Carbon has unique bonding properties that allow it to form many different compounds. It can form single, double, or triple bonds with itself and other elements. The four major forms of pure carbon are diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and nanotubes. Organic compounds contain carbon, and hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. The four main classes of organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates and lipids are used for energy storage, while proteins and nucleic acids have structural and information-storing roles in the body.
Organic compounds – compounds that contain carbon
Many organic compounds have similar properties in terms of melting and boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity and solubility
Carbon is essential for all biological molecules due to its ability to form four covalent bonds. There are four main classes of macromolecules that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates like glycogen store glucose for energy. Lipids such as triglycerides are made of fatty acids and glycerol and provide over twice as much energy per gram as carbohydrates. Proteins are composed of amino acids and perform important functions like enzyme catalysis. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain genetic information and are made up of nucleotides with nitrogenous bases attached to sugars and phosphates.
Grade 9 Biology: Building Blocks of Life. A introduction to the major macromolecules of the cell. Students are taught polymers, monomers, and the elements typically found in each. Students should be able to identify the basic chemical structure of proteins, lipids, carbohydrate, and nucleic acids and know their basic functions within the cell.
Organic compounds are made of carbon and vary in size. They are built by linking small molecules called monomers together through condensation to form long chains called polymers. The four main classes of organic molecules found in organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates provide energy and can be stored, lipids are used for energy storage and cell membranes, proteins provide structure and make enzymes, and nucleic acids store genetic information.
Organic molecules in living organisms are made up of four main types: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, proteins include enzymes and antibodies, lipids include fats, and nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. All life on Earth is made of these organic molecules, which contain carbon as a basic building block. Carbon is uniquely able to form four bonds with other atoms, allowing it to link to other carbons and create a diverse array of carbon skeletons essential for life.
grade 10 biology The Building Blocks of Life.pptxRashaShawky7
This document discusses the building blocks of life. It explains that organisms are made up of carbon-based molecules, as carbon can form many different compounds. The four main macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are made of smaller organic molecules joined together, while nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information as DNA and RNA. All of these macromolecules are essential components of organisms.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry and the four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic composition and properties of each macromolecule type including their monomers, polymers, functional groups, and roles in maintaining life processes. Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and provide energy. Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and store energy. Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen and serve as the building blocks for tissues and enzymes.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry and the four major macromolecules that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic composition and properties of each macromolecule, including that carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and provide energy; lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are used to store energy and provide structure; proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen and serve as the building blocks for tissues and enzymes; and nucleic acids contain genetic information essential for life. Each macromolecule is composed of smaller monomers that polymerize to form the larger macromolecule.
Organic compounds – compounds that contain carbon
Many organic compounds have similar properties in terms of melting and boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity and solubility
Carbon is essential for all biological molecules due to its ability to form four covalent bonds. There are four main classes of macromolecules that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates like glycogen store glucose for energy. Lipids such as triglycerides are made of fatty acids and glycerol and provide over twice as much energy per gram as carbohydrates. Proteins are composed of amino acids and perform important functions like enzyme catalysis. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain genetic information and are made up of nucleotides with nitrogenous bases attached to sugars and phosphates.
Grade 9 Biology: Building Blocks of Life. A introduction to the major macromolecules of the cell. Students are taught polymers, monomers, and the elements typically found in each. Students should be able to identify the basic chemical structure of proteins, lipids, carbohydrate, and nucleic acids and know their basic functions within the cell.
Organic compounds are made of carbon and vary in size. They are built by linking small molecules called monomers together through condensation to form long chains called polymers. The four main classes of organic molecules found in organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates provide energy and can be stored, lipids are used for energy storage and cell membranes, proteins provide structure and make enzymes, and nucleic acids store genetic information.
Organic molecules in living organisms are made up of four main types: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, proteins include enzymes and antibodies, lipids include fats, and nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. All life on Earth is made of these organic molecules, which contain carbon as a basic building block. Carbon is uniquely able to form four bonds with other atoms, allowing it to link to other carbons and create a diverse array of carbon skeletons essential for life.
grade 10 biology The Building Blocks of Life.pptxRashaShawky7
This document discusses the building blocks of life. It explains that organisms are made up of carbon-based molecules, as carbon can form many different compounds. The four main macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are made of smaller organic molecules joined together, while nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information as DNA and RNA. All of these macromolecules are essential components of organisms.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry and the four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic composition and properties of each macromolecule type including their monomers, polymers, functional groups, and roles in maintaining life processes. Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and provide energy. Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and store energy. Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen and serve as the building blocks for tissues and enzymes.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry and the four major macromolecules that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic composition and properties of each macromolecule, including that carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and provide energy; lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are used to store energy and provide structure; proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen and serve as the building blocks for tissues and enzymes; and nucleic acids contain genetic information essential for life. Each macromolecule is composed of smaller monomers that polymerize to form the larger macromolecule.
Organic compounds contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to hydrogen and other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Organic chemistry studies carbon-containing compounds, their structures, properties, compositions, reactions, and preparations. The carbon atom is unique because it can form four covalent bonds, allowing it to bond to itself and other nonmetal atoms in various ways, including straight chains, branched chains, rings, and more complex arrangements. There are four main types of organic compounds found in living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
The document discusses the four major organic macromolecules that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers (sugar, fatty acids and glycerol, amino acids, nucleotides) that make up each macromolecule, their structures, functions in the body (energy storage, structure, catalysis etc.), and examples of each type. Carbon is highlighted as the key element in organic compounds due to its ability to form diverse and complex molecules essential for life.
The Chemical Basis for Life---ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (1).pptxMaAnnFuriscal3
This document discusses the four major types of organic compounds that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers (simple units) that make up each type of compound, their structures, functions, and examples. Carbohydrates are made of monosaccharides and function to store and provide energy. Lipids contain fatty acids and glycerol and form cell membranes and store energy. Proteins comprise amino acids and are essential for cell structure, movement, and chemical reactions. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain nucleotides and carry genetic instructions.
The document provides an overview of biochemistry concepts including:
1) Atoms are the basic unit of matter and are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Chemical bonds form molecules by sharing or transferring electrons.
2) Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four major macromolecules that make up living things. They are formed by monomers linking through dehydration synthesis and broken down through hydrolysis.
3) Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering their activation energy. Factors like pH, temperature, and substrate/enzyme concentrations influence enzymatic reaction rates.
Carbon is a fundamental element that forms the basis of all known life. It has the unique ability to form four bonds, allowing it to link together with other carbon atoms and elements to create a vast diversity of organic compounds. As the building blocks of these compounds, carbon polymers are essential for life - from the macromolecules like sugars and proteins that make up living organisms, to fossil fuels like oil that power human civilization. The document discusses how carbon's bonding properties enable it to form chains, branches, and rings, as well as single, double and triple bonds, yielding functional groups that give compounds their specific properties and roles in biology.
The document provides an overview of biochemistry and chemistry concepts. It discusses the basic units of matter like elements and atoms. It then explains chemical bonds, compounds, and mixtures. Key biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are introduced along with their structures and functions. Finally, it briefly covers chemical reactions, enzymes, and pH.
The document provides information on biochemistry and chemistry concepts. It discusses the structure of atoms and defines elements, isotopes, and compounds. It then summarizes key biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Finally, it explains important chemical reactions in living systems like hydrolysis and discusses how enzymes function as biological catalysts.
Organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are composed of carbon and generate life's form and function. They contain monomers that link together through dehydration synthesis to form polymers. Carbohydrates function as fuels and structural components, lipids are hydrophobic and store energy, proteins assist in cell functions, and nucleic acids store and use genetic information. These macromolecules contain functional groups and are essential to all living things.
Organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are composed of carbon and generate life's form and function. They contain monomers that link together through dehydration synthesis to form polymers. Carbohydrates function as fuels and structural components, lipids are hydrophobic and store energy, proteins assist in cell functions, and nucleic acids store and use genetic information. These macromolecules contain functional groups and are essential to all living things.
Carbon is a versatile element that can form many types of organic molecules important for life. It can bond with up to four other atoms, forming chains and rings. Organic compounds contain carbon bonded to other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. The structure and functional groups of organic molecules determine their properties and functions in living things. Important examples are carbohydrates like glucose and fructose, which have the same formula but different structures. Enantiomers are mirror-image isomers that may have different biological effects. Seven key functional groups - hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl and phosphate - influence a molecule's polarity, reactivity and other traits. Carbon's properties make
The document summarizes the key organic molecules found in living organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the carbon atom's ability to form chains and bonds that allow for a large diversity of molecules. The four biomolecule classes are composed of monomers that polymerize and have distinct structures and functions, such as carbohydrates providing energy, lipids storing energy and forming membranes, proteins enabling diverse cellular functions, and nucleic acids carrying genetic information and aiding protein production.
Carbon is the backbone of biological molecules due to its ability to form diverse and complex structures through covalent bonding. Organic chemistry studies carbon compounds, from simple to enormous molecules. Key aspects include carbon's tetravalent bonding, allowing varied arrangements and lengths of carbon chains, and functional groups that confer unique properties and participate in reactions. Isomers have identical formulas but different structures or arrangements. Carbon's versatility enables myriads of organic molecules that underlie life's diversity.
KEY CONCEPTS
4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
4.3 A few chemical groups are key to molecular function
Carbon is the backbone of biological molecules due to its ability to form diverse and complex structures through covalent bonding. Organic chemistry studies carbon compounds, from simple to enormous molecules. Key aspects include carbon's tetravalent bonding, allowing varied arrangements and lengths of carbon chains, and functional groups that confer unique properties and participate in reactions. Isomers have identical formulas but different structures or arrangements. Carbon's versatility enables myriads of organic molecules essential for life.
organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen
Carbon is essential to life as it can form strong bonds with many other elements, allowing it to combine into the large, complex organic molecules that make up living things. These molecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins provide energy and structure, while nucleic acids carry genetic instructions and code for proteins.
7b. The Chemical Basis for Life---ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.pptLAZAROAREVALO1
Carbon is essential to life as it can form strong bonds with many other elements, allowing it to combine into the four major organic macromolecules that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins provide energy storage and structural roles, while nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information through DNA and protein synthesis via RNA.
7b. The Chemical Basis for Life---ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.pptWaseemAnwar26
The document summarizes the key organic compounds that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers (simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides) that combine to form these important macromolecules, and explains their functions in energy storage, structure, and genetic inheritance. Specifically, it outlines the roles of carbohydrates in energy storage and structure, lipids in energy storage and cell membranes, proteins in structure, catalysis and transport, and nucleic acids in coding genetic information.
Ap bio ch 3 Functional Groups & Macromoleculeszernwoman
1. Organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are made up of monomers linked together through covalent bonds.
2. Carbon is a versatile building block due to its ability to form four covalent bonds (tetravalency). This allows it to link to other carbon atoms to form chains, branches, and rings.
3. Organic molecules contain functional groups that influence their chemical properties. Common functional groups include hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate groups.
4. The structure and bonding of organic molecules contribute to isomerism, including structural, geometric, and enantiomer isomers. Spatial arrangement of atoms and groups affects molecular properties.
Organic compounds contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to hydrogen and other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Organic chemistry studies carbon-containing compounds, their structures, properties, compositions, reactions, and preparations. The carbon atom is unique because it can form four covalent bonds, allowing it to bond to itself and other nonmetal atoms in various ways, including straight chains, branched chains, rings, and more complex arrangements. There are four main types of organic compounds found in living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
The document discusses the four major organic macromolecules that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers (sugar, fatty acids and glycerol, amino acids, nucleotides) that make up each macromolecule, their structures, functions in the body (energy storage, structure, catalysis etc.), and examples of each type. Carbon is highlighted as the key element in organic compounds due to its ability to form diverse and complex molecules essential for life.
The Chemical Basis for Life---ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (1).pptxMaAnnFuriscal3
This document discusses the four major types of organic compounds that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers (simple units) that make up each type of compound, their structures, functions, and examples. Carbohydrates are made of monosaccharides and function to store and provide energy. Lipids contain fatty acids and glycerol and form cell membranes and store energy. Proteins comprise amino acids and are essential for cell structure, movement, and chemical reactions. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain nucleotides and carry genetic instructions.
The document provides an overview of biochemistry concepts including:
1) Atoms are the basic unit of matter and are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Chemical bonds form molecules by sharing or transferring electrons.
2) Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four major macromolecules that make up living things. They are formed by monomers linking through dehydration synthesis and broken down through hydrolysis.
3) Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering their activation energy. Factors like pH, temperature, and substrate/enzyme concentrations influence enzymatic reaction rates.
Carbon is a fundamental element that forms the basis of all known life. It has the unique ability to form four bonds, allowing it to link together with other carbon atoms and elements to create a vast diversity of organic compounds. As the building blocks of these compounds, carbon polymers are essential for life - from the macromolecules like sugars and proteins that make up living organisms, to fossil fuels like oil that power human civilization. The document discusses how carbon's bonding properties enable it to form chains, branches, and rings, as well as single, double and triple bonds, yielding functional groups that give compounds their specific properties and roles in biology.
The document provides an overview of biochemistry and chemistry concepts. It discusses the basic units of matter like elements and atoms. It then explains chemical bonds, compounds, and mixtures. Key biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are introduced along with their structures and functions. Finally, it briefly covers chemical reactions, enzymes, and pH.
The document provides information on biochemistry and chemistry concepts. It discusses the structure of atoms and defines elements, isotopes, and compounds. It then summarizes key biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Finally, it explains important chemical reactions in living systems like hydrolysis and discusses how enzymes function as biological catalysts.
Organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are composed of carbon and generate life's form and function. They contain monomers that link together through dehydration synthesis to form polymers. Carbohydrates function as fuels and structural components, lipids are hydrophobic and store energy, proteins assist in cell functions, and nucleic acids store and use genetic information. These macromolecules contain functional groups and are essential to all living things.
Organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are composed of carbon and generate life's form and function. They contain monomers that link together through dehydration synthesis to form polymers. Carbohydrates function as fuels and structural components, lipids are hydrophobic and store energy, proteins assist in cell functions, and nucleic acids store and use genetic information. These macromolecules contain functional groups and are essential to all living things.
Carbon is a versatile element that can form many types of organic molecules important for life. It can bond with up to four other atoms, forming chains and rings. Organic compounds contain carbon bonded to other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. The structure and functional groups of organic molecules determine their properties and functions in living things. Important examples are carbohydrates like glucose and fructose, which have the same formula but different structures. Enantiomers are mirror-image isomers that may have different biological effects. Seven key functional groups - hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl and phosphate - influence a molecule's polarity, reactivity and other traits. Carbon's properties make
The document summarizes the key organic molecules found in living organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the carbon atom's ability to form chains and bonds that allow for a large diversity of molecules. The four biomolecule classes are composed of monomers that polymerize and have distinct structures and functions, such as carbohydrates providing energy, lipids storing energy and forming membranes, proteins enabling diverse cellular functions, and nucleic acids carrying genetic information and aiding protein production.
Carbon is the backbone of biological molecules due to its ability to form diverse and complex structures through covalent bonding. Organic chemistry studies carbon compounds, from simple to enormous molecules. Key aspects include carbon's tetravalent bonding, allowing varied arrangements and lengths of carbon chains, and functional groups that confer unique properties and participate in reactions. Isomers have identical formulas but different structures or arrangements. Carbon's versatility enables myriads of organic molecules that underlie life's diversity.
KEY CONCEPTS
4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
4.3 A few chemical groups are key to molecular function
Carbon is the backbone of biological molecules due to its ability to form diverse and complex structures through covalent bonding. Organic chemistry studies carbon compounds, from simple to enormous molecules. Key aspects include carbon's tetravalent bonding, allowing varied arrangements and lengths of carbon chains, and functional groups that confer unique properties and participate in reactions. Isomers have identical formulas but different structures or arrangements. Carbon's versatility enables myriads of organic molecules essential for life.
organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen
Carbon is essential to life as it can form strong bonds with many other elements, allowing it to combine into the large, complex organic molecules that make up living things. These molecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins provide energy and structure, while nucleic acids carry genetic instructions and code for proteins.
7b. The Chemical Basis for Life---ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.pptLAZAROAREVALO1
Carbon is essential to life as it can form strong bonds with many other elements, allowing it to combine into the four major organic macromolecules that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins provide energy storage and structural roles, while nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information through DNA and protein synthesis via RNA.
7b. The Chemical Basis for Life---ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.pptWaseemAnwar26
The document summarizes the key organic compounds that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers (simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides) that combine to form these important macromolecules, and explains their functions in energy storage, structure, and genetic inheritance. Specifically, it outlines the roles of carbohydrates in energy storage and structure, lipids in energy storage and cell membranes, proteins in structure, catalysis and transport, and nucleic acids in coding genetic information.
Ap bio ch 3 Functional Groups & Macromoleculeszernwoman
1. Organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are made up of monomers linked together through covalent bonds.
2. Carbon is a versatile building block due to its ability to form four covalent bonds (tetravalency). This allows it to link to other carbon atoms to form chains, branches, and rings.
3. Organic molecules contain functional groups that influence their chemical properties. Common functional groups include hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate groups.
4. The structure and bonding of organic molecules contribute to isomerism, including structural, geometric, and enantiomer isomers. Spatial arrangement of atoms and groups affects molecular properties.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2. Section 1: Properties of Carbon
•Because of its unique ability to
combine in many ways with itself and
other elements, carbon has a central
role in the chemistry of living
organisms
3. CarbonAtoms and Bonding
• Carbon atoms can form single, double or
triple bonds with other carbon atoms.
• Carbon can form up to 4 bonds
• This allows carbon atoms to form long
chains, almost unlimited in length.
• Carbon can bond with other carbons, form
straight chains, branched chains and rings
4. The Chemistry of Carbon
• “organic”: must contain at least one carbon. CH4 = simplest organic molecule
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons
• Therefore, carbon will always make 4 bonds with other atoms
• Ability to form millions of different compounds with other elements
5. Forms of Pure Carbon
•Diamond, graphite, fullerenes and
nanotubes are four forms of the element
carbon
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heNhJmKAozw
• (How diamonds are made)
•Diamond – crystalline form of carbon in
which each carbon atom is bonded strongly
to four other carbon atoms
• Formed from high temps and pressure
• Melting point is more than 3500 C
Can be made artificially and are used in industry as cutting tools
6. Forms of Pure Carbon
• Graphite – each carbon atom is bonded tightly to
three other carbon atoms in flat layers
• Bonds are very weak
• “Lead” in pencils is mostly graphite
• Used as a lubricant in machines
7. Forms of Pure Carbon
•Fullerenes – consists of carbon atoms
arranged in the shape of a hollow sphere
• Called buckyballs after an architect
•Nanotube – carbon atoms are arranged in
the shape of a long hollow cylinder
• Tiny, light, flexible and extremely strong
• Good conductors of heat and electricity.
9. Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds – compounds that contain carbon
• Many organic compounds have similar properties in terms of
melting and boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity and
solubility
• Many are gases at room temperature
• Many have a strong odor
• Many do not dissolve in water
10. Hydrocarbons
•Hydrocarbon – compound that contains
only the elements carbon and hydrogen
• Hydrocarbons mix poorly with water
• All hydrocarbons are flammable; CH4 (methane), C2H6 (ethane), C3H8
(propane)
11. Structure of Hydrocarbons
• The carbon chains in the hydrocarbon may be straight, branched or
ring-shaped
• Structural formula – shows the kind, number and arrangement of
atoms in a molecule
• Isomer – compounds that have the same chemical formula but
different structural formulas which makes them have different
properties
C4H10
12. Structure of Hydrocarbons
• Saturated hydrocarbons – only single bonds, has maximum
number a hydrogen atoms attached
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons – has double or triple bonds, have
fewer hydrogen than saturated hydrocarbons
13. Structure of Hydrocarbons
• Substituted hydrocarbon – atoms of other elements replace one or more
hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon
• Include halogen-containing compounds, alcohols, and organic compounds
• Alcohol – a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more hydroxyl
groups
• hydroxyl group –OH
• Alcohols dissolve well in water,
have higher boiling points than other
Hydrocarbons with similar numbers of
carbon
14. • Organic acid – a substituted hydrocarbon that contains
one or more carboxyl groups
• Example: citric acid (lemons) acetic acid (vinegar), malic
acid (apples), butyric acid (butter)
•carboxyl group –COOH
• Ester – compound made by chemically combining an
alcohol and an organic acid
• Have pleasant, fruity smells
• Responsible for smells of pineapple, bananas,
strawberries
15. Polymers
•Polymer – large molecule made of a chain
of many smaller molecules bonded
together
•Monomer – smaller molecules that make
up polymers
16. There are 4 classes of organic compounds required by all living things
called macromolecules.
Foods provide these organic compounds which cells of living things use,
change, and store
These 4 classes are nutrients-substances that provide the energy and
raw materials the body needs to grow, repair worn parts, and function
properly.
Section 3– Life with Carbon
17. The Four Macromolecules of Life
Macromolecule (polymer) made by joining many monomers (single
unit)
Polymerization: chemical rxn which joins monomers to make polymers
The four main classes of biological molecules:
1. Carbohydrates (sugar, starches, cellulose)
2. Lipids (wax, fats, oils, steroids)
3. Proteins (muscle, hair, hormones, enzymes)
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
18. Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrate – an energy-rich organic compound made of
the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Simple carbohydrate – the simplest carbs are sugars (glucose
is in your body – C6H12O6)
• Complex carbohydrate – a polymer made of smaller
molecules that are simple carbs bonded to one another
19. CARBOHYDRATES: Monomer = Monosaccharide
•Contain C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
•Most end with “ose”
•An animal’s main energy source
•Carbs are burned first in the body
•Monosaccharides: (C6H12O6):
glucose, fructose, galactose
•Disaccharides:
sucrose, lactose, maltose
•Polysaccharides: (complex carbohydrates)
• A) glycogen (carb storage animal liver)
• B) starch (carb storage in plants)
• C) cellulose (cell walls, cotton) “roughage”
• D) chitin (exoskeletons of arthropods)
20. Proteins
• Proteins – formed from smaller
molecules called amino acids
• Amino acid – a monomer that is a
building block of proteins
• Each amino acid molecule has a
carboxyl group (–COOH) and an amino
group (–NH3)
• The body uses proteins from food to
build and repair body parts and to
regulate cell activities
21. PROTEINS: Monomer = Amino Acid
• essential to the structures and
activities of life
• Contain C, H, O, N (S, P)
• 50% of your dry weight
• examples of groups of proteins:
1. enzymes (amylase, sucrase,
maltase, lactase)
2. structural (collagen, elastin)
3. contractile (actin, myosin)
4. transport (hemoglobin, protein
channels)
5. hormones (insulin)
22. Each amino acid has:
•An amino group (-NH2)
•A carboxyl group (COOH)
•An R group, which distinguishes
each of the 20 different amino
acids
AMINO ACID: Structure
* Each amino acid has
specific properties
based on the R-group
* Peptide bonds link
amino acids together
polypeptide (protein)
23. Lipids
• Lipids – energy-rich compounds made of carbon, oxygen and
hydrogen
• Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and cholesterol
• Gram for gram, lipids release twice as much energy in your
body as do carbohydrates
Fatty acids – organic
compound that is a monomer
of a fat or oil
Cholesterol – a waxy lipid in
animal cells
24. LIPIDS: Monomer = Fatty Acids
* Mostly C and H atoms linked by
nonpolar covalent bonds
* reserve energy-storage molecules
(burned after carbs are gone)
* Insoluble in water (polar)
* Soluble in nonpolar solvents (ether)
* More energy in lipids than in carbs
- 9 cal/g Lipid vs. 4 cal/g Carb
* Examples: triglycerides, phospholipids,
steroids (cholesterol), waxes, oils, fats
* Triglyceride = 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol
* Saturated Fats: all single bonds in chain
- solid at room temp (ex: butter, lard)
* Unsaturated fats: one or more C=C bond in
chain
- liquid at room temp (ex: all oils)
25. Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids – very large organic molecules made up of
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus
• Two types – DNA and RNA
• Elements that make up all living things…
• C – Carbon
• H – Hydrogen
• N – Nitrogen
• O – Oxygen
• P – Phosphorus
• S – Sulfur
26. NUCLEICACIDS: Monomer = Nucleotide
• Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store and transmit genetic information
• DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA = Ribonucleic acid
• Large macromolecules containing C, H, O, N, P
• One nucleotide = 5-carbon sugar, phosphate (PO4-), nitrogenous base
The sugars and phosphates are
the backbone for the nucleic
acid
DNA’s sugar = deoxyribose
RNA’s sugar = ribose
27. Other Compounds in Foods
• Vitamins-organic compounds that serve as
helper molecules in a variety of chemical
reactions in your body.
• Minerals-elements in the form of ions in your
body.
• Water-makes up most of your body’s fluids.