The sun provides the primary source of energy driving ocean currents through heating the surface waters unevenly, with the greatest heating at the equator. Density differences created by variations in temperature and salinity are the main factors influencing ocean circulation patterns. Water properties like temperature, salinity, and density only change at the surface of the ocean and create distinct water masses.
Seas and Oceans are blue beauties of the planet earth.
Oceans are vast body of saline water occupying the great depressions on the earth. The surface beneath the oceanic waters is characterized by a lot of relief features.
The structure, configuration and relief features of the oceans also vary from each other.On the basis of Bathymetry and other studies, the morphology of Ocean basins contains a lot of relief features. This module highlights many of those features.
The reason for the occurrence of such a huge mass of water on the globe, is still a myth and reality. The reason goes back to the Origin of Earth itself. The exact mode of origin is not precisely known. Scientists assume, both Primary and secondary sources would have given rise to all both air and water on the earth. Two possible sources as internal source (or) external source have been proposed so far. Some of them are attributed towards the theories of origin of the earth.
Waves are never ending dynamic surfaces created by the action of wind on ocean surfaces. Waves are undulations of the surface layers of bodies of sea waters. Large bodies of water are almost constantly in motion. Ocean surface are never calm and smooth.They are uneven, irregular, rough and restless. Sea waves are defined as undulations of seawater characterized by unique features. Waves are moving energy patterns. They travel along the interface between ocean and the atmosphere.
Oceanography is the science that studies the oceans along with marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics, ocean currents and waves, plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor, and the chemical substances and physical properties of the world oceans.
Seas and Oceans are blue beauties of the planet earth.
Oceans are vast body of saline water occupying the great depressions on the earth. The surface beneath the oceanic waters is characterized by a lot of relief features.
The structure, configuration and relief features of the oceans also vary from each other.On the basis of Bathymetry and other studies, the morphology of Ocean basins contains a lot of relief features. This module highlights many of those features.
The reason for the occurrence of such a huge mass of water on the globe, is still a myth and reality. The reason goes back to the Origin of Earth itself. The exact mode of origin is not precisely known. Scientists assume, both Primary and secondary sources would have given rise to all both air and water on the earth. Two possible sources as internal source (or) external source have been proposed so far. Some of them are attributed towards the theories of origin of the earth.
Waves are never ending dynamic surfaces created by the action of wind on ocean surfaces. Waves are undulations of the surface layers of bodies of sea waters. Large bodies of water are almost constantly in motion. Ocean surface are never calm and smooth.They are uneven, irregular, rough and restless. Sea waves are defined as undulations of seawater characterized by unique features. Waves are moving energy patterns. They travel along the interface between ocean and the atmosphere.
Oceanography is the science that studies the oceans along with marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics, ocean currents and waves, plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor, and the chemical substances and physical properties of the world oceans.
The study of physical oceanography helps in understanding all these aspects in detail. Let us see most of these factors and processes in our future modules. Mathematical models of all these processes are also developed using these phenomena and mechanisms. The individual aspects of all the elements of physical oceanography are to be studied in detail.
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The subject of studying the physical, chemical and biological conditions of oceans is called as Oceanography.
It is an inter-disciplinary subject and an emerging area for marine engineering. It is the science of seas and oceans.
Here you can find the Ocean circulation, as it is happening by natural activities, Coriolis effect will occur due to the wind pattern and changes in the ocean floors.
Oceanography is an interesting subject. Geological oceanography deals with a lot of unique aspects of the oceans including the ocean morphology and relief, continental margins, tectonic processes acting on the ocean bottoms, marine mineral resources, and the deep sea deposits. The subject also focuses on the never ending dynamic processes like ocean waters, ocean currents and their impacts with reference to space and time. Understanding the tectonic disposition and movement of crustal plates are an important part while studying the earth and atmospheric sciences, in general and oceanography, in particular. The continental margins and the deep ocean basins are the two major aspects to be understood in this subject. This lesson is on the characteristics of continental margins.
Oceans are a vast body of salt water that covers almost three to fourths of the earth's surface.
Seas are smaller, found on the margins of the ocean and are partially enclosed by land.
Seawater:
High density, high heat capacity, colder, salty and slightly compressible (its volume decreases under pressure), thus its density increases with pressure.
Why is Ocean Circulation Important?
•Similar to winds in the atmosphere, they transfer significant amounts of heat from equatorial areas to the poles and thus play important roles in determining the climates of coastal regions.
•The ocean circulation pattern exchanges water of varying characteristics, such as temperature and salinity
•ocean currents and atmospheric circulation influence one another.
•in addition, they transport nutrients and organisms
The study of physical oceanography helps in understanding all these aspects in detail. Let us see most of these factors and processes in our future modules. Mathematical models of all these processes are also developed using these phenomena and mechanisms. The individual aspects of all the elements of physical oceanography are to be studied in detail.
Here is another creative presentation by your slide maker on the topic "OCEAN CURRENTS OF THE WORLD". Hope you like it. If you like it then please, *like*, *Download* and *Share*.
By- Slide_maker4u (Abhishek Sharma)
*******For presentation Orders, contact me on the Email addresses Written below********
Email- Sharmaabhishek576@gmail.com
or
Sharmacomputers87@gmail.com
*******THANK YOU***************
The subject of studying the physical, chemical and biological conditions of oceans is called as Oceanography.
It is an inter-disciplinary subject and an emerging area for marine engineering. It is the science of seas and oceans.
Here you can find the Ocean circulation, as it is happening by natural activities, Coriolis effect will occur due to the wind pattern and changes in the ocean floors.
Oceanography is an interesting subject. Geological oceanography deals with a lot of unique aspects of the oceans including the ocean morphology and relief, continental margins, tectonic processes acting on the ocean bottoms, marine mineral resources, and the deep sea deposits. The subject also focuses on the never ending dynamic processes like ocean waters, ocean currents and their impacts with reference to space and time. Understanding the tectonic disposition and movement of crustal plates are an important part while studying the earth and atmospheric sciences, in general and oceanography, in particular. The continental margins and the deep ocean basins are the two major aspects to be understood in this subject. This lesson is on the characteristics of continental margins.
Oceans are a vast body of salt water that covers almost three to fourths of the earth's surface.
Seas are smaller, found on the margins of the ocean and are partially enclosed by land.
Seawater:
High density, high heat capacity, colder, salty and slightly compressible (its volume decreases under pressure), thus its density increases with pressure.
Why is Ocean Circulation Important?
•Similar to winds in the atmosphere, they transfer significant amounts of heat from equatorial areas to the poles and thus play important roles in determining the climates of coastal regions.
•The ocean circulation pattern exchanges water of varying characteristics, such as temperature and salinity
•ocean currents and atmospheric circulation influence one another.
•in addition, they transport nutrients and organisms
The Advanced Reservoir Engineering Course course addresses modern practical aspects of Reservoir Engineering during 5-days packed with 7 hours of lectures, classroom exercises, discussions and literature reviews.
At the end of the Advanced Course participants will have a deeper knowledge of modern reservoir engineering principles and practices for reservoir development and production, including the estimation of oil and gas reserves. They will also have an awareness of the construction and use of reservoir models.
This course is intended for staff that have had prior exposure to exploration and production activities. Target categories of staff include Production and Reservoir Engineers, Petrophysicists, Geologists and Engineers involved with exploration and development of oil and gas reservoirs. The course is also useful for Petroleum Engineering team leaders, Production staff, IT staff and support staff working with Reservoir Engineering and development and production. Reservoir Engineers with a few years practical experience and Petroleum Engineers and Geoscientists that require more than general knowledge of reservoir engineering.
Participant’s understanding of fundamental concepts and modern practical reservoir engineering methods will be deepened and a wide range of topics is addressed.
Course topics include detailed treatment of PVT, oil and gas material balance methods, well modelling and well testing, SPE and SEC reserves estimation, displacement theory, reservoir and simulation modeling, fractured reservoirs, decline curve analysis, field development planning and production forecasting.
This is an in-depth course that is designed to provide the participants with a solid understanding of reservoir engineering and associated modern theories in order to manage and maximize hydrocarbon recovery. Hands-on examples and exercises are used throughout the course to help participants with understanding key performance concepts. Participants are encouraged to bring their own laptop computer to class.
Latihan soal Ilmu Ukur Tanah ini berisi beberapa contoh soal yang berkaitan dengan perhitungan jarak, sudut, azimut, bearing, poligon, dan sipat datar (levelling). Disajikan dengan sistematis untuk membantu memahami materi dasar dalam ILmu Ukur Tanah.
1. Chap 6 Water & Ocean Structure
Physical Oceanography
2. Water and Heat
Sun is exclusive
source of energy
driving ocean and
atmospheric currents.
The Sun radiates
throughout the
electromagnetic
spectrum, but principle
radiation is in visible
part of the spectrum.
Visible light is strongly
absorbed by seawater
3. Heat – energy produced by random
vibration of atoms or molecules.
Temperature – object’s response to
an input or removal of heat.
Specific heat – heat required to
raise the temperature of 1 g of
substance by 1 °C. (calories / g)
4. Infrared Energy
in clear water, only
10% reaches 25 m,
only 0.5% reaches
100 m, .0025%
reaches 200 m
essentially all
energy gain in the
oceans takes place
in upper 10 -100 m
of water
5. Concept of Steady State
Averaged over the globe and over
a year, the Earth loses as much
energy as it gains.
Green house effect may be
changing the steady state
6. There is a net gain of energy at low latitudes
and a net loss of energy at high latitudes.
This latitudinal difference is energy gain and
loss drives both ocean and atmospheric
circulation.
All energy exchange by the oceans occurs at
the surface
This exchange of energy controls the
temperature of ocean water masses
7. Density
Mass / volume (g / cm3)
Density depends on temperature and
salinity
Ocean density ranges from 1.02 to 1.03
g/cc.
Density differences, together with
winds, are the principal factors
determining ocean currents.
8. Freezing Water
Density curve (6.6) shows the
relationship between the temperature or
salinity of a substance and its density.
9.
10. Water density decreases as the water
freezes
Angle between water molecules expand
from 105 ° to 109 °
Forms a crystalline lattice – less dense,
hence ice float.
11. Sensible heat loss – detectable decrease in
heat, measured with a thermometer, before
ice freezes
Latent [hidden] heat of fusion – amount of
heat removed to form ice per g of water (80
calories)
This process of freezing and thawing
moderates global temperature swings. Why?
12. Review the Concepts
Heat is transmitted in the ocean in
which wave length?
Define density
The density of a parcel of seawater will
be affected by which factors
13. Evaporating Water
Latent
heat of evaporation – amount of
energy required to break hydrogen
bonds
585 cal / g at 20 °C
Why such a big difference between
latent heat of evaporation and the latent
heat of fusion?
14. Sea Water vs. Pure Water
Solids dissolved No solids, water
lowers specific heat requires 1 cal to
by 4% (heats faster) heat up vs. 0.96 cal
Ions also interfere sea water.
with the freezing No ions to interfere
point, the saltier the with the freezing
lower the freezing point
point
15.
16. Solar Energy Inputs
the sun 'makes a direct hit' at equator, while
the same sunlight is spread over a larger area
at the poles.
This is just another way of showing that the
equator is heated up more than the north or
south poles of the Earth.
This uneven heating of our round globe
causes the air at the equator to rise, cool, and
then wring out its moisture as rain.
17.
18. The equator, then, is a zone of low
pressure systems and lots of
rainfall.
This zone extends from roughly 5°N to
5°S of the equator.
The air doesn't keep rising forever.
It eventually reaches an altitude where
it is the same temperature (and density)
as the surrounding air.
19. Itthen spreads out laterally, both in a
north direction, and in a south direction.
As it moves poleward (either north or
south from the equator), the air
continues to cool, and finally, sinks.
Where it sinks, the pressure is high.
Heat budget is balance (p.163, f. 7.10)
20.
21. Density Structure of the Ocean
Winds are the primary driving force of the
surface circulation, which is also called wind-
driven circulation,
density differences drive the deep, or vertical,
circulation of the oceans.
The density of seawater is controlled by
temperature and salinity, so the deep
circulation is also called the thermohaline
circulation.
22. Review the Concepts
Contrastsea water and fresh water
What causes the seasonal changes?
Why the poles are cold?
23. Temperature differences as small as a few
hundredths of a degree and salinity
differences of a few parts
in a hundred thousand can be important.
Both temperature and salinity are
conservative properties of seawater, that is,
there are determined by processes occurring
at the surface.
24. Salinity
Salinity refers to the weight fraction of
dissolved solids in water.
Average salinity of seawater is about
35‰ (‰ and ppt mean “parts per
thousand).
Principal processes that change salinity
are:
1. dilution (by rainwater and river water)
25. 2. Evaporation freezing (& thawing)
of sea ice
Salinity changes occur only at the
surface of the ocean
26. Because temperature and salinity
change only at the surface density
changes occur only at surface
Water masses can be identified by their
temperature-salinity characteristics.
Density, together with winds, govern
ocean currents
27. Ocean Structure
Upper 100-500 m to have uniform
temperature and salinity because of
mixing by waves.(6.13)
Below this, to a depth of ~1000 m,
Temp., Salinity, and density change
( Thermocline, Halocline,
Pycnocline) (6.12)
28.
29. Indeep water, temperature, salinity and
density are relatively uniform
This structure varies latitudinally. At
mid-latitudes, it also varies seasonally:
upper mixed layer will deepen in
summer;
thermocline might largely disappear in
winter
30.
31. Sound
Is a form of energy transmitted by rapid
pressure changes in an elastic medium.
Intensity decreases as it travels through
seawater until eventually is absorbed
and converted into heat
Speed is 1,500 m / s, almost five time
the speed in air
32. Echolocation
Marine mammals use
sound rather than light
to “see” in the ocean
Echolocation –use of
reflected sound to
detect environmental
objects
MM use echolocation
to detect prey and
avoid obstacles
33. Speed of sound increases as temperature
and pressure increases (6.21)
Travels faster at the surface than in deeper,
cooler water.
Minimum speed at 600 – 1,200 m
Below this depth the pressure offsets the
temperature and speed increases again
34.
35. SOFAR Layer
Sound Fixing and Ranging
Transmission of sound in this minimum-
velocity layer is very efficient because
refraction tends to cause sound energy to
remain within the layer (6.20)
Loud sounds made at this depth can be
heard for thousands of kilometers
Sound generated in the India Ocean was
hear as far a way as the Oregon Coast (Box
6.1)
36.
37. SONAR
Sound Navigation and Ranging
Active SONAR – projection of short
pulses of high frequency sound to
search for objects in the ocean.
Operator can tell direction, size,
heading and even the composition by
analyzing the composition of the
returned ping
38.
39. Side-Scan Sonar – towed behind a
vessel (6.22)
Used for geological and archeological
studies, and the location of downed
ships and airplanes
40. Review the Concepts
What kind of temperature does most of the
world ocean has?
What is characteristic about the ocean's deep
sound channel (sofar layer) ?
What is called a zone in which the ocean's
salinity increases rapidly with increasing
depth?
Which zone does the most pronounced or
marked all year around thermoclines exist?