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1. ORGANIC MOLECULES
Chapter 2-3

2. Chemistry of Carbon
• Carbon forms a variety of different molecules
• It has 4 valence electrons and can branch in 4 different directions
• It can form long chains with itself
• Can be single, double or even triple bonds

3. Macromolecules
• Many of the molecules in living cells are so large the are
called macromolecules
• Meaning giant molecules
• DNA shown here is an
example of a macromolecule

4. Macromolecules
• Are formed during a process called polymerization
• When large molecules are built by joining smaller ones together
polymerization
Monomer – smaller units Polymer- constructed of many
smaller units

5. Macromolecules
• There are millions of organic molecules formed as the
result of carbons versatility as well as polymerization.
• There are four groups that all these compounds fall into
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic acids
• Proteins

6. Carbohydrates
• Organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Glucose chemical formula
C6H12O6
Structural Formula of Glucose
Simplified structure

7. Carbohydrates
• Living things use carbohydrates for their main source of
energy. Cellular respiration uses glucose
• Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for
“structure” in the form of cellulose

8. Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides (C6H12O6) – Simple sugars (monomers)
• Glucose
• Blood sugar – Produced during photosynthesis. Used as chemical
energy in cellular respiration
• Fructose
• Fruit sugar – very sweet
• Galactose
• Used in making lactose which is sugar found in mammal milk

9. Carbohydrates
• Polysaccharides – very large polymers made up of many
monosaccharides. Complex Sugars
• Glycogen
• Starch
• Cellulose

10. Carbohydrates
• Polysaccharides
• Glycogen
• Found in animals and used for long term storage of energy
• Stored in muscles and liver
• Excess glucose is stored in this form

11. Carbohydrates
• Polysaccharides
• Starch – long term storage of glucose in plants.
Fig 2.13

12. Carbohydrates
• Polysaccharides
• Cellulose – polysaccharide found in plants. Used for structure and
found in plant cell walls. Fiber in our diets.

13. Proteins
• Large macromolecules made up of Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen and Nitrogen
• Protein (aka polypeptides) are made up of basic building
blocks (monomers) called amino acids
Central Carbon
Carboxyl Group
Radical Group
Amino Group

14. Protein
• There are 20 of these monomers in the “protein world”
allowing proteins to serve many different function.
• R group makes each amino acid different

15. Protein Functions
• Protein Functions
• Structural – hair, tendons, muscle
• Enzymes – carry out important chemical reaction in your cells
• Antibodies – Form a defense against foreign invaders
• Storage – proteins are often stored in seeds and eggs for
developing embryos (think egg white)
• Signal – Allows cells to communicate (insulin)
• Transport – Hemoglobin on RBC carry oxygen

16. Protein Structure
• How is function decided? Shape or Structure of Protein
• Four levels that determine final structure
• Primary Structure – the sequence of the amino acid
chain (polypeptide)
• Formed during dehydration reactions
Amino acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid
Polypeptide Chain

17. Protein Structure
• Secondary Structure – Chain will fold due to interactions
of amino group and carboxyl groups – hydrogen bonds

18. Protein Structure
• Tertiary Structure – Final 3-D shape taken on by
continued folding

19. Protein Structure
• Quaternary Structure – 2 or more polypeptides put
together. Very complex level that not all proteins have.

20. Protein Structure Analogy

21. Protein – Why Shape Matters
Sickle Shaped Blood Cells

22. Nucleic Acids
• Building Block (monomer) = Nucleotides
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

23. Nucleic Acids
Polymerization results in polymer - DNA
Base Pair Rule
Adenine – Thymine
Guanine – Cytosine

24. Nucleic Acids
• Functions
• Carry and transmit genetic information
• How?
• Sequence of nitrogen bases are called genes
• Order of nitrogen bases (A,T,G,C) direct the placement of amino acids
in the formation of proteins.

25. Nucleic Acids
• Two types
• RNA – Ribonucleic acid
• Sugar is ribose
• Contains nitrogen base Uracil
rather than Thymine
• Single Stranded
• DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Sugar is deoxyribose
• Double stranded

27. Nucleic Acids
• DNA vs. RNA
• DNA contains genes and is master plan.
• Passed from parent to offspring
• RNA is “blue print” from master plan
• Messenger in the process of protein formation
video

28. Lipids
• Building Blocks for fats – 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
(triglyceride)

29. Lipids
• Large group of variable molecules that are not soluble in
water.
• Fats – Most efficient way of storing energy. 9 calories/gram
(carbohydrates 4 cal/gram)
• Phospholipids – make up cell membranes surrounding cells
• Waxes – water proof coverings and things like leaves and insects

30. Lipids
• Fats can be saturated or unsaturated
• Saturated – full of hydrogen on fatty acid chains
• Unsaturated – double bonds on fatty acid chains mean less hydrogen

31. Lipids

32. Lipids
• Phospholipids – partially like water, partially don’t like
water. Hydrophobic vs. Hydophilic

33. Lipids
• Cell membrane