Organic compounds
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Organic molecules in living organisms are made up of four main types: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, proteins include enzymes and antibodies, lipids include fats, and nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. All life on Earth is made of these organic molecules, which contain carbon as a basic building block. Carbon is uniquely able to form four bonds with other atoms, allowing it to link to other carbons and create a diverse array of carbon skeletons essential for life.
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Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds that are extremely important to life. Our bodies, medicines, fuels, plastics and many other materials are made of organic compounds. Carbon can form diverse compounds because it can form various bonds to itself and other elements. The structure and bonding of organic molecules determines their properties. Key groups like alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids and esters impact a molecule's chemistry. There are several families of hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes and aromatics whose formulas vary based on saturation.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY FOR CLASS XI CBSE
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses the structures of organic compounds including Lewis structures, condensed structures, and bond line representations. It also describes three-dimensional representations using wedges and dashes. The document classifies organic compounds as acyclic, alicyclic, or aromatic. It discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds including hydrocarbons, functional groups, and isomers. Finally, it briefly touches on reaction mechanisms and bond cleavage in organic reactions.
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All cells share similarities in their basic macromolecular components and chemical reactions. They all use nucleic acids like DNA and RNA to store and access genetic information. Proteins, which are polymers of amino acids, serve as enzymes to catalyze cellular reactions. Lipids form cellular membranes and carbohydrates serve structural and energy roles. The same condensation and hydrolysis reactions are used to form and break down these macromolecules in all organisms, reflecting their shared evolutionary origin.
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Carbon has unique bonding properties that allow it to form many different compounds. It can form single, double, or triple bonds with itself and other elements. The four major forms of pure carbon are diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and nanotubes. Organic compounds contain carbon, and hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. The four main classes of organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates and lipids are used for energy storage, while proteins and nucleic acids have structural and information-storing roles in the body.
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Carbon has unique bonding properties that allow it to form millions of compounds. It can form single, double, or triple bonds with itself and other elements. The four major classes of organic compounds that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates and lipids are used to store energy, while proteins and nucleic acids have structural and informational roles in cells. The basic units that combine to form these macromolecules are sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides. Carbon's versatile bonding allows life to exist in its many forms.
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Carbon compounds are the primary components of living things. There are four main classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are a key energy source. Lipids include fats and phospholipids and function in energy storage and cell membranes. Proteins have many functions including enzymes, structure, and transport. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain genetic information and aid in protein production. ATP temporarily stores energy to power cellular functions.
Org. molecules pres.
1) Carbon atoms can form strong bonds with many other elements due to having four valence electrons. This allows carbon to form the complex structures that make up living organisms.
2) The four main macromolecules found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen while nucleic acids also contain phosphorus and nitrogen.
3) Macromolecules perform essential functions like energy storage, structure, heredity, catalysis, and transport. They are formed by polymerization of smaller monomers and have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of structure.
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All living things are primarily composed of large biomolecules called biomolecules, which are made up of many atoms bonded together. Biomolecules contain carbon and are classified into four main types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, lipids are fats and oils, proteins are made of amino acids, and nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. These macromolecules are essential for life and perform important functions in cells and organisms.
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Bio unit 1 biological elements and biomolecules notes
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Macromolecules
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Protista Kingdom
Protists are eukaryotic organisms that are mostly single-celled and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are decomposers and consumers. There are three main groups of protists: fungus-like protists, plant-like protists called algae, and animal-like protists called protozoa. Protozoa move using flagella, cilia, pseudopods, or they cannot move if they are parasitic. Some disease-causing protists are Giardia, which causes diarrhea, and Plasmodium, which is carried by mosquitoes and causes malaria.
Seed plants characteristics
Seed plants have three main characteristics: 1) they have vascular tissue that transports nutrients and water throughout the plant, 2) they reproduce using seeds, and 3) they have a complex life cycle involving sporophytes and gametophytes. Seeds contain an embryo, stored food, and a protective seed coat. The embryo develops into a new plant, the stored food nourishes the embryo's growth, and the seed coat protects these parts. Leaves capture sunlight for photosynthesis, stems transport nutrients and provide structure/support, and roots anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients.
Plant kingdom characteristis
Plants share three key characteristics: they are eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic, obtaining their energy through photosynthesis. They have five adaptations for living on land: obtaining water and minerals from soil through root systems; retaining water through a cuticle layer; transporting materials through vascular tissue and cells; supporting their bodies through leaves exposed to sunlight and vascular tissue; and most engaging in sexual reproduction through fertilization. Plants have a complex life cycle with two alternating stages - the sporophyte stage produces spores, while the gametophyte stage produces sex cells that fuse to form a zygote and restart the cycle.
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Plant characteristics
Plant characteristics include being made of cells with DNA, cell walls, and chloroplasts. They are multicellular producers that make their own food through photosynthesis. There are two main types of plants: nonvascular and vascular. Nonvascular plants like mosses and liverworts do not have roots, stems or leaves, lack vascular tissue, and reproduce through spores. Vascular plants contain vascular tissue to transport food and water, and some contain seeds while others reproduce through spores.
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Parts of a flower notes
This document describes the main parts of a flower, including the petals that attract insects, the pistil made up of the stigma, style and ovary that receives and protects pollen and ovules, the stamens that produce and release pollen, and the sepals that protect the developing flower bud. It provides details on the functions of each part in plant reproduction and fertilization.
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Phones and personal music devices have changed significantly over time. The document discusses key concepts from evolution including species, adaptations, Charles Darwin, and his observations of finches in the Galapagos Islands. It notes that adaptations arise due to DNA mutations and are not chosen by organisms, helping them survive and reproduce based on their environment.
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This document provides information about evidence for evolution through fossils, vestigial structures, similar skeletal structures, similar DNA, and similar embryonic structures. It defines key terms like fossils, ancestors, and vestigial structures. Examples of each type of evidence are described, such as whale leg bones as vestigial structures. Students are assigned a creative writing task or collage to explain the five types of evidence for evolution.
5.00 Animal adaptations
1. An adaptation is anything that helps an organism survive in its environment. Adaptations develop over many generations through evolution, not during an individual animal's lifetime.
2. There are several types of adaptations including structural adaptations like physical features, behavioral adaptations like ways animals act, camouflage to blend into surroundings, mimicry where animals resemble other dangerous species, and warning coloration where bright colors signal being poisonous.
3. Examples of adaptations include a bird's beak shape, a rabbit freezing when scared, a snake's camouflage patterns, a monarch butterfly mimicking the viceroy, and poisonous coral snakes having distinctive black-yellow-red banding.
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2. The document describes several animal phyla - Cnidaria, which includes jellyfish and coral, have stinging cells; Annelida includes segmented worms; Mollusks have a muscular foot and shells; Echinodermata are spiny with radial symmetry and tube feet; Arthropoda are the most successful and include insects, spiders, and crustaceans; and Chordata are backboned and include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
3.
5.00 dichotomous keys 2010
Dichotomous keys are tools used by scientists to classify organisms. They are arranged in steps with two descriptive statements at each step, where one statement leads to the next step or the name of the organism. Dichotomous keys help scientists methodically sort and identify organisms based on observable characteristics.
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Organic compounds
- 1. Organic molecules (Biological molecules) Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
- 2. Living organisms on Earth are made of primarily water and molecules containing carbon
- 3. Vocab word Definition 1. Organic Molecules that contain carbon. molecules All life on Earth is organic โ we all contain carbon Picture
- 4. Whatโs so special about Carbon? Carbon is a versatile atom โ It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight โ Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds
- 5. Whatโs so special about Carbon? Carbon can use its bonds to โ Attach to other carbons โ Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons
- 6. Four Basic Types of Organic Molecule 1. carbohydrates (sugars and starches) 2. lipids (fats) 3. Proteins (enzymes and antibodies) 4. nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). โ Because they are large, these molecules are called macromolecules.
- 7. Carbohydrate: Contains: 2. Carbohydrates Carbon (sugars and Hydrogen starches โ Oxygen โsaccharidesโ ) Functions: โขused for energy โขStores energy โขForms body structures Examples: breads, pastas, starches, fruit
- 8. There are three types of carbohydrates! 1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides
- 9. 3 types of Carbohydrates 3. Monosaccharides Simple sugars - glucose (soft drinks) - fructose (fruit) One strand of carbon and hydrogen
- 10. 3 types of Carbohydrates 4. Disaccharides Two monosaccharides linked together Di โ means 2 Sucrose โ table sugar Most common type of carbohydrate
- 11. 3 types of Carbohydrates 5. Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) Many saccharides linked together Very big Starches and cellulose (plant sugars) wood
- 12. Lipids! 6. Lipids - fats Contains: Carbon Hydrogen oxygen Functions: โข Stores energy (more energy than carbohydrates) โข Forms cell membranes โข Carries messages (nerves) Examples: fats and oils
- 13. Common types of lipids: 7. Phospholipids the main component of cell membranes
- 14. Common types of lipids: 8. Steroids hydrocarbons with the carbon atoms arranged in a set of 4 linked rings. Examples: cholesterol, steroid hormones, waxes
- 15. Proteins: 9. Proteins Contains: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen and sulfur Functions: โขHelps cells keep their shape โขMakes up muscles โขspeeds up chemical reactions โขCarries messages and materials Examples: enzymes, antibodies, amino acids
- 16. Types of proteins: subunits of proteins, 10. Amino Acids There are 20 different kinds of amino acids in proteins.
- 17. Proteins: 11. Enzymes all metabolic transformations, building up, rearranging, and breaking down of organic compounds, are done by enzymes, which are proteins.
- 18. Nucleic Acids: 12. Nucleic Acids Contains: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus and nitrogen Functions: โขContains instructions for proteins โขPasses instructions from parent to offspring โขHelps make proteins Examples: DNA RNA
- 19. Two types of nucleic Acids: 13. DNA Contains: four bases adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. The order of these bases in a chain of DNA determines the genetic information. DNA consists of 2 complementary chains twisted into a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds.
- 20. Two types of nucleic Acids: 14. RNA Contains: RNA consists of a single chain that also uses 4 bases: however, the thymine in DNA is replaced by uracil in RNA. RNA is much less stable than DNA, but it can act as an enzyme to promote chemical reactions in some situations.
- 21. Exit slip 1. List and give and example of the four types of organic molecules. 2. What is carbon and why is it important for life on Earth?