This document provides an overview of embedded systems and microcontrollers. It defines a microcontroller as a single-chip computer containing memory, input/output circuitry, and other components to function without additional support. The document describes the features and components of a typical microcontroller, including registers, instruction sets, addressing modes, and peripherals. It compares microcontrollers to microprocessors and provides examples of using LEDs and 7-segment displays with microcontrollers.

1. INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
REPORT EMBEDDED
SYSTEM
Submitted By – MEGHDEEP KUMAR SINGH
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
UNIV ROLL NO - 11700319047

2. Table Of Contents:-
• 1. Front Page
• 2. Preface
• 3. Introduction
• 4. Definition of a Microcontroller
• 5. Pin Configuration
• 6. Reset Circuit
• 7. Registers
• 8. Instruction Set
• 9. Addressing Modes
• 10. Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
• 11. LED (Light Emitting Diodes)
• 12. 7 Segment Display
• 13. References and Bibliography

3. Preface:-
This training report is all about the embedded systems and its applications in
various fields of real world. We are living in the Embedded World. We are
surrounded with many embedded products and our daily life largely depends
on proper functioning of these gadgets. Television, Radio, CD player,
Washing Machine or Microwave Oven in our kitchen, Card readers, Access
Controllers, Palm devices of our space enable us to do many of our tasks
very effectively Apart from all these , many controllers embedded in our car
take care of car operations between the bumpers. All kinds of magazines
and journals regularly dish out details about latest technologies,
newdevices; applications which make us believe that our basic survival is
controlled by these embedded products. Now we can agree to the fact that
these embedded products have successfully invaded into our vast world.
What is this Embedded System? Theoretically an embedded controller is
combination of piece of microprocessor based hardware and the suitable
software to undertake a specific task.

4. Introduction :-
Circumstances that we find ourselves in today in the field of microcontrollers
had their beginnings in the development of technology of integrated circuits.
This development has made it possible to store hundreds of thousands of
transistors into one chip. That was a pre requisite for production of
microprocessors, and the first computers were made by adding external
peripherals such as memory, input-output lines, timers and other. Further
increasing of the volume of the package resulted in creation of integrated
circuits. These integrated circuits contained both processor and peripherals.
That is how the first chip containing a microcomputer, or what would later be
known as a microcontroller came about

5. Definition of a Microcontroller:-
Microcontroller, as the name suggests, are small controllers. They are like single
chip computers that are often embedded into other systems to function as
processing/controlling unit. For example, the remote control you are using probably
has microcontrollers inside that do decoding and other controlling functions. They
are also used in automobiles, washing machines, microwave ovens, toys ... etc,
where automation is needed. The key features of microcontrollers include: High
Integration of Functionality Microcontrollers sometimes are called single-chip
computers because they have on-chip memory and I/O circuitry and other
circuitries that enable them to function as small standalone computers without other
supporting circuitry. Field Programmability, Flexibility Microcontrollers often use
EEPROM or EPROM as their storage device to allow field program ability so they
are flexible to use. Once the program istested to be correct then large quantities of
microcontrollers can be programmed to be used in embedded systems. Easy to
Use Assembly language is often used in microcontrollers and since they usually
follow RISC architecture, the instruction set is small. The development package of
microcontrollers often includes an assembler, a simulator, a programmer to "burn"
the chip and a demonstration board. Some packages include a high level language
compiler such as a Compiler and more sophisticated libraries

6. Most microcontrollers will also combine other devices such as:
A Timer module to allow the microcontroller to perform tasks for certain time
periods.
A serial I/O port to allow data to flow between the microcontroller and other
devices such as a PC or another microcontroller.
An ADC to allow the microcontroller to accept analogue input data for
processing.

7. Pin Configuration :-

8. The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash,
128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-
level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and
clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for
operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable
power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,
timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator
disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

9. Registers:-
The Accumulator
The Accumulator, as its name suggests, is used as a general register to
accumulate the results of a large number of instructions. It can hold an 8-bit
(1-byte) value and is the most versatile register
The "R" registers
The "R" registers are a set of eight registers that are named R0, R1, etc. up
to and including R7. These registers are used as auxiliary registers in many
operations.
The "B" Register
The "B" register is very similar to the Accumulator in the sense that it may
hold an 8-bit value (1-byte) value. The "B" register is only used by two 8051
instructions: MUL AB and DIV AB.

10. The Data Pointer (DPTR)
The Data Pointer (DPTR) is the 8051’s only user-accessible 16-bit (2-byte)
register.Accumulator, "R" registers, and "B" register are all 1-byte values.
DPTR, as the name suggests, is used to point to data. It is used by a
number of commands which allow the 8051 to access external memory.
The Program Counter (PC)
The Program Counter (PC) is a 2-byte address which tells the 8051 where
the next instruction to execute is found in memory. When the 8051 is
initialized PC always starts at 0000h and is incremented each time an
instruction is executed.
The Stack Pointer (SP)
The Stack Pointer, like all registers except DPTR and PC, may hold an 8-bit
(1-byte)value. The Stack Pointer is used to indicate where the next value to
be removed from the stack

11. Instruction set:-
MOVINSTRUCTIONS:
Simply stated, the MOV instruction copies data from one location to another.
It has the following format
MOV destination, source
This instruction tells the CPU to move (copy) the source operand to the
destination operand, without changing the content of the source operand.
MOV A,#55h
Load 55h into register A
;ADD INSTRUCTIONS:
The ADD instruction has the following format: ADD A, source This tells the
CPU to add the source byte to reg A and put the result in reg A

12. ADDRESSING MODES:-
An "addressing mode" refers to how you are addressing a given
memory location .The addressing modes are as follows, With an
example of each:
Immediate Addressing MOV A, #20h Direct Addressing MOV A,
#30h Indirect Addressing MOV A, @R0 External Direct MOVX A,
@DPTR Code Indirect MOVC A, @A+DPTR
Each of these addressing modes provides important flexibility

13. Microcontrollers versus Microprocessors:-
Microcontroller differs from a microprocessor in many ways. First and the most important is its
functionality. In order for a microprocessor to be used, other components such as memory, o
components for receiving and sending data must be added to it. In short that means that
microprocessor is the very heart of the computer. On the other hand, microcontroller is designed
to be all of that in one. No other external components are needed for its application because all
necessary peripherals are already built into it. Thus, we save the time and space needed to
construct device.
LED AND ITS PROGRAMMING:
WAP to toggle LED
$ mod 51 org 0
here: clr p1.3
acall delay
setb p1.3
acall delay
sjmp here
delay:
mov r2,#25
l3: mov r0,#255
l2: mov r1,#255
l1: djnz r1,
l1 djnz r0,l2
djnz r0,l3
ret

14. 7 Segment Display:-
INTRODUCTION:
For the seven segment display you can use the LT-541 or LSD5061- 11
chip. Each of the segments of the display is connected to a pin on the 8051
(the schematic shows how to do this). In order to light up a segment on the
the pin must be set to 0V. To turn a segment off the corresponding pin must
be set to 5V. This is simply done by setting the pins on the 8051 to '1' or '0’.
LED displays are
*Power-hungry (10ma per LED)
*Pin-hungry (8 pins per 7-seg display)
But they are cheaper than LCD display

15. References And Bibliography :-
>“THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM”by
Muhammad Ali Mazidi , Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D. Mckinlay.
>“The 8051 MICROCONTROLLER” by K. J. Ayala.
>"Advanced Microprocessors and Microcontrollers" by B.P. Singh &
Renu Singh.
• Net Links :
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.cetpainfotech.com
• www.electronicsforyou.com
• www.encyclopedia.com
•