This document provides information about microprocessors and their evolution. It discusses how millions of transistors on a single chip can perform arithmetic and logical operations. The world's first microprocessor was developed in 1968-70 for use in military aircraft. Intel later launched the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004, in 1971. The document traces the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 4004 through various generations and models. It describes how microprocessors are used in a wide range of devices and outlines the key topics to be covered in a course on microprocessors.

1. MICROPROCESSOR
Sridari Iyer
St. Francis Inst. of
Tech.
Borivali (W), Mumbai.

2. SMARTPHONE
SPECIFICATIONS
Processor: Snapdragon 835, 1.9GHz
octacore
RAM: 4GB
Memory:128GB
Camera: 13MP
Battery: 3040mAh
Display: 5.71”
OS: Android 6.0 Marshmallow

3. MICROPROCESSOR?

4. WHAT IS A
MICROPROCESSOR?
Millions of transistors (tiny electronic devices that
carry electric charge) are integrated on a single
chip, called the microprocessor.
Each transistor can be in “OFF” or “ON” state i.e.,
welcome to the world of 0s and 1s
With perfect circuitry combinations and
programming logic used, these transistors states
can be changed, for what?
perform arithmetic and logical operations
Are all the operations we perform on our
computer and phones just arithmetic and logical
operations?

5. HOW DOES THIS
MICROPROCESSOR WORK?
On electricity, of course!
You can play around by
giving power to a transistor, set to the ON state
or shutting off power to it, reset to the OFF state
When a user gives an instruction, e.g.,
press “a” on the keyboard
1. The system recognizes a key is pressed
2. Which key is pressed (ASCII value noted)
3. Where should this input go to? (MS Word, browser
search or error)
4. What is its purpose? (type “a”, select all “ctrl+a”, etc)
5. Perform the necessary action
And all these steps are a sequence of 0s

6. Memory
Central Processing Unit
(CPU)
Registers
Control
Unit
ALU
Input
Unit
Outpu
t Unit
A COMPUTING SYSTEM
(COMPUTER)

7. THEN, CPU =
MICROPROCESSOR?
NO. The CPU is a Microprocessor, but not the
only microprocessor in your system!
The Central Processing Unit of a computing
device is embedded on a single chip, often
called as a microprocessor.
But a microprocessor need not always be the
CPU of that device!
A microprocessor can be used for other
purposes too, such as NPU (Network
Processing Unit), GPU (Graphics Processing
Unit), APU (Audio Processing Unit), etc.
The quadcore microprocessor has four CPUs

8. WHERE ALL ARE THESE
MICROPROCESSORS USED?
Computers – Desktops, laptops, tablets,
calculators
All mobile phones – smartphones and basic
phones too!
Home Appliances – washing machine,
microwave oven, AC, smart TV, DVD players,
home automation systems, children toys, etc.
Instrumentation – frequency counters, signal
generators, synthesizers, etc.
Others – Traffic light control, game
machines, industry controllers,
communication systems, flight control

9. MICROPROCESSOR V/S
MICROCONTROLLER
The entire CPU on a single chip =
Microprocessor
The entire computer on a single chip =
Microcontroller!
Microprocessors are general purpose
processors while microcontrollers are
designed for a specific purpose.

10. Microcontroller
Microprocessor
MICROPROCESSOR V/S
MICROCONTROLLER

11. BEFORE
MICROPROCESSORS, CPUs
WERE
1st Gen (1940-56): Vacuum tubes and
magnetic drums
2nd Gen(1956-63): Transistors
3rd Gen (1964-71): Integrated Circuits
4th Gen (1971-present): single chip
Microprocessors
5th Gen (present-future): Multicore/ Parallel
processing

12. MOORE’S LAW: THE NUMBER OF
TRANSISTORS IN A DENSE INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT DOUBLES APPROXIMATELY
EVERY TWO YEARS.
1956-
63
1963-
71
1981
onwards
1994
onwards
1940-
56

13. WORLD’S FIRST MICROPROCESSOR
– ‘MOS-LSI’
First Microprocessor was designed in
1968-70, for the main flight control
Computer in the US Navy’s F-14 Tomcat
Fighter jet
It was made by Mr. Steve Geller and Mr.
Ray Holt for the Department of Defense
of USA

14. THE FIRST COMMERCIAL
MICROPROCESSOR
INTEL 4004 INTEL 4004 – FOIL
REMOVED

16. ABOUT INTEL 4004
Intel introduced the world’s first
commercial 4-bit Microprocessor 4004
in 1971.
Contained a
2300 transistors
Speed up to 740
KHz
Contains 6 billion
transistors
Speed up to 3.2
GHz

17. EVOLUTION OF INTEL
MICROPROCESSORSName Year Transistors Data Speed Description
4004 1971 2,300 4 bits 740 KHz Performed arithmetic and
logic operations
8080 1974 6,000 8 bits 2 MHz Fetch, Decode, Execute,
Fetch
8086 1978 29,000 16 bits 5 MHz Pipeline architecture
8088 1979 29,000 8 bits 5 MHz 8086 modified to work
with 8 bits data
80286 1982 1,34,000 16 bits 6 MHz Virtual Memory Concept
80386 1985 2,75,000 32 bits 16 MHz 4GB memory access
80486 1989 1.2 million 32 bits 25-50
MHz
L1 cache memory on chip
Pentiu
m
1993 3 million 32 bits 60 MHz On-chip Floating Point
Unit
Pentiu
m
2,3,4
1997
–
2000
7.5 – 42
million
32/64
bits
1.5 GHz Superscalar architecture

18. WHY STUDY ABOUT
MICROPROCESSORS?
Course Outcomes
1.I know how my phone and
computer work!
2.I know how almost all computing
devices work!
3.I can reprogram a computing
device to my fancy!
4.I can build an intelligent appliance
or a robot all by myself!

19. WHY DON’T YOU ALREADY
KNOW ALL THESE THINGS?
Languag
e
Barrier!

20. LANGUAGES
1010 0001 0000 0010
1010 0011 0000 0001
0/1 Machine Language
A 1 0 2 A 3 0 1
Hexadecimal Machine
A1 02 A3
01
Low Level Language
mov ax, b mov a, ax
High Level Language

21. WHAT ARE WE GOING TO
LEARN IN THIS COURSE?
1.Intel 8086/88 – Architecture,
Working & Programming
2.Memory Addressing Techniques
3.Microcontrollers – 8255, 8253,
8259, 8237
4.Co-processor architecture
5.Intel 80386 – Architecture &
Working
6.Pentium – Architecture

22. TERM WORK
Description Max Marks
10 experiments performed
in laboratory 15
2 assignments (surprise tests/
home assignments)
05
Attendance 05
TOTAL 25