15A.5 Drastic Thickening of the Barrier Layer Off the Western Coast of Sumatr...耕作 茂木
Qoosaku Moteki, Japan Agency for Marine Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka city, Japan; and K. Yoneyama, M. Katsumata, K. Ando, and T. Hasegawa
The drastic thickening of the barrier layer in the marginal sea off the western coast of Sumatra during the passage of the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) observed during December 2015 is investigated. Before the MJO arrival, the halocline above 20 m depth was very strong and the barrier layer thickness was 5-10 m from based on R/V Mirai observations. During the MJO forcing of 13-16 December, the isothermal layer was drastically deepened from 20 m to 100 m. Meanwhile, the mixed layer deepening was lagged behind the isothermal layer deepening by 1 day, and the barrier layer underwent dramatic thickening to 60 m within 24 hours. An evaluation of the vertical salinity gradient tendency showed that the dramatic thickening of the barrier layer was due to the vertical oceanic mixing by the atmospheric MJO forcing and the vertical stretching by the oceanic downwelling coastal Kelvin wave intruding from the open ocean. One of the important factors in the drastic barrier layer thickening was concluded to be the atmospheric external forcing and the oceanic internal wave being in-phase. The downwelling oceanic Kelvin wave continuously lowered the thermocline from the middle of November to the end of December, and the salinity stratification in the vicinity of the thermocline was continuously mitigated by the vertical stretching. Under such conditions, the MJO forcing caused vertical mixing of the freshwater with the strong salinity stratification and temperature stratification near the surface. The combination of the two distinct processes caused the drastic thickening of the barrier layer, and the barrier layer thickness reached a maximum of 85 m 5 days after the MJO arrival.
15A.5 Drastic Thickening of the Barrier Layer Off the Western Coast of Sumatr...耕作 茂木
Qoosaku Moteki, Japan Agency for Marine Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka city, Japan; and K. Yoneyama, M. Katsumata, K. Ando, and T. Hasegawa
The drastic thickening of the barrier layer in the marginal sea off the western coast of Sumatra during the passage of the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) observed during December 2015 is investigated. Before the MJO arrival, the halocline above 20 m depth was very strong and the barrier layer thickness was 5-10 m from based on R/V Mirai observations. During the MJO forcing of 13-16 December, the isothermal layer was drastically deepened from 20 m to 100 m. Meanwhile, the mixed layer deepening was lagged behind the isothermal layer deepening by 1 day, and the barrier layer underwent dramatic thickening to 60 m within 24 hours. An evaluation of the vertical salinity gradient tendency showed that the dramatic thickening of the barrier layer was due to the vertical oceanic mixing by the atmospheric MJO forcing and the vertical stretching by the oceanic downwelling coastal Kelvin wave intruding from the open ocean. One of the important factors in the drastic barrier layer thickening was concluded to be the atmospheric external forcing and the oceanic internal wave being in-phase. The downwelling oceanic Kelvin wave continuously lowered the thermocline from the middle of November to the end of December, and the salinity stratification in the vicinity of the thermocline was continuously mitigated by the vertical stretching. Under such conditions, the MJO forcing caused vertical mixing of the freshwater with the strong salinity stratification and temperature stratification near the surface. The combination of the two distinct processes caused the drastic thickening of the barrier layer, and the barrier layer thickness reached a maximum of 85 m 5 days after the MJO arrival.
EOPS_November_22_2016,
ENSO is in a cold phase (La Niña) and it is wetter and warmer than normal. Strong precipitation in October greatly improved Puget Sound streamflows. At the coast, we had strong downwelling. As a result, water temperatures, salinities, and oxygen in Puget Sound are returning to normal. While surface water in Puget Sound has cooled, it is still warmer than in the Straits. Surprisingly, masses of suspended sediment occurred east of Steamboat Island in Totten Inlet. We continue to see large jellyfish aggregations in finger Inlets of South Sound and slowly fading red-brown blooms.
Publication No. 16-03-078
EOPS_June_5_2017,
Cooler and wetter conditions early in 2017 have set the stage for a favorable supply of freshwater. River flows are all above normal due to melting of the abundant snowpack from warmer May air temperatures. This is creating significantly fresher conditions in Puget Sound surface waters. Algae blooms are limited to some yellow-green blooms growing in bays near the Kitsap Peninsula and blooms near estuaries of the Skagit, Stillaguamish, and Puyallup Rivers. Red blooms are present in rivers feeding into Willapa Bay. Also see what is “blooming” in the sediments of Puget Sound.
Ecology Publication No. 17-03-070
"Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Cha...scenichudson
"Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" presentation by Sacha Spector, Scenic Hudson from the 4/13/12 Columbia-Greene Revitalizing Hudson Riverfronts forum.
Thermohaline Circulation & Climate ChangeArulalan T
Today I have presented "The Thermohaline Circulation and Climate Change" as Mini-Project for our Science of Climate Change Course ! We can expect THC shutdown around 2050s... OMG ! Yes, we can expect "The Day After Tomorrow" around 2100... All the images credited to the reference papers except one T-S-Sigmat created by me using CDAT5.2.
East Coast MARE Ocean Lecture May 16, 2012 - Surf's Up! All About Waves at th...coseenow
East Coast MARE hosted an Ocean Lecture & Educators’ Night for teachers focused on bringing ocean literacy to students in New Jersey. Dr. Tom Herrington of Stevens Institute of Technology presented the scientific lecture on May 16, 2012. For more information visit http://coseenow.net/mare/opportunities-resources/ocean-lecture-educators-night/.
Horizontal Distribution & Differences of Temperature
If the Earth was a homogeneous body without the present land/ocean distribution, its temperature distribution would be strictly latitudinal. However, the Earth is more complex than this, being composed of a mosaic of land and water. This mosaic causes latitudinal (horizontal) zonation of temperature to be disrupted spatially.
EOPS_November_22_2016,
ENSO is in a cold phase (La Niña) and it is wetter and warmer than normal. Strong precipitation in October greatly improved Puget Sound streamflows. At the coast, we had strong downwelling. As a result, water temperatures, salinities, and oxygen in Puget Sound are returning to normal. While surface water in Puget Sound has cooled, it is still warmer than in the Straits. Surprisingly, masses of suspended sediment occurred east of Steamboat Island in Totten Inlet. We continue to see large jellyfish aggregations in finger Inlets of South Sound and slowly fading red-brown blooms.
Publication No. 16-03-078
EOPS_June_5_2017,
Cooler and wetter conditions early in 2017 have set the stage for a favorable supply of freshwater. River flows are all above normal due to melting of the abundant snowpack from warmer May air temperatures. This is creating significantly fresher conditions in Puget Sound surface waters. Algae blooms are limited to some yellow-green blooms growing in bays near the Kitsap Peninsula and blooms near estuaries of the Skagit, Stillaguamish, and Puyallup Rivers. Red blooms are present in rivers feeding into Willapa Bay. Also see what is “blooming” in the sediments of Puget Sound.
Ecology Publication No. 17-03-070
"Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Cha...scenichudson
"Climate Change, Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Communities: Defining the Challenge and the Opportunities" presentation by Sacha Spector, Scenic Hudson from the 4/13/12 Columbia-Greene Revitalizing Hudson Riverfronts forum.
Thermohaline Circulation & Climate ChangeArulalan T
Today I have presented "The Thermohaline Circulation and Climate Change" as Mini-Project for our Science of Climate Change Course ! We can expect THC shutdown around 2050s... OMG ! Yes, we can expect "The Day After Tomorrow" around 2100... All the images credited to the reference papers except one T-S-Sigmat created by me using CDAT5.2.
East Coast MARE Ocean Lecture May 16, 2012 - Surf's Up! All About Waves at th...coseenow
East Coast MARE hosted an Ocean Lecture & Educators’ Night for teachers focused on bringing ocean literacy to students in New Jersey. Dr. Tom Herrington of Stevens Institute of Technology presented the scientific lecture on May 16, 2012. For more information visit http://coseenow.net/mare/opportunities-resources/ocean-lecture-educators-night/.
Horizontal Distribution & Differences of Temperature
If the Earth was a homogeneous body without the present land/ocean distribution, its temperature distribution would be strictly latitudinal. However, the Earth is more complex than this, being composed of a mosaic of land and water. This mosaic causes latitudinal (horizontal) zonation of temperature to be disrupted spatially.
Thesis defense presentation of Justin Phillips (SDSU). "The Role of Relatedness and Autonomy in Motivation of Youth Physical Activity: A Self-Determination Perspective."
Inter-annual variability of currents and water properties offshore of the mid...riseagrant
Inter-annual variability of currents and water
properties offshore of the mid-Atlantic bight
Charlie Flagg (SBU)-Kathy Donohue (GSO)-Jon Hare (NMFS)
URI Climate Change Science Symposium - May 5, 2011
CLIMATE change affects the components of water cycle such as evaporation, precipitation and evapotranspiration and thus results in large-scale alteration in water present in glaciers, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. The effects of cli-mate change on subsurface water relates to the changes in its recharge and discharge rates plus changes in quantity and quality of water in aquifers. Climate change refers to the long-term changes in the components of climate such as temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, etc. The major cause of climate change is the rising level of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere such as CO2, CH4, N2O, water vapour, ozone and chlorofluorocarbon. These GHGs absorb 95% of the longwave back radiations emitted from the surface, thus making the Earth warmer. Except CO2, the effects of other GHGs are minor because of their low concentration and also because of low residence times (e.g. water vapour and methane). The rise in CO2 level causing global warming was first proposed by Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist in 1896 and now it is a widely accepted fact that the concentration of CO2 is the primary regulator of temperature on the Earth and leads to global warming.
IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON AQUATIC BIOTAAlbert Wandera
the Presentation discuss the relevant mitigation and adaptation measures which should be employed to address the impacts of Global climatic changes on marine and fresh water habitats and Biota
CLIMATE CHANGE, SEA-LEVEL RISE and COASTAL GEOLOGIC HAZARDSriseagrant
CLIMATE CHANGE, SEA-LEVEL RISE
and
COASTAL GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
URI Climate Change Symposium
5 May 2011
Jon C. Boothroyd
Rhode Island State Geologist,
Research Professor Emeritus – Quaternary Geology
-------------
Rhode Island Geological Survey and Department of Geosciences
College of the Environment and Life Sciences
University of Rhode Island
jon_boothroyd@uri.edu
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4. Satellite Sea-Surface Temperature
(AVHRR averaged 2004-2008, Codiga & Ullman 2010 OSamp Part I)
WINTER SPRING
Long
Island
Sound
outflow
a nt ront
oy w F
Bu tflo
Ou
SUMMER FALL
5. In a few days, changing winds &/ river runoff can
dramatically reposition the buoyant outflow front
WINTER SPRING
vent
W eather-e
shifts
SUMMER FALL
6. Climate-Sensitive Influences
River runoff (precipitation)
Strength and persistence of stratification
Strength of estuarine exchange circulation
Offshore extent of freshening
Wind speed; and Wind direction
Vertical mixing; Surface cooling; Upwelling
flow strength; Estuarine exchange strength;
Transport pathways
Surface heating
Distributions of temperature, stratification
Storm frequency and intensity
Extreme events
7. Estuarine exchange circulation
Estuarine
River input
Up exchange
Estuary Less More
Dense dense Ocean
Head
(Lines of constant density)
Exchange commonly 10-30X river input
Exchange increases as river input
increases, and as stratification increases
Density structure maintained by complex
interaction between advection and mixing
8. Asymmetric Response to Wind
Down-estuary wind Up-estuary wind
Up
Before
After
•Strengthened stratification •Weakened stratification
•Wind-driven vertical mixing •Wind-driven vertical mixing
less effective more effective
•Enhanced exchange flow •Reduced exchange flow
Mixing is sensitive to alignment of wind
relative to estuary axis In LIS: Whitney and Codiga JPO, In press
Wilson and Wang, Submitted
9. Expected trends & possible
consequences
Increased streamflow/precipitation & surface heating
Stronger stratification, increased estuarine exchange rate
Possible transition from mixed estuary to partially stratified,
or from partially stratified toward salt wedge
Larger offshore extent of freshening/stratification
Changed mean wind direction
Increased/decreased vertical mixing and estuarine
exchange, depending on alignment with local estuary axis
Decreased mean wind speed
In estuaries, weaker mixing
On shelf, weaker upwelling circulation
Increased storminess
More frequent extreme events, more rapid dispersion
10. Potential Interdisciplinary Drivers
Higher river flow
(Estuaries) Increased stratification, nutrient load, primary productivity…
increased spatial extent and intensity of hypoxia
(Shelf) Greater offshore extent of freshening influence… potential new
transport pathways and geographic extent of HABs
Decreased mean wind speed
(Shelf) Weaker upwelling circulation, reduced primary productivity
Different rates of dispersal, transport and flushing
Changed wind direction (relative to shoreline geometry)
(Estuaries) Altered vertical mixing
New transport pathways & rates
Increased storminess
More rapid dispersal of waterborne materials
More frequent habitat alterations (salinity, temperature)
11. Three examples
Estuarine exchange flow between Long
Island Sound and coastal ocean
Rhode Island Sound extreme event: Deep
pulse of slope water from ~100km to south
Inter-annual variability of Narragansett Bay
stratification and hypoxia
12. Long Island Sound Exchange
Codiga and Aurin, CSR 2007
Several years 8-times daily ADCP transects (ferry)
Transport strongest in summer, when stratified
Increased river runoff should increase stratification
Suggests future exchange flow will be stronger
Shorter estuary flushing time – could ameliorate hypoxia
Contrasts expected enhanced hypoxia due to increased stratification
13. Fall 2009 Deep Slope-water
Intrusion to Rhode Island Sound
Warm
salty water
with T & S
well higher
than
climatic
averages
(based on
decades of
observ’ns)
Ullman & Codiga 2010 OSamp Part II
14. Buoy time
series
during fall
cooling
Ullman & Codiga 2010
OSamp Part II
Sudden arrival, present for ~weeks
T & S values imply origin over continental slope
~100+ km south
Possible Gulf Stream ring/streamer remnant
Ecological implications (larval transport, habitat, …)
15. Narragansett Bay Inter-Annual
Streamflow/Hypoxia Variability
Springtime
streamflow good
predictor of
summer
stratification and
hypoxia
Wet conditions
enhance hypoxia
Suggests
worsening future
Codiga et al 2009, Estuar. Coast. hypoxia