, VPMP,Thane 5
The 8085 has eight signal lines, AI5-A8, which are unidirectional and used as the high-order
address bus.
Multiplexed Address/Data bus
The signal lines AD7-ADo are bidirectional: they serve a dual purpose. They are used
as the low-order address bus as well as the data bus. In executing an instruction, during the
earlier part of the cycle, these lines are used as the low-order address bus. During the later part of
the cycle, these lines are used as the data bus. (This is also known as multiplexing the bus.)
However, the low-order address bus can be separated from these signals by using a latch.
Control and status signals
ALE-Address Latch Enable: This is a positive going pulse generated every time the 8085 begins
an operation (machine cycle); it indicates that the bits on AD7-AD0 are address bits. This signal
is used primarily to latch the low-order address from the multiplexed bus and generate a separate
set of eight address lines, A7-A0.
RD-Read: This is a Read control signal (active low). This signal indicates that the selected I/O
or memory device is to be read and data are available on the data bus.
WR-Write: This is a Write control signal (active low). This signal indicates that the data on the
data bus are to be written into a selected memory or I/O location.
IO/M: This is a status signal used to differentiate between I/O and memory operations. When it
is high, it indicates an I/O operation. when it is low, it indicates a memory operation. This signal
is combined with RD (Read) and WR (Write) to generate I/O and memory control signals.
S1 and S0: These status signals, similar to IO/M, can identify various operations.
Power supply and Clock Frequency :
V cc: +5 V power supply.
V ss: Ground Reference.
Xl, X2: A crystal (or RC, LC network) is connected at these two pins. The frequency is
internally divided by two; therefore, to operate a system at 3 MHz, the crystal should have a
frequency of 6 MHz.
CLK (OUT)-Clock Output: This signal can be used as the system clock for other devices.
Externally Initiated Signals including Interrupts:
INTR (input) : Interrupt Request. It is used as a general purpose interrupt.
INTA (Output) : Interrupt Acknowledge It is used to acknowledge the interrupt.
RST 7.5 (Inputs) : Restart Interrupts. These are vectored interrupts that transfer the program
control to specific memory locations. They have higher priorities than the INTR interrupt.
Among these three, the priority order is 7.5,6.5,5.5.
TRAP (Input) : It is non-maskable interrupt and has the highest priority.
HOLD(Input) : It indicates that a peripheral such as a DMA (Direct memory Access) controller
is requesting the use of the address and data buses.
HLDA (Output) : Hold Acknowledge .It acknowledges the HOLD request.
READY(Input) : It is used to delay the microprocessor Read or write cycles until a slow
responding peripheral is ready to send or accept data.
RESET IN : When the signal on this pin goes low, the program counter is set to zero, the buses
are tristated, and the MPU is reset.
RESET OUT: It indicates that the MPU is being reset. It can be used to reset other devices.
Serial I/O ports:
1. 8085 has two signals for serial transmission: It consists of serial input and serial output ports. It
transmits or receives data. The pins SID and SOD are used for serial input and output operations
respectively.