1. Biochemistry
Chapter 3
Mr. Hunter
Biology
Kennedy High School 10/18/2011

2. Biology
Mr. Hunter
10/23/2012
• Objectives
• SWBAT
• Analyze the structure of carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids and nucleic acids.
• Identify polymer and monomer units and their
construction process

3. Bell Ringer 03/19/2013 - Biology
1. What are the independent
and dependent variables?
2. On which axis is the
dependent variable
located on?
3. On which axis is the
independent variable on?
4. At what time is the
temperature approximately
80 degrees?

4. Carbon Compounds
• All compounds can be
classified into two
categories: Organic and
Inorganic
• Most matter in living
organisms that is not
water is made of
organic compounds.
• Organic compounds are
made of carbon atoms.
• Inorganic compounds
do not contain carbon
atoms.

5. Carbon Compounds
• Carbon atoms are able
to form 4 covalent
bonds with other atoms
of different elements.
• Carbon can bond in
different ways to
produce molecules of
different shapes. pg. 51
text.

6. Functional Groups
• Influence the chemical
characteristic of the
molecule that they are
attached to.
• Common functional
groups: Hydroxyl,
Carboxyl, Amino and
Phosphate pg. 52 text.

7. Large Carbon Molecules
• Many large carbon
molecules are built
from smaller
components called
monomers
• Monomers bond to
each other to form
polymers via
condensation
reactions. pg. 53

8. Structure of ATP –Energy
Molecule

9. Polymers and Macromolecules
Mini-Quiz
1. All compounds can be classified into two categories
_________ and __________
2. _______compounds are made of carbon atoms and
_________ compounds do not contain carbon.
3. Carbon atoms are able to form _____ covalent bonds.
4. _________ is the functional group that causes a
molecule to classified as polar.
5. __________ is the functional group that causes a
molecule to be classified as an acid.
6. Polymers are large molecules that can be formed from
smaller molecules called _________ by a _________
chemical reaction.
7. The opposite chemical reaction which breaks apart
polymers is called ______________.
8. The molecule _________ is hydrolyzed by a reaction
to produce energy.

10. Molecules of Life
• Four main classes
of compounds are
essential to life
processes of all
living things.
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

11. Carbohydrates
• Organic compounds
composed of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen
• The chemical ratio is:
• 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen:
1 oxygen
• Can serve as a source
of energy and can be
used as structural
materials.
• Can be in the form of
monosaccharides,
disaccharides, or
polysaccharides.

12. Carbohydrates
• A monomer unit of a
carbohydrate is called a
monosaccharide. The ratio
for the atoms is 1:2:1
• The most common
monosaccharides are:
• Glucose: main source of
energy for cells
• Fructose: found in fruits,
very sweet
• Galactose: found in milk
• All are isomers – They have
the same chemical formula
but they are different in
structure. pg. 55 fig 3.6
• Question: What are the
monomer units of
carbohydrates?

13. Carbohydrates
• Disaccharides – formed by
two monomer sugar units
bonding together by a
condensation reaction.
• Ex. Glucose and Fructose
combine to form Sucrose.
• Polysaccharides –
composed of three or more
monosaccharides.
• Glucose is stored in the
polysaccharide form,
glycogen in animals.
• Glucose is stored in the liver
and muscles as glycogen for
energy.
• Question: How is glucose
stored in liver and muscle ?

14. Carbohydrates
• Plants store glucose
molecules in the form of
the polysaccharide –
Starch / utilized for energy.
• Plants also make a
polysaccharide called
cellulose. Cellulose
provides the plant with
strength and rigidity –
makes up about 50% of
wood.
• Question: What are two
forms of glucose found in
plants?

15. Molecules of Life Quiz
1. The four main classes of compounds essential to all living things
are
A.____________
B.____________
C.____________
D.____________
2. The ratio of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen is ____ : ____ : ____
3. Organic compounds can serve as a source of _____ and can be
used as ____________.
4. A monomer unit of a carbohydrate is called a _________
5. The monosaccharide found in milk is called _________.
6. The monosaccharide which is the main energy source for cells is
___________.
7. Disaccharides are formed by ________________.
8. Polysaccharides are composed of __________________.
9. Plants store glucose in the form of ______ and _________.
10. Starch is used for _______ by plants.

16. Proteins
• Composed of monomer
units called amino
acids. pg. 56 fig b.
• Ex. Skin, muscle, hair,
enzymes etc. are
composed of proteins.
• Amino acids link
together by peptide
bonds to form proteins.
• Enzymes are protein
molecules that are
biological catalysts –
they are able to
increase the rate of
reactions.

17. Amino acids
• 20 different amino
acids. All share a basic
structure.
• Contains central carbon
covalently bonded to
other atoms or
functional groups.
• The main difference in
amino acids are the R
groups.
• Question: What are the
monomer units of
proteins?

18. Amino acids
• Amino acids join via a
condensation reaction
to form peptide bonds
• Amino acids also form
long chains called
polypeptides
• Proteins are made of
one or more peptide
bonds
• Longer polypeptides
can be of different
shapes due to
hydrogen bonding
interactions. - heat and
acidity can affect
proteins.

19. ENZYMES
• Protein or RNA
molecules that act as
biological catalysts.
• Enzymes have specific
substrate molecules
that fit within the active
site of the enzyme.
• Enzymes lower the
activation energy of a
chemical reaction.
• Enzyme is unchanged
and can be used many
times – Temperature
and pH can causes
changes in the enzyme
and substrate pg. 57

20. Polymers and Macromolecules
Mini-Quiz
1. All compounds can be classified into two categories
_________ and __________
2. _______compounds are made of carbon atoms and
_________ compounds do not contain carbon.
3. Carbon atoms are able to form _____ covalent bonds.
4. _________ is the functional group that causes a
molecule to classified as polar.
5. __________ is the functional group that causes a
molecule to be classified as an acid.
6. Polymers are large molecules that can be formed from
smaller molecules called _________ by a _________
chemical reaction.
7. The opposite chemical reaction which breaks apart
polymers is called ______________.
8. The molecule _________ is hydrolyzed by a reaction
to produce energy.

21. Biology 10.30.12
Mr. Hunter
• Objectives:
• SWBAT
• Analyze and compare the structure and characteristics of
various classes of lipids via active cornell notes.
• Read and answer questions from article, Why Some
Fats Are Worse Than Others
• (*Common Core Technical Reading Standards*)
• Bell Ringer: If a substance does not dissolve in water, is
it (polar / nonpolar)?

22. Lipids
• Large nonpolar organic molecules. They
don’t dissolve in water.
• They include:
• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids
• Steroids
• Waxes
• Pigments
• Question: What are the five categories of
lipids?

23. Lipids
• Lipids have a higher ratio of carbon
and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms.
• Because of this higher ratio they are
able to store more energy per gram
than carbohydrates.
• Question: Why are lipids able to store
more energy than carbohydrates?

24. Lipids
• Fatty acids:
unbranched carbon
chains that make up
most lipids.
• The carboxyl end is
polar- hydrophilic and
the other end is
nonpolar-hydrophobic
• Question: What is the
difference between
saturated and
unsaturated fatty
acids?

25. Triglycerides
• Three classes of lipids
contain fatty acids:
triglycerides,
phospholipids and
waxes.
• Triglyceride: three fatty
acids joined to glycerol
• Can be saturated – high
melting point and solid
at room temp. Found in
butter and fats.
• Unsaturated- soft or
liquid at room
temperature – found in
plant seeds.

26. Phospholipids
• Two or three fatty acids
attached to a molecule
of glycerol.
• Phosphate group
attached to third carbon
of glycerol.
• Cell membrane is made
up of two layers of
phospholipids called
the lipid bilayer.
• Question: What portion
of a phospholipid is
polar or hydrophilic?

27. Waxes and Steroids
• Wax: Structural lipid
made of long fatty acid
and alcohol chains. They
are waterproof and
provide a protective outer
coating on surfaces.
Steroids: Steroid are
made of 4 fused carbon
rings and various
functional groups.
Cholesterol is located in
the cell membrane and is
needed by nerve cells to
function properly.

28. Polymers and Macromolecules
Mini-Quiz
1. All compounds can be classified into two categories
_________ and __________
2. _______compounds are made of carbon atoms and
_________ compounds do not contain carbon.
3. Carbon atoms are able to form _____ covalent bonds.
4. _________ is the functional group that causes a
molecule to classified as polar.
5. __________ is the functional group that causes a
molecule to be classified as an acid.
6. Polymers are large molecules that can be formed from
smaller molecules called _________ by a _________
chemical reaction.
7. The opposite chemical reaction which breaks apart
polymers is called ______________.
8. The molecule _________ is hydrolyzed by a reaction
to produce energy.

29. Carbohydrates
Mini-Quiz
1. Carbohydrates can be classified as organic compounds
containing the elements _______, ______ and _______
2. The chemical ratio of the elements is ____: ____:____
3. A polysaccharide is composed of _______ or more_______
4. The monomer unit of a carbohydrate is called a _______
5. _________, ________ and ______ are common
monosaccharides which are all ________. They have the same
chemical formula but different chemical structures.
6. ________ and _________combine by a condensation reaction to
form the disaccharide sucrose.
7. ________ is a polysaccharide made of glucose monomers and
is stored in liver and muscle cells.
8. ________ and ________ are polysaccharides found in plant
cells used for energy and structural support.

30. Protein Experiment – Bell Ringer
• The pH scale measures the
acidity of a solution. The
scale ranges from 0 to 14.
• 0  6 is acidic,7 is neutral
and 8 14 is basic. pg. 44
fig. 2-14
1. What are the independent
and dependent variables?
2. For each of the proteins,
trypsin and pepsin, what is
the best pH value in which
the reaction rates are the
highest?

31. Assignment
• Pg. 60 # 8-10- Critical Thinking
• Cornell Format
• Due @ end of class!

32. Assignment
• Section 2 Review pg. 60 # 1-4
• Pg. 62 # 5-14
• Cornell Note Format
• Due @ end of class!

33. Assignment
• Pg. 55 Vocabulary due @ end of class!
Pg. 58 Treating and Preventing Diabetes
Questions: # 1-3 : due @ end of class.
• All in Cornell Format.