6.4 organic compounds notes(teacher)for slideshare
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Organic compounds are made of carbon and vary in size. They are built by linking small molecules called monomers together through condensation to form long chains called polymers. The four main classes of organic molecules found in organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates provide energy and can be stored, lipids are used for energy storage and cell membranes, proteins provide structure and make enzymes, and nucleic acids store genetic information.
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Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms in substances to form different products. Chemical equations show the reactants and products, with the same number and type of atoms on both sides. Chemical reactions require activation energy to occur, and can release or absorb energy. Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower the activation energy needed for reactions in living things by binding to reactants at an active site and facilitating the formation of products.
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Properties of Solutions
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures where solute particles are evenly distributed throughout a solvent. A solution is formed when a solute dissolves completely in a solvent such as dissolving salt in water. Solutions are used widely in homes and industries, for example soap dissolving in water for washing and dyes dissolving in water for fabric coloring. Solutions can have solutes and solvents that are solids, liquids or gases.
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Organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are composed of carbon and generate life's form and function. They contain monomers that link together through dehydration synthesis to form polymers. Carbohydrates function as fuels and structural components, lipids are hydrophobic and store energy, proteins assist in cell functions, and nucleic acids store and use genetic information. These macromolecules contain functional groups and are essential to all living things.
The chemistry of life chapter 3
Organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are composed of carbon and generate life's form and function. They contain monomers that link together through dehydration synthesis to form polymers. Carbohydrates function as fuels and structural components, lipids are hydrophobic and store energy, proteins assist in cell functions, and nucleic acids store and use genetic information. These macromolecules contain functional groups and are essential to all living things.
Water and Biomolecules
This document discusses the importance of water and its properties. Water is a polar molecule that can dissolve many other polar molecules and ionic compounds due to water's attraction to ions and other polar molecules. Water molecules also attract each other through hydrogen bonding. This allows water to have high heat capacity and help maintain steady environments. The document then summarizes the key biomolecules found in living things, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
AS Biology- Carbohydrates 1
This document discusses carbohydrates and their structure. It explains that monosaccharides are single unit sugars that can join through condensation reactions to form disaccharides, linked by glycosidic bonds. Benedict's reagent can be used to test for the presence of sugars. Monosaccharides are the basic building blocks, and include common hexoses like glucose. They can polymerize into larger carbohydrates through dehydration reactions catalyzed by enzymes.
Biological molecules
This document provides information on biological molecules. It begins by defining biomolecules as molecules involved in living organisms that are typically made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. The main types of biomolecules discussed are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and water. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose, and polysaccharides like starch, cellulose and glycogen. Lipids include fats, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols. The properties of water that allow it to act as the universal solvent in living systems are also summarized.
From atoms-to-cells2902
The document discusses the fundamental building blocks of matter and cells. It explains that all matter is composed of atoms, which are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms combine to form molecules through chemical bonds like covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. Macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are formed from monomers linked by polymerization. The document also outlines the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and defines the six essential processes of life.
Carbohydrates
This document provides an overview of carbohydrates, which are one of the four major classes of biomolecules along with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the structures and functions of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides can be either aldoses or ketoses depending on whether the carbonyl group is an aldehyde or ketone. Disaccharides are formed from a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides serve important energy storage roles as starch and glycogen. The document also reviews lipid structure including fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols and their role in biological membranes.
Molecules of life
The document provides an overview of important biological molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It discusses the composition and functions of these macromolecules. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and fibers that serve as energy sources. Lipids such as fats and oils provide energy storage and insulation. Proteins are made of amino acids and perform structural and functional roles in the body. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information and aid cellular functions. The document emphasizes the significance of these molecules for life.
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grade 10 biology The Building Blocks of Life.pptx
This document discusses the building blocks of life. It explains that organisms are made up of carbon-based molecules, as carbon can form many different compounds. The four main macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are made of smaller organic molecules joined together, while nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information as DNA and RNA. All of these macromolecules are essential components of organisms.
Similar to 6.4 organic compounds notes(teacher)for slideshare (20)
Carbon Chemistry and Applications - Gurumurthy B R
Carbon Chemistry and Applications - Gurumurthy B R
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I don't want to give a title on this one but slideshare force me to write so
More from kathy_lambert
Unit 3 ch 7.3 cell organelles
This document provides information about cell structure and function. It discusses the main types of cells, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes the organelles found in plant and animal cells and their roles in carrying out the three main jobs of cells: generating energy through cellular respiration and photosynthesis, producing proteins, and replicating to make more cells. Specifically, it explains how mitochondria generate ATP energy, the nucleus stores DNA and controls the cell, ribosomes produce proteins, and the cell membrane surrounds and regulates the cell.
7.1 cell discovery and theory
The microscope enabled the discovery of cells. In 1665, Hooke observed box-shaped structures in cork which he called "cells". Van Leeuwenhoek later saw living organisms in pond water and milk using an improved microscope. In the 1830s, scientists established that plants and animals are composed of cells, and that cells only arise from pre-existing cells (Cell Theory). Modern compound and electron microscopes allow detailed study of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures and organelles.
Stem cells kl
The document discusses stem cells and their potential medical applications. It defines two main types of stem cells - tissue-specific stem cells which are multipotent and can only form certain cell types, and pluripotent stem cells (embryonic and induced pluripotent) which can form any cell type. Tissue-specific stem cells are found throughout the body and already used to treat conditions like leukemia. Pluripotent stem cells have greater potential but also more challenges, as embryonic stem cells require embryo destruction and induced pluripotent stem cells are difficult to create reliably. Overall stem cells may help develop more individualized regenerative and personalized medical treatments.
Gel Electrophoresis Notes
1) Gel electrophoresis is a method used to separate DNA fragments by size using an electrical field. DNA, which is negatively charged, will migrate towards the positive electrode through a gel. Smaller fragments travel farther than larger fragments.
2) DNA fingerprinting analyzes repetitive "junk" DNA regions that vary between individuals. After restriction enzyme digestion, fragment size differences can be used to identify individuals.
3) Gel electrophoresis is used in forensics to compare DNA samples from crime scenes and suspects. It can determine paternity and study evolutionary relationships by comparing DNA sequences. It also aids medical diagnosis by identifying disease-causing alleles.
Biotechnology Notes
This document discusses genetic engineering and biotechnology. It begins by explaining how artificial breeding has been used for generations to create new breeds of animals and crop plants. It then discusses how genetic engineering works, including cutting DNA with restriction enzymes, joining DNA segments through complementary "sticky ends," and inserting new genes into organisms. Examples are given of genetically modified crops and organisms created for various purposes, such as producing human insulin or creating disease-resistant plants. The role of bacteria and plasmids in genetic engineering is also described.
17.3 Domains and Kingdoms
The document discusses the classification of living things. It states that the broadest category is domains, of which there are three - Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Within these domains are six kingdoms - Bacteria, Archaea, Protists, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. Each kingdom has distinct characteristics, such as Bacteria containing cells with peptidoglycan cell walls, Archaea living in extreme environments, and Animalia being multicellular and heterotrophic.
17.2 Modern Classification
This document discusses several concepts for classifying and organizing life's diversity, including typological, biological, and phylogenetic species concepts. It also describes how scientists use morphological and biochemical characters, as well as molecular clocks based on gene and DNA sequences, to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and construct cladograms showing evolutionary relationships among species.
17.1 The History of Classification
Aristotle developed one of the earliest systems of biological classification over 2000 years ago, categorizing organisms as either plants or animals. Animals were further divided based on whether they had red blood and their habitat and physical characteristics. Plants were classified by size and structure. Later, Linnaeus developed the first formal taxonomic system that is still used today, assigning each species a binomial scientific name. His system involved classifying organisms into a nested hierarchy of taxonomic ranks from broadest to most specific, including domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Chapter 15.3 shaping evolutionary theory
The document discusses several ways that the theory of evolution continues to be shaped, including:
1) Scientists now recognize that natural selection is not the only mechanism of evolution, with genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and non-random mating also influencing changes within populations over time.
2) Two theories for the rate of speciation discussed are gradualism, where evolution proceeds in small gradual steps, and punctuated equilibrium, where species diverge rapidly during sporadic periods of genetic change.
3) Various patterns of evolution are examined, including adaptive radiation, coevolution, convergent evolution, and factors that can influence speciation like genetic isolation and the formation of new habitats.
Chapter 15.2 evidence of evolution
Multiple lines of evidence support the theory of evolution, including fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, and the geographic distribution of organisms. Fossils show transitional forms and derived versus ancestral traits. Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and vestigial structures. Embryos of different species exhibit homologous structures early in development. Biochemistry demonstrates complex molecules shared across species. Geographic distribution patterns also provide evidence of evolution.
Chapter 15.1 Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection
Charles Darwin developed the theory of natural selection based on observations from his voyage on the HMS Beagle. He noticed that species on the Galapagos Islands were closely related but had adapted to their environments in slightly different ways. Darwin hypothesized that natural selection - the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their traits to offspring - could lead to the emergence of new species over many generations. The key principles of natural selection are that traits vary between individuals, traits are heritable, and some traits make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce.
Unit 7 History of Life Notes
The document discusses the origin of life on Earth. It describes early theories of spontaneous generation and biogenesis. Experiments by Pasteur and others supported biogenesis. Early Earth likely had a primordial soup where simple organic molecules formed from inorganic compounds, as shown by the Miller-Urey experiment. These molecules could have led to the formation of proteins on clay particles and early genetic material like RNA. Archaea may have been Earth's first cells. Later, photosynthesizing cyanobacteria evolved and enriched the atmosphere with oxygen. The endosymbiont theory explains how eukaryotic cells developed from prokaryotic cells living together.
12.4 mutations
Mutations are changes to DNA that can alter genes and traits. There are two main types of mutations: point mutations, which change a single DNA nucleotide, and frameshift mutations, which add or delete nucleotides, altering the reading frame. Point mutations can be silent, missense, or nonsense. Missense mutations substitute amino acids, sometimes changing the protein. Frameshift mutations disrupt the entire protein. Examples given are sickle cell anemia from a point mutation and cystic fibrosis from a deletion frameshift mutation.
12.3 dna, rna, and protein
This document explains how DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA and then translated into proteins. It begins by establishing that DNA contains the genetic instructions, which are passed to RNA and then proteins. It then describes transcription, where DNA is copied into messenger RNA in the nucleus. The document explains how messenger RNA carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm to be translated by ribosomes into proteins, using transfer RNA to match mRNA codons to amino acids. In summary, it outlines the central dogma of molecular biology - that DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into functional proteins.
12.2 replication of dna
DNA replication is semi-conservative and involves several key enzymes. DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the parental DNA strands. RNA primase adds short RNA primers to each strand. DNA polymerase then adds complementary nucleotides to the new strands in the 5' to 3' direction, replicating the leading strand continuously but the lagging strand discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments, which are later joined by DNA ligase. The end result is two double-stranded DNA molecules that each contain one original and one new strand.
12.1 notes dna the genetic material
The document summarizes key experiments in the discovery of DNA as the genetic material. It describes Griffith's experiment showing a "transforming principle" could pass from dead to live bacteria. Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod found DNA was the transforming agent. Hershey and Chase's blender experiment showed viral DNA, not protein, entered host cells. Watson and Crick then modeled DNA's double helix structure from evidence including Chargaff's rules and Franklin's X-ray data.
11.2 & 11.3 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
This document discusses several types of complex inheritance patterns:
1) In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. An example given is red and white flowers producing pink flowers.
2) Codominance occurs when both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous condition, such as with sickle-cell anemia where people produce both normal and sickle-shaped red blood cells.
3) Multiple alleles exist, such as the three alleles that determine blood type (A, B, and O) and the alleles that determine rabbit coat color.
11.1 Basic Patterns of Inheritance
This document discusses human genetics and inheritance through three main topics: genetic disorders, types of recessive genetic disorders (including cystic fibrosis, albinism, and Tay-Sachs disease), and dominant genetic disorders (including Huntington's disease and achondroplasia). It also covers pedigrees, which are diagrams used to track the inheritance of traits through generations using symbolic representations of individuals and their genetic statuses. Key points are that recessive traits only appear if homozygous, while dominants can be inherited heterozygous or homozygous, and conditions like cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease are caused by genetic defects on specific chromosomes.
10.2 classical genetics ppt
This document discusses genetics and inheritance through chromosomes and genes. It explains that offspring inherit chromosomes from both parents which carry genes that determine traits like eye color. Genes come in different versions called alleles, such as brown and blue alleles for eye color, and can be inherited separately. Some alleles are dominant over others and will mask recessive alleles, determining the expressed trait. Through meiosis and fertilization, alleles are passed down randomly from parents to offspring, following patterns demonstrated with Punnett squares. While genetics determine a person's genotype, the observable traits or phenotype they express may be the same between individuals with different genetic combinations.
10.1 Meiosis 2014
The document discusses meiosis and how it differs from mitosis. Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as body cells through two cell divisions. In the first division, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange DNA through crossing over, then separate. This leads to independent assortment of chromosomes. The second division separates sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells. Meiosis ensures fertilization restores the diploid number through halving the number of chromosomes in gametes.
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6.4 organic compounds notes(teacher)for slideshare
- 1. Organic Compounds The Molecules of Life
- 2. Organic Compounds • Made of carbon • Vary in size – Can be very small – Large = macromolecules • Built by adding small molecules (monomers) together to form chains = polymers
- 3. Polymers • Formed by condensation where they are bonded together • Broken apart by hydrolysis http://science.nhmccd.edu/BioL/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
- 4. Role of Carbon in Organisms • Carbon has 4 valence electrons • that allows it to form four bonds with other atoms • Can form straight chains, branches or rings
- 5. Carbon
- 6. 4 Classes of Organic Molecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
- 7. Carbohydrates • 1 C: 2 H: 1 O • Provides quick energy, can be stored • Simplest type = monosaccharide – Ex. Glucose, fructose • 2 sugars = disaccharide – Ex. Glucose + fructose = sucrose • Many sugars = polysaccharide – Ex. Starch, glycogen, and cellulose
- 9. Lipids • Made of C, H, and some O • Used for energy storage and cell membranes • Hydrophobic (do not mix with water) • Most common are fats and oils – Monomer is a triglyceride • Other lipids are phospholipids and steroids PHOSPHOLIPID
- 10. Proteins • Made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S • Provide structure for tissues and organs and make enzymes • Made of amino acids – 20 different amino acids combine in different numbers and variations – Amino acids link together by peptide bonds to form proteins
- 11. Nucleic Acids • Made of C, H, O, N, and P • Stores genetic information • Monomers are nucleotides • Ex. DNA and RNA