DEFINITION OR MEANING OF MENSTRUAL (REPRODUCTIVE) CYCLE:-
Menstruation (Greek word, men-month) is monthly uterine bleeding out flowing through vagina into vulva for 4-5 days every 28 days (24-35 days)during reproductive life of a woman from menarche to menopause.
The Menstrual cycle of 28 days starts on day of onset of menstruation and ends at day 28 on start of next mens.
The cycle consists of a series of changes taking place concurrently in the ovaries and uterine lining, stimulated by changes in blood concentration of hormones.
DEFINITION OR MEANING OF MENSTRUAL (REPRODUCTIVE) CYCLE:-
Menstruation (Greek word, men-month) is monthly uterine bleeding out flowing through vagina into vulva for 4-5 days every 28 days (24-35 days)during reproductive life of a woman from menarche to menopause.
The Menstrual cycle of 28 days starts on day of onset of menstruation and ends at day 28 on start of next mens.
The cycle consists of a series of changes taking place concurrently in the ovaries and uterine lining, stimulated by changes in blood concentration of hormones.
Physiology Of Menstruation
By: Nur Afiqah Binti Jasmi (11-2013-031) & Luqman Hakim Bin Mohd Jais (11-2013-170)
Dokter Pembimbing: Dr. Harianto Wijaya Sp.OG
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
The average age of menarche is 11.75 years.
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses.
Menopause typically (but not always) occurs in women during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life.
Physiology Of Menstruation
By: Nur Afiqah Binti Jasmi (11-2013-031) & Luqman Hakim Bin Mohd Jais (11-2013-170)
Dokter Pembimbing: Dr. Harianto Wijaya Sp.OG
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
The average age of menarche is 11.75 years.
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses.
Menopause typically (but not always) occurs in women during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life.
PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION
Introduction :
Typically, a woman of childbearing age should menstruate every 28 days or so unless she's pregnant or moving into menopause. But numerous things can wrong with the normal menstrual cycle.
Definition:
Menstruation means cyclic uterine bleeding caused by shedding of progestational endometrium it occurs between menarche and menopause
Menstruation (also called menstrual bleeding, menses, or a period)
Characteristics of normal menstruation
1-Menarche: 10-16 years. average 13 years.
2-Duration: 2-7 days (<2days>7 days is menorrhagia
3-Amount: 30-80 ml., uses 3 napkins per day, >80 ml. is menorrhagia and < 30 ml. is hypomenorrhea.
4-Normally menstrual blood doesn’t coagulate as a result of secretion of fibrinolysin enzyme (plasmin) secreted by the endometrium.
5-Menstrual molimina refers to mild symptoms of 7-10 days before menstruation relieved once menstruation occurs exaggerated condition called (premenstrual syndrome).
The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis:
There are two main components of the menstrual cycle,
1. the changes that happen in the ovaries in response to pituitary hormones (the ovarian cycle)
2. and the variations that take place in the uterus,
but it is important to remember that both cycles work together simultaneously to produce the menstrual cycle.
Changes in cervical mucus also take place during the course of the menstrual cycle.
1)The menstrual cycle refers to the changes and the preparation that a women body goes through to prepare for pregnancy.
2)About once a month, the uterus grows a new lining (endometrium) to get ready for fertilized egg.
3)When there is no fertilized egg to start the pregnancy, the uterus sheds its lining starting off the monthly menstrual bleeding also called menstrual period.
4)The average cycle is 28 days, although it is perfectly normal to have a cycle in that is as short as 21 days or long as 35 days.
5)A regular menstrual cycle is an important element of successful concepton.
#The four main phases of menstrual cycle are :
1- menstruation
2- the follicular phase
3-ovulation
4-the luteal phase.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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2. Under the control of the endocrine
system
Rhythmical series of physiological
changes that occur in fertile women
Average length: 28 days, but typically
varies, with shorter and longer cycles
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
3. This is a series of events, occurring regularly in
females every 26 to 30 days throughout the
childbearing period of about 36 years.
Menarche: woman's first menstruation typically
occurs around age 12 – occurrence depends on
overall health and diet
DEFINITION
5. REPRODUCTIVE
CYCLE
The hypothalamus secretes luteinising hormone releasing
hormone (LHRH) which stimulates the anterior pituitary to
secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which
promotes the maturation of ovarian follicles and the
secretion of oestrogen, leading to ovulation
luteinising hormone (LH), which triggers ovulation,
stimulates the development of the corpus luteum and the
secretion of progesterone.
9. Menstrual phase
When the ovum is
not fertilised, the
corpus luteum starts
to degenerate.(In the
event of pregnancy,
the corpus luteum is
supported by human
chorionic
gonadotrophin (hCG)
secreted by the
developing embryo.)
Progesterone and
oestrogen levels
therefore fall, and
the functional layer
of the endometrium,
which is dependent
on high levels of
these ovarian
hormones, is shed in
menstruation.
The menstrual flow
consists of the
secretions from
endometrial glands,
endometrial cells,
blood from the
broken down
capillaries and the
unfertilised ovum.
10. MENSTRUAL PHASE
High circulating levels of ovarian progesterone and
oestrogen inhibit the anterior pituitary, blocking the
release of FSH and LH, and should pregnancy occur then
rising oestrogen and progesterone levels therefore prevent
the maturation and release of another ovum.
After degeneration of the corpus luteum, however, falling
levels of oestrogen and progesterone lead to resumed
anterior pituitary activity, rising FSH levels and the
initiation of the next cycle.
11. PROLIFERATIVE PHASE
At this stage an ovarian follicle, stimulated by FSH, is growing
towards maturity and is producing oestrogen. Oestrogen
stimulates the proliferation of the functional layer of the
endometrium in preparation for the reception of a fertilised
ovum.
The endometrium becomes thicker by rapid cell
multiplication accompanied by an increase in the numbers of
mucus-secreting glands and blood capillaries. This phase ends
when ovulation occurs and oestrogen production declines
12. .
SECRETORY PHASE
Immediately
after ovulation,
the lining cells of
the ovarian
follicle are
stimulated by LH
to develop the
corpus luteum,
which produces
progesterone and
some oestrogen
Under the
influence of
progesterone the
endometrium
becomes
oedematous and
the secretory
glands produce
increased
amounts of
watery mucus.
There is a similar
increase in the
secretion of
watery mucus by
the glands of the
uterine tubes and
by cervical glands
which lubricate
the vagina.
13. The ovum may survive in a fertilisable form for a very short time after
ovulation, probably as little as 8 hours. The spermatozoa, deposited in
the vagina during coitus, may be capable of fertilising the ovum for only
about 24 hours although they may survive for several days. This means
that the period in each cycle during which fertilisation can occur is
relatively short.
The time of ovulation can be determined by observing certain changes in
the woman's body around this period. Changes in cervical mucus, from
thick and dry in consistency to thin, elastic and watery, are detected and,
in addition, body temperature rises by a small but measurable amount
immediately following ovulation. Some women experience some degree of
abdominal discomfort in the middle of the cycle, thought to correspond to
rupture of the follicle and release of its contents into the abdominal
cavity.
SECRETORY PHASE
14. If the ovum is not fertilised menstruation occurs and a new cycle begins. If the
ovum is fertilised there is no breakdown of the endometrium and no menstrual
flow. The fertilised ovum (zygote) travels through the uterine tube to the uterus
where it becomes embedded in the wall and produces human chorionic
gonadotrophin (hCG), which is similar to anterior pituitary luteinising hormone.
This hormone keeps the corpus luteum intact, enabling it to continue secreting
progesterone and oestrogen for the first 3 to 4 months of the pregnancy,
inhibiting the maturation of further ovarian follicles During that time the
placenta develops and produces oestrogen, progesterone and gonadotrophins.
15. The menopause usually occurs between the ages of 45 and 55
years, marking the end of the childbearing period. It may
occur suddenly or over a period of years, sometimes as long
as 10 years, and is caused by changes in sex hormone levels.
The ovaries gradually become less responsive to FSH and LH,
and ovulation and the menstrual cycle become irregular,
eventually ceasing.
Menopause (climacteric)
