Menstrual cycle is a cyclic event that takes place in rhythmic fashion during reproductive period in women's life.
This content will suffice students of first and third year physiotherapy. I hope this helps you clearing your exams. Thank you in spending your precious time in referring the same.
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
The average age of menarche is 11.75 years.
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses.
Menopause typically (but not always) occurs in women during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life.
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
The average age of menarche is 11.75 years.
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses.
Menopause typically (but not always) occurs in women during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life.
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
The topic discussed here is the Anatomy of Female Reproductive system in Human Female, Process of Oogenesis (Gametogenesis). Menstrual Cycle, hormones and its function in Oogenesis. Structure of Ovum, & Oestrous cycle in detail
PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION
Introduction :
Typically, a woman of childbearing age should menstruate every 28 days or so unless she's pregnant or moving into menopause. But numerous things can wrong with the normal menstrual cycle.
Definition:
Menstruation means cyclic uterine bleeding caused by shedding of progestational endometrium it occurs between menarche and menopause
Menstruation (also called menstrual bleeding, menses, or a period)
Characteristics of normal menstruation
1-Menarche: 10-16 years. average 13 years.
2-Duration: 2-7 days (<2days>7 days is menorrhagia
3-Amount: 30-80 ml., uses 3 napkins per day, >80 ml. is menorrhagia and < 30 ml. is hypomenorrhea.
4-Normally menstrual blood doesn’t coagulate as a result of secretion of fibrinolysin enzyme (plasmin) secreted by the endometrium.
5-Menstrual molimina refers to mild symptoms of 7-10 days before menstruation relieved once menstruation occurs exaggerated condition called (premenstrual syndrome).
The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis:
There are two main components of the menstrual cycle,
1. the changes that happen in the ovaries in response to pituitary hormones (the ovarian cycle)
2. and the variations that take place in the uterus,
but it is important to remember that both cycles work together simultaneously to produce the menstrual cycle.
Changes in cervical mucus also take place during the course of the menstrual cycle.
Premenstrual syndrome is a combination of psychological and physical symptoms that begin during the luteal phase of menstrual life.
This presentation consists of concise content for PMS required for final year BPT students. I hope this helps you to clear your concepts for the same. Thank you for your time.
Ovaries are female gonads and are responsible for production of female gametes known as oocytes.
This contents will suffice first year physiotherapy students. I hope this will help you in your studies. Thank you for spending your precious time in referring the same.
The topic discussed here is the Anatomy of Female Reproductive system in Human Female, Process of Oogenesis (Gametogenesis). Menstrual Cycle, hormones and its function in Oogenesis. Structure of Ovum, & Oestrous cycle in detail
PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION
Introduction :
Typically, a woman of childbearing age should menstruate every 28 days or so unless she's pregnant or moving into menopause. But numerous things can wrong with the normal menstrual cycle.
Definition:
Menstruation means cyclic uterine bleeding caused by shedding of progestational endometrium it occurs between menarche and menopause
Menstruation (also called menstrual bleeding, menses, or a period)
Characteristics of normal menstruation
1-Menarche: 10-16 years. average 13 years.
2-Duration: 2-7 days (<2days>7 days is menorrhagia
3-Amount: 30-80 ml., uses 3 napkins per day, >80 ml. is menorrhagia and < 30 ml. is hypomenorrhea.
4-Normally menstrual blood doesn’t coagulate as a result of secretion of fibrinolysin enzyme (plasmin) secreted by the endometrium.
5-Menstrual molimina refers to mild symptoms of 7-10 days before menstruation relieved once menstruation occurs exaggerated condition called (premenstrual syndrome).
The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis:
There are two main components of the menstrual cycle,
1. the changes that happen in the ovaries in response to pituitary hormones (the ovarian cycle)
2. and the variations that take place in the uterus,
but it is important to remember that both cycles work together simultaneously to produce the menstrual cycle.
Changes in cervical mucus also take place during the course of the menstrual cycle.
Premenstrual syndrome is a combination of psychological and physical symptoms that begin during the luteal phase of menstrual life.
This presentation consists of concise content for PMS required for final year BPT students. I hope this helps you to clear your concepts for the same. Thank you for your time.
Ovaries are female gonads and are responsible for production of female gametes known as oocytes.
This contents will suffice first year physiotherapy students. I hope this will help you in your studies. Thank you for spending your precious time in referring the same.
Obesity refers to the condition of having an excessive amount of body fat.
This ppt contains a concise content regarding obesity for students of final year. I hope it will suffice you in your studies. Thank you spending your precious time in referring the same.
Piriformis Syndrome is a clinical condition of sciatic nerve entrapment at the level of ischial tuberosity.
I hope this content helps you in understanding this condition. Thank You for sparing your precious time and going through this PowerPoint presentation.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic non-suppurative inflammation of the synovial joints diagnosed as per the criteria laid down by American Rheumatic Association in 1987.
I hope this content helps you in understanding this condition. Thank You for sparing your precious time and going through this PowerPoint presentation.
The activities which are performed by opposing the mechanical or manual resistance is called as a resisted exercise.
This presentation includes all the required information that a first year BPT student should know.
Hope it helps to whosoever refers these slides.
I hope this content helps you in understanding this condition. Thank You for sparing your precious time and going through this PowerPoint presentation.
When the force exerted on one body levers by muscular action is insufficient for the production or control of movement, an external force may be added to augment it. Such type of exercises are known as active assisted exercises.
This presentation includes all the required information that a first year BPT student should know.
Hope it helps to whosoever refers these slides.
I hope this content helps you in understanding this condition. Thank You for sparing your precious time and going through this PowerPoint presentation.
International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) is a model approved by WHO in 2001 to like health with functioning and disability.
This power-point presentation contains all the relevant information regarding ICF and ICF model for third year physiotherapist students.
Hope it helps to whosoever refers these slides.
I hope this content helps you in understanding this condition. Thank You for sparing your precious time and going through this PowerPoint presentation.
Antenatal Care is a systematic supervision of woman during pregnancy.
The following presentation consists of detailed management for antenatal period along with its advantages, assessment, contraindications, and warning signs.
Thank You for consideration.
Active movements are the movements that an individual performs voluntarily in his/her routine to accomplish the tasks.
This presentation includes all the required information that a first year BPT student should know.
Hope it helps to whosoever refers these slides.
An abdominal surgery is a surgical repair, resection, or reconstruction of organs inside the abdominal cavity. These surgical wounds made over the abdomen are known as abdominal incisions.
These power-point presentation is precisely made to cover all the aspects of surgical incision required in physiotherapy.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
3. Introduction
• The cyclic event that takes place
in a rhythmic fashion during the
reproductive period of women’s
life is called menstrual cycle.
• Starts at age of 12-15 years-
known as MENARCHE.
• It permanently ceases at age of
45-50 years- known as
MENOPAUSE.
• Duration of menstrual cycle: 28
days, varies from 20-40 days.
6. Follicular
Phase
• From 5th day until time of ovulation (14th
day).
• Maturation of ovum and development of
ovarian follicle takes place.
• Stages:
I. Primordial follicle
II. Primary follicle
III. Vesicular follicle
IV. Graafian follicle
7. PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE
• Each primordial follicle is surrounded by incomplete granulosa cells which provide nutrition to ovum.
• Under influence of FSH and LH- they start growing in various stages.
PRIMARY FOLLICLE
• Primordial follicle is completely surrounded by granulosa cells
• Follicle and ovum increases in size.
• Formation of capsule around the follicle.
VESICULAR FOLLICLE
• Under influence of FSH.
GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
• Matured ovarian follicle with maturing ovum.
• Follicle increases in size- encroaches upon tunica albuginea forming stigma- follicular cavity becomes larger- ovum
attains maximum size- epithelial cells starts secreting the female sex hormone- OVULATION occurs on 14th day.
8. VESICULAR
FOLLICLE
CHANGES IN GRANULOSA CELLS: Proliferation of granulosa cells- irregular spaces fuses to form
cavity known as follicular cavity/ antrum filled with liquor follicular- follicle increases in size-
ovum pushed to one side and is surrounded by granulosa cells forming germ hill/ cumulus
oophorus.
CHANGE IN OVUM: Ovum increases in size- nucleus becomes larger and vesicular.
FORMATION OF CAPSULE: 2 layers- Theca interna, formed by loose connective tissue; an Theca
externa- formed by thick packed fibres and spindle shaped cells.
9. Ovulation
• It is process in which there is rupture of
graafian follicle with consequent discharge
of ovum into abdominal cavity.
• Under influence of LH.
• Occurs on 14th day in normal cycle of 28
days.
• Ovum is released into fallopian tube.
Ovum is called
zygote.
From fallopian tube
to uterus (in 3rd day)
Implantation of
zygote in uterine
wall (6th or 7th day)
Fertilization
occurs
Ovum degenerates.
One ovum released
from either ovaries.
Fertilization
does not
occurs
10. Luteal Phase
• Extends between 15-28 days
• Corpus luteum develops.
• CORPUS LUTEUM: glandular
yellow body developed from
ruptured graafian follicle after
release of ovum.
• DEVELOPMENT OF CORPUS
LUTEUM:
Rupture of follicle + release of ovum
Follicle filled with blood- called corpus
hemorrhagium
Blood clots slowly
Transformed into corpus luteum
Function: secretions of hormone (large
quantity progesterone and small quantity
oestrogen); and maintenance of pregnancy.
11. Fate of corpus luteum
Ovum fertilized
Corpus luteum persists
Increase in size
Transformed into corpus luteum of pregnancy
Remains in ovaries for 3-4 months
Secretion of hormones and maintenance of pregnancy
After 3-4 months, placenta secretes hormones and corpus
luteum degenerates
Ovum not fertilized
Corpus luteum reach its maximum size in about 1 week after
ovulation
Secretion of progesterone and oestrogen
Degenerates into corpus luteum menstrualis
Cell size decreases
Corpus menstrualis into whitish scar called corpus albias
Process known as luteolysis (structural and functional
regression)
13. Menstrual Phase – AKA Menses, Emmenia or
Catamenia
• After ovulation, if fertilization occurs- ovum becomes zygote- therefore, pregnancy.
• If no fertilization, thickened endometrium sheds or desquamated- expelled out of vagina with some
blood and tissue fluid.
• The process of shedding and exit of uterine lining along with blood and fluid is known as
MENSTRUATION/ MENSTRUAL BLEEDING.
• It lasts for 4-5 days
• 2 days before onset of bleeding- 26th or 27th day- sudden reduction in oestrogen and progesterone.
14. 35 mL of blood and 35 mL of serous fluid is expelled during normal menstruation.
CHANGES IN
ENDOMETRIUM
Lack of oestrogen and progesterone
Reduction in thickness of endometrium
Vasoconstriction of endometrium blood vessels
Hypoxia followed by necrosis
Leading to rupturing of blood vessels in endometrium.
15. Proliferative Phase
• Extends usually from 5-14 days of menstruation- between the day menstruation stops and the day
of ovulation.
• Corresponds to follicular phase.
CHANGES OF
ENDOMETRIUM
Under influence of oestrogen
Endometrial cells proliferate
Uterine gland starts developing with endometrial stroma
Blood vessels also appear in stroma
▪ 14th day
ovulation
occurs under
influence of
Luteal Hormone
16. Secretory Phase
• Extends between 15th and 28th day of menstrual cycle between the day of ovulation
and the day when menstruation of the next cycle commences- corpus luteum
develops.
• Secrets-
1. Oestrogen- Small quantity – causes further thickening of endometrium
2. Progesterone- Large quantity – causes enlargement of endometrial stroma and
further growth of glands.
17. CHANGES IN
ENDOMETRIUM
Endometrium gland become more tortous
Cytoplasm of stromal cells increases
New blood vessels appear within the endometrial stroma
Blood supply increases
Secretory phase is the
preparatory period , during
which uterus is prepared
for ovum implantation.
Fertilized ovum implants-
further changes occur in
the uterus for the survival
of developing fetus.
Unfertilized ovum
implantations-
Menstruation occurs.
20. CERVIX
Proliferative Phase:
• Mucous membrane becomes thinner
and more alkaline.
• Helps in survival and mobility of
spermatozoa.
Secretory Phase:
• Becomes thicker and adhesive.
VAGINA
Proliferative Phase:
• Vaginal epithelial cells are cornified.
Secretory Phase:
• Vaginal cells are proliferated with
leukocytes- increases resistance to
infection.
21. Regulation of Menstrual Cycle-
Hormones involved
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic Hormone-
GnRH
Triggers cyclic changes
during menstrual cycle by
stimulating secretions of FSH
and LH.
Anterior Pituitary
FSH- Stimulates recruitment
of immature ovarian follicles.
LH- triggers ovulation and
sustains corpus luteum.
Directly or indirectly acts on
ovarian hormones.
Ovaries
Oestrogen- secreted by
ovarian follicle. Responsible
for growth of follicle.
Progesterone- secreted by
corpus luteum.
