This document provides an introduction to microprocessors. It defines a microprocessor as a CPU constructed on a single silicon chip. The document then discusses computer hardware components like the CPU and memory. It also outlines some common microprocessor families that are featured in the textbook like the 6502, 6800, 8080/8085/Z80, and 8086/8088. Finally, it mentions some ways to access microprocessors like using computers, microprocessor trainers, and software emulation programs.

1. DIGITAL COMPUTER
ELECTRONICS
Third Edition
By Malvino - Brown

2. Chapter 13
INTRODUCTION TO MICRO-PROCESSOR
 PART 3
PROGRAMMING POPULAR
MICROPROCESSOR

3. In this Chapter you will learn
 COMPUTER HARDWARE
 DEFINATION OF A MICROPROCESSOR
 SOME COMMON USES FOR MICROPROCESSOR
 MICROPROCESSOR FEATURED IN THIS TEXT
 6502 Family
 6800 Family
 8080/8085/Z80 Family
 8086/8088 Family
 ACCESS TO MICROPROCESSOR

4. MICROPROCESSOR
 Since the Microprocessor is a “Computer on a chip”. It will help to take a quick look at
computers before starting to study microprocessor.

5. COMPUTER HARDWARE
 The digital circuits which we studied earlier are the building blocks of the computer, digital
circuits are made by using vacuum tubes and later were built with transistors. Circuits were
designed which would act as the “brain” of a computer. These circuits were called the
central processing unit (CPU).
 The CPU could perform basic arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction, logic
operation such as ANDING and ORING and control operations. Thus it could process data.
 A CPU cannot be used alone. There are other components which are needed to make a
computer e.g. we said that a CPU can process data. Where is the data? For this we need
memory.

6. DEFINATION OF A MICROPROCESSOR
 Micro means small and Processor means It must be able to process data
 So a Microprocessor is a CPU which is constructed on a single silicon chip.
 CPU: It is an electronic circuit which can interpret and execute instructions and control
input and output
 The diagram below clearly show the difference between a Microprocessor and Computer.
The Microprocessor is just a part of the computer as shown in the diagram below.

7. SOME COMMON USES FOR MICROPROCESSOR
 Microprocessor can be found in a variety of products. Some well known examples are
computers and industrial controls. Some not so obvious products that use microprocessor
include answering machines, compact disk players, and automobiles.
 The microprocessor supplies electronic products with new dimensions. In the past,
electronic products have been able to make simple decisions because of certain kinds of
circuitry and/or sensors
 The microprocessor, however, has multiplied this trait(feature) many times; Some devices,
most notably computer, now almost appear to think

8. MICROPROCESSOR FEATURED IN THIS TEXT
 The purpose of this chapter is to examine the most popular 8-bit microprocessor families in
addition to the 16-bit Intel 8086-8088 family.
 6502 Family: The 6502 family is supported by this text. The 65C02, an advanced version of the 6502
which is used in the Apple llc, has come additional instructions and enhanced features which can
be found in the manufacturer’s programming manuals
 6800 Family: The 6800/6808 is supported by the text. The 6809 is an enhanced version of the 6800.
It understand all the instructions of the 6800 and includes some other advanced features
 8080/8085/Z80 Family: The 8080, 8085 and Z80 are also supported in this text. The 8080 and 8085
have exactly the same instruction set except for two additional instructions included in the 8085.
The Z80 understands all the 8080/8085 instructions and has many other additional instructions.
Only those instructions common to all three microprocessors are discussed in the text. (The
extended Z80 instructions are not used in the text). This has the advantage of making it possible for
students to use a mixture of 8085 and Z80 microprocessor trainers in the same class at the same time
with all students on equal footing and with a minimum of confusion. Either Z80 or 8085 mnemonics
can be used interchangeably for the homework problems and the object code will be the same.

9.  8086/8088 Family: The intel 8086/8088 is the only 16-bit microprocessor discussed in the text.
This microprocessor (in addition to the 80286, 80386, and 80486) is used in the popular IBM
PC’s. IBM compatibles.

10. Access to Microcontroller
 Computers
 Microprocessor Trainers
 Software Emulation Programs