DEFINITION OR MEANING OF MENSTRUAL (REPRODUCTIVE) CYCLE:-
Menstruation (Greek word, men-month) is monthly uterine bleeding out flowing through vagina into vulva for 4-5 days every 28 days (24-35 days)during reproductive life of a woman from menarche to menopause.
The Menstrual cycle of 28 days starts on day of onset of menstruation and ends at day 28 on start of next mens.
The cycle consists of a series of changes taking place concurrently in the ovaries and uterine lining, stimulated by changes in blood concentration of hormones.
DEFINITION OR MEANING OF MENSTRUAL (REPRODUCTIVE) CYCLE:-
Menstruation (Greek word, men-month) is monthly uterine bleeding out flowing through vagina into vulva for 4-5 days every 28 days (24-35 days)during reproductive life of a woman from menarche to menopause.
The Menstrual cycle of 28 days starts on day of onset of menstruation and ends at day 28 on start of next mens.
The cycle consists of a series of changes taking place concurrently in the ovaries and uterine lining, stimulated by changes in blood concentration of hormones.
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
The average age of menarche is 11.75 years.
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses.
Menopause typically (but not always) occurs in women during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life.
This topic includes menstruation:- its definition, anatomical aspects- follicular growth and atresia, germ cells, premodial follicle; menstrual cycle/ ovarian cycle:- definition, phases- recruitment of groups of follicles (premature phase), selection of dominant follicle and its maturation, ovulation, follicular atresia; Endometrial cycle:- division of endometrium- basal zone, functional zone and its phases- stage of regeneration, stage of proliferation, secretory phase, menstrual phase, mechanism of menstrual bleeding, role of prostaglandins, hormones in relation to ovarian and menstrual cycle, ovulation, luteal-follicular shift, menstrual symptoms, menstrual hygiene, anovular menstruation, artificial postponement; cervical cycle, vaginal cycle and general changes in follicular and luteal phase.
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
The average age of menarche is 11.75 years.
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses.
Menopause typically (but not always) occurs in women during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life.
This topic includes menstruation:- its definition, anatomical aspects- follicular growth and atresia, germ cells, premodial follicle; menstrual cycle/ ovarian cycle:- definition, phases- recruitment of groups of follicles (premature phase), selection of dominant follicle and its maturation, ovulation, follicular atresia; Endometrial cycle:- division of endometrium- basal zone, functional zone and its phases- stage of regeneration, stage of proliferation, secretory phase, menstrual phase, mechanism of menstrual bleeding, role of prostaglandins, hormones in relation to ovarian and menstrual cycle, ovulation, luteal-follicular shift, menstrual symptoms, menstrual hygiene, anovular menstruation, artificial postponement; cervical cycle, vaginal cycle and general changes in follicular and luteal phase.
1)The menstrual cycle refers to the changes and the preparation that a women body goes through to prepare for pregnancy.
2)About once a month, the uterus grows a new lining (endometrium) to get ready for fertilized egg.
3)When there is no fertilized egg to start the pregnancy, the uterus sheds its lining starting off the monthly menstrual bleeding also called menstrual period.
4)The average cycle is 28 days, although it is perfectly normal to have a cycle in that is as short as 21 days or long as 35 days.
5)A regular menstrual cycle is an important element of successful concepton.
#The four main phases of menstrual cycle are :
1- menstruation
2- the follicular phase
3-ovulation
4-the luteal phase.
The topic discussed here is the Anatomy of Female Reproductive system in Human Female, Process of Oogenesis (Gametogenesis). Menstrual Cycle, hormones and its function in Oogenesis. Structure of Ovum, & Oestrous cycle in detail
Menstrual cycle is a cyclic event that takes place in rhythmic fashion during reproductive period in women's life.
This content will suffice students of first and third year physiotherapy. I hope this helps you clearing your exams. Thank you in spending your precious time in referring the same.
PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION
Introduction :
Typically, a woman of childbearing age should menstruate every 28 days or so unless she's pregnant or moving into menopause. But numerous things can wrong with the normal menstrual cycle.
Definition:
Menstruation means cyclic uterine bleeding caused by shedding of progestational endometrium it occurs between menarche and menopause
Menstruation (also called menstrual bleeding, menses, or a period)
Characteristics of normal menstruation
1-Menarche: 10-16 years. average 13 years.
2-Duration: 2-7 days (<2days>7 days is menorrhagia
3-Amount: 30-80 ml., uses 3 napkins per day, >80 ml. is menorrhagia and < 30 ml. is hypomenorrhea.
4-Normally menstrual blood doesn’t coagulate as a result of secretion of fibrinolysin enzyme (plasmin) secreted by the endometrium.
5-Menstrual molimina refers to mild symptoms of 7-10 days before menstruation relieved once menstruation occurs exaggerated condition called (premenstrual syndrome).
The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis:
There are two main components of the menstrual cycle,
1. the changes that happen in the ovaries in response to pituitary hormones (the ovarian cycle)
2. and the variations that take place in the uterus,
but it is important to remember that both cycles work together simultaneously to produce the menstrual cycle.
Changes in cervical mucus also take place during the course of the menstrual cycle.
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3. INTRODUCTION
Human beings are most
evolved with well marked sexual
dimorphism. Puberty is the
maturity age marked by separate
male or female secondary sex
characters due to secretion of
respective sex hormones in gonads
guiding respective gametogeneeis.
4. INTRODUCTION cont…
A periodic menstrual cycle
occur in human female in
rhythmic intervals of 28 days
from puberty (12 to 13 years age)
to menopause (45 to 50 years age).
5. MENSTRUAL CYCLE
It is the periodic discharge of blood,
mucous and cellular debris from
uterine wall and ovum during
reproductive life of a female.
It occurs at an interval of 28 days.
It starts at onset of PUBERTY (12 to 13
year age) up to MENOPAUSE (45 to 50
year age).
It is absent during pregnancy.
6. OVARIAN FOLLICLE
Some cells of ovarian
germinal epithelium detach into
cortex. One of them undergo
oogenesis to become ovum and
rest surround it, the entire
structure is called as an ovarian
follicle and graffian follicle on
maturity.
7. STEPS OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Menstrual phase – 1st to 5th days.
Post menstrual / proliferation /
pre ovulation phase – 6th to 13th
days
Ovulation phase – 14th day
Postovulatory / premenstrual /
luteal / progesterone / secretory
phase – 15th to 28th day
9. MENSTRUAL PHASE
(1ST to 5TH Days)
This is the outflow of blood,
mucous and cellular debris from
uterine wall and ovum during
reproductive life of a female.
It is also called MENSTRUATION /
MENSEM MONTH.
10. POSTMENSTRUAL PHASE
(6TH to 13TH Days)
It is the period between end of
menstruation and onset of ovulation. In
this phase, ovarian follicles grow and
mature in side ovary.
They secrete hormone ESTROGENS. Under
influence of estrogens, uterine
endometrium is repaired.
Level of estrogens is maximum in this
phase. Contraction of uterus increases in
this phase.
11. OVULATION
(14TH Day)
Ovum is released into abdomen by
rupture of wall of grafian follicle
and ovary under the influence of
LUTEINIZING HORMONE.
12. POSTOVULATORY PHASE
(15TH to 28TH Days)
It is the period between end of
ovulation and onset of
menstruation.
Now cells of ruptured grafian
follicle become CORPUS LUTEUM.
It grows up to a week and secrete
hormone PROGESTERON.
13. POSTOVULATORY PHASE
(15TH to 28TH Days) cont…..
If ovum is not fertilised, it
degenerates into a white mass or
scar called CORPUS ALBICANS.
This is also called as LUTEAL PHASE
because, Corpus Luteum is formed
and functional only in this phase.
14. POSTOVULATORY PHASE
(15TH to 28TH Days) cont…..
This is also called as PROGESTERON
PHASE because, level of
progesterone is highest in this
phase.
This is also called as SECRETORY
PHASE because, uterine wall
secretes a nutritious fluid only in
this phase.
15. POSTOVULATORY PHASE
(15TH to 28TH Days) cont…..
This is also called as Progavid
phase because, during this, uterus
is prepared for pregnancy.
16. SIGNIFICANCE
Menstrual cycle marks the puberty
in female. On proper knowledge of
dates, probable date of copulation may
be decided for possible fertilisation,
pregnancy and baby birth by a couple.
Copulation must occur between
14th to 17th days of menstruation for
increased chance of fertilisation and
pregnancy.
20. FSH LH
STIMULATES
DEVELOPMENT AND
MATURATION OF
OVARIAN FOLLICLES
FINAL MATURATION OF
FOLLICLES, OVULATION,
FORMATION OF CORPUS
LUTEUM
SECRETION OF
ESTROGEN FROM
FOLLICLES
SECRETION OF
PROGESTERON
Formation of uterine endometrium for pregnancy
21. Formation of uterine
endometrium for pregnancy
If fertilisation
occur by
copulation on
proper days
Pregnancy occur
NO MENSTRUATION
If fertilisation not
occur by copulation
on improper days or
no copulation
No pregnancy
MENSTRUATION OCCUR
22. CONCLUSION
The first menstruation in every
female is a risky day for her. This
should be properly guided by mother,
other female near and dear and
teachers, for safety of health and life of
female. Sanitary pads must be used by
females instead of dirty clothes during
menstruatiion and aware for it to
others for healthy life.