This document discusses genetic engineering and biotechnology. It begins by explaining how artificial breeding has been used for generations to create new breeds of animals and crop plants. It then discusses how genetic engineering works, including cutting DNA with restriction enzymes, joining DNA segments through complementary "sticky ends," and inserting new genes into organisms. Examples are given of genetically modified crops and organisms created for various purposes, such as producing human insulin or creating disease-resistant plants. The role of bacteria and plasmids in genetic engineering is also described.

1. 2006-2007Regents Biology
Genetic Engineering
Biotechnology

2. Regents Biology
We have been manipulating DNA
for generations!
 Artificial breeding
 creating new breeds of animals & new
crop plants to improve our food

3. Regents Biology
Animal breeding

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Breeding food plants
 “Descendants” of the wild mustard
 the “Cabbage family”

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Breeding food plants
Evolution of modern corn (right) from
ancestral teosinte (left).

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A Brave New World

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The code is universal
 Since all living
organisms…
 use the same DNA
 use the same code
book
 read their genes
the same way

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TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGATGCCGCGACTATGATC
ACATAGACATGCTGTCAGCTCTAGTAGACTAGCTGACT
CGACTAGCATGATCGATCAGCTACATGCTAGCACACYC
GTACATCGATCCTGACATCGACCTGCTCGTACATGCTA
CTAGCTACTGACTCATGATCCAGATCACTGAAACCCTA
GATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGAT
CATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGC
TCAATCAAACTCTTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGACTAGC
TGACTGATCATGACTCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCT
ATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACA
TCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGCTCAATCAAACTC
TTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGACTAGCTGACTGATCATG
ACTCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGA
TCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACT
human genome
3.2 billion bases

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Can we mix genes from one creature
to another?
YES!

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Mixing genes for medicine…
 Allowing organisms to produce new
proteins
 bacteria producing human insulin
 bacteria producing human growth hormone

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How do we do mix genes?
 Genetic engineering
 find gene
 cut DNA in both organisms
 paste gene from one creature into other
creature’s DNA
 insert new chromosome into organism
 organism copies new gene as if it were its
own
 organism reads gene as if it were its own
 organism produces NEW protein:
Remember: we all use the same genetic code!

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Cutting DNA
 DNA “scissors”
 enzymes that cut DNA
 restriction enzymes
 used by bacteria to cut up DNA of
attacking viruses
 EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI
 cut DNA at specific sites
 enzymes look for specific base sequences
GTAACGAATTCACGCTT
CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
GTAACG|AATTCACGCTT
CATTGCTTAA|GTGCGAA

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Restriction enzymes
 Cut DNA at specific sites
 leave “sticky ends”
GTAACG AATTCACGCTT
CATTGCTTAA GTGCGAA
GTAACGAATTCACGCTT
CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
restriction enzyme cut site
restriction enzyme cut site

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Sticky ends
 Cut other DNA with same enzymes
 leave “sticky ends” on both
 can glue DNA together at “sticky ends”
GTAACG AATTCACGCTT
CATTGCTTAA GTGCGAA
gene
you want
GGACCTG AATTCCGGATA
CCTGGACTTAA GGCCTAT
chromosome
want to add
gene to
GGACCTG AATTCACGCTT
CCTGGACTTAA GTGCGAA
combined
DNA

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Sticky ends help glue genes together
TTGTAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCACGCTT
AACATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGTGCGAA
gene you want cut sitescut sites
AATGGTTACTTGTAACG AATTCTACGATCGCCGATTCAACGCTT
TTACCAATGAACATTGCTTAA GATGCTAGCGGCTAAGTTGCGAA
chromosome want to add gene tocut sites
AATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCG
GATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAA isolated gene
sticky ends
chromosome with new gene added
TAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCTACGATC
CATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGATGCTAGC
sticky ends stick together
DNA ligase joins the strands Recombinant DNA molecule

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Why mix genes together?
TAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCTACGATC
CATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGATGCTAGC
 Gene produces protein in different
organism or different individual
aa aaaa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
“new” protein from organism ex: human insulin from bacteria
human insulin gene in bacteria
bacteria human insulin
How can
bacteria read
human DNA?

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Uses of genetic engineering
 Genetically modified organisms (GMO)
 enabling plants to produce new proteins
 Protect crops from insects: BT corn
 corn produces a bacterial toxin that kills corn
borer (caterpillar pest of corn)
 Extend growing season: fishberries
 strawberries with an anti-freezing gene from
flounder
 Improve quality of food: golden rice
 rice producing vitamin A
improves nutritional value

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Bacteria
 Bacteria are great!
 one-celled organisms
 reproduce by mitosis
 easy to grow, fast to grow
 generation every ~20 minutes

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Bacterial DNA
 Single circular chromosome
 only one copy = haploid
 no nucleus
 Other DNA = plasmids!
bacteria
chromosome
plasmids

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There’s more…
 Plasmids
 small extra circles of DNA
 carry extra genes that bacteria can use
 can be swapped between bacteria
 bacterial sex!!
 rapid evolution = antibiotic resistance
 can be picked up
from environment

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How can plasmids help us?
 A way to get genes into bacteria easily
 insert new gene into plasmid
 insert plasmid into bacteria = vector
 bacteria now expresses new gene
 bacteria make new protein
+
transformed
bacteriagene from
other organism
plasmid
cut DNA
recombinant
plasmid
vector
glue DNA

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Grow bacteria…make more
grow
bacteria
harvest (purify)
protein
transformed
bacteria
plasmid
gene from
other organism
+
recombinant
plasmid
vector

23. Regents Biology
Applications of biotechnology

24. 2006-2007Regents Biology
I’m a very special pig!
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