The Oparin-Haldane theory proposed that organic evolution began when simple organic compounds formed in the primordial oceans and aggregated into coacervates - self-replicating droplets surrounded by membranes. These coacervates were the first living cells, which evolved over time into more complex life forms including monerans, protistans, fungi, plants and animals as the early Earth cooled and chemical reactions became possible in the reducing atmosphere.
To determine the variation and the limitation between species, many concepts have been proposed.
When a taxonomist study a particular taxa, he/she must adopted a species concept and provide a species limitation to define this taxa.
Plant kingdom as other living kingdoms has a hierarchy structure ends mostly with species rank.
Species are one of the basic units to compare in almost all fields of biology.
A species is defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring, typically using sexual reproduction.
Definition of a species as a group of interbreeding individuals cannot be easily applied to organisms that reproduce only or mainly asexually.
If two lineages of oak look quite different, but occasionally form hybrids with each other, should we count them as different species?
Idea of a species is something that we humans invented for our own convenience.
‘‘No matter what variations occur in the individuals or the species, if they spring from the seed of one and the same plant, they are accidental variations and not such as distinguish a species permanently; one species never springs from the seed of another nor vice versa” - JOHN RAY.
Used a sexual system ‘‘natural system” for defining species - LINNAEUS.
‘‘A species is a collection of all the individuals which resemble each other more than they resemble anything else, which can by natural fecundation produce fertile individuals, and which reproduce themselves by generation, in such a manner that we may from analogy suppose them all to have sprung from one single individual” - DE CANDOLLE.
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which reproductively isolated biological populations evolve to become distinct species.There are few mechanisms through which this process can be well understood.
To determine the variation and the limitation between species, many concepts have been proposed.
When a taxonomist study a particular taxa, he/she must adopted a species concept and provide a species limitation to define this taxa.
Plant kingdom as other living kingdoms has a hierarchy structure ends mostly with species rank.
Species are one of the basic units to compare in almost all fields of biology.
A species is defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring, typically using sexual reproduction.
Definition of a species as a group of interbreeding individuals cannot be easily applied to organisms that reproduce only or mainly asexually.
If two lineages of oak look quite different, but occasionally form hybrids with each other, should we count them as different species?
Idea of a species is something that we humans invented for our own convenience.
‘‘No matter what variations occur in the individuals or the species, if they spring from the seed of one and the same plant, they are accidental variations and not such as distinguish a species permanently; one species never springs from the seed of another nor vice versa” - JOHN RAY.
Used a sexual system ‘‘natural system” for defining species - LINNAEUS.
‘‘A species is a collection of all the individuals which resemble each other more than they resemble anything else, which can by natural fecundation produce fertile individuals, and which reproduce themselves by generation, in such a manner that we may from analogy suppose them all to have sprung from one single individual” - DE CANDOLLE.
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which reproductively isolated biological populations evolve to become distinct species.There are few mechanisms through which this process can be well understood.
TO FOLLOW THESE SLIDES you will learn about the adaptive radiations involve in evolution .
yo will learn about the parallel adaptations and its types
speciation role in the evolution
factors
key innvations
to imrove the article involving examples
Founder events
Adaptive plasticity
process of adaptive radiation
Factors promote adaptive radiations
Factors underlying adaptive radiations
defined by 0.S OSBORN
ecological space
geological
climatological
Islands
examplrs: 1.Darwin Finches 2.Cichlid fish genome -adaptive evolution, Stanford scientists
3.Anolis Lizards
Factors promote adaptive radiations
1.Generally speaking, adaptive radiations occur when new, unoccupied ecological niches become accessible to a founder population.
This can happen after a mass extinction during which the previous occupiers of those niches died out.
t can also happen when a colonizing species arrives at an island. (For instance the ancestor of the honeycreepers in Hawaii, or of Darwin's "finches" in the Galapagos)
Honey creeper
Change feeding habitat
At least 56 species of Hawaiian honeycreepers known to have existed, although all but 18 of them are now extinct.
Lack of competition. When a species enters an adaptive zone, it is poorly equipped to compete with species that have become adapted to the same niche.
For example, mudskippers are fish that are making a living on land, but they are marine fish and they don't have to compete against frogs and salamanders, which are restricted to fresh water. That is why we don't see freshwater mudskippers.
process of adaptive radiation
Ecological Release Colonization of species.
Taxon cycle
Habitat varying as population expand- species dispersal.
Adaptive plasticity Phenotypic plasticity(behavior change)
Property of an individual or genotype that may be adaptive, maladaptive or neutral with regard to an individual's fitness.
The particular way an individual's (or genotype's) phenotype varies across environments can be described as a reaction norm (Single genotype-phenotypic expression)
Speciation in adaptive radiation Founder events
Molecular evolution, four class of chromosomal mutation, Negative Selection and Positive Selection, Mutations in DNA and protein, Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Evidence supporting neutral evolution, Phylogenetic trees, Methods of Tree reconstruction
TO FOLLOW THESE SLIDES you will learn about the adaptive radiations involve in evolution .
yo will learn about the parallel adaptations and its types
speciation role in the evolution
factors
key innvations
to imrove the article involving examples
Founder events
Adaptive plasticity
process of adaptive radiation
Factors promote adaptive radiations
Factors underlying adaptive radiations
defined by 0.S OSBORN
ecological space
geological
climatological
Islands
examplrs: 1.Darwin Finches 2.Cichlid fish genome -adaptive evolution, Stanford scientists
3.Anolis Lizards
Factors promote adaptive radiations
1.Generally speaking, adaptive radiations occur when new, unoccupied ecological niches become accessible to a founder population.
This can happen after a mass extinction during which the previous occupiers of those niches died out.
t can also happen when a colonizing species arrives at an island. (For instance the ancestor of the honeycreepers in Hawaii, or of Darwin's "finches" in the Galapagos)
Honey creeper
Change feeding habitat
At least 56 species of Hawaiian honeycreepers known to have existed, although all but 18 of them are now extinct.
Lack of competition. When a species enters an adaptive zone, it is poorly equipped to compete with species that have become adapted to the same niche.
For example, mudskippers are fish that are making a living on land, but they are marine fish and they don't have to compete against frogs and salamanders, which are restricted to fresh water. That is why we don't see freshwater mudskippers.
process of adaptive radiation
Ecological Release Colonization of species.
Taxon cycle
Habitat varying as population expand- species dispersal.
Adaptive plasticity Phenotypic plasticity(behavior change)
Property of an individual or genotype that may be adaptive, maladaptive or neutral with regard to an individual's fitness.
The particular way an individual's (or genotype's) phenotype varies across environments can be described as a reaction norm (Single genotype-phenotypic expression)
Speciation in adaptive radiation Founder events
Molecular evolution, four class of chromosomal mutation, Negative Selection and Positive Selection, Mutations in DNA and protein, Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Evidence supporting neutral evolution, Phylogenetic trees, Methods of Tree reconstruction
EMERGENCE OF THE FIRST LIVING CELL [Autosaved].pptxRASHMI M G
The origin of life on Earth is a mystery of science, with no widely accepted theory but many hypotheses supported by evidence. The earliest known fossils are 3.5 billion years old, but there is evidence that bacteria-like organisms lived on Earth 3.5 billion years ago, and may have existed even earlier, when the first solid crust formed, almost 4 billion years ago. Scientists think that early life may have formed from lighting strikes or arisen in deep sea vents.
Origin of Earth, Big Bang theory, Nebular hypothesis, Internal heating of earth, formation of Earth's crust and inner structure, evolution of continents, oceans and atmosphere, continental drift theory, origin of life, Geological Time Scale.
COMPLETE DETAILED DESCRIPTION ON EVOLUTION OF LIFE ON EARTH. MILLER UREY EXPERIMENT. SELF REPLICATING DNA. EARLY CELL LIKE STRUCTURE. PANSPERMIA . PHOTOSYNTHESIS. EMERGENCE OF HUMAN.
Origin of life-where did life come fromArosek Padhi
this chapter prompts you to wonder where did life as we know it came from. this is a presentation from Dr.Tithi Parija (asst professor) from KIIT school of biotechnology including different theories from different thinkers and scientists
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. INTRODUCTION
The only thing that goes up and
never down is time or age. With time
and age, many things change including
new constructions, modification as
needed to be fittest, destruction of unfit
ones and even extinction. All these
things are under evolution.
Oparin – Haldane Theory was the
first widely accepted scientific theory of
organic evolution.
3. Given by :- A. I. Oparin (1924) & J. B. S. Haldane
(1929).
Supported by :- Miller & Urey – 1953.
Phases of organic evolution as per this theory :-
The cosmos
The primitive earth
The atomic phase
Cooling of earth
Origin of molecules and simple compounds
Origin of organic compounds
Coacervates
First living cell or protovirus
Monerans
Protistans and autotrophism
Fungi, plantae and animalia
4. THE COSMOS OR UNIVERSE
Universe is made of countless number of galaxies.
Galaxies are huge groups of billions of star systems.
Milky way is our galaxy with about 100 billion stars
besides our sun.
Our sun is a star of about 5 billion years old, it is in
rapid burning & motion.
Our solar system includes 8 planets, some dwarf
planets, satellites, asteroids, and other heavenly
bodies.
The 8 planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. (My Very Easy
Method Just Studied Under News)
We will study organic evolution on earth.
5. THE ORIGIN OF EARTH
Big bang theory :- The universe originated from a
gigantic explosion of a fireball, scattering
outwards.
Gaseous clouds, mainly Hydrogen and Helium
spread in the space in an ever expanding volume.
Condensation of such clouds made stars as sun.
As gases condensed, spin of central region
increased to save momentum.
At some points, the spin was so great that, gaseous
masses pinched off and thrown out by centrifugal
force, these formed the planets like earth.
Similarly satellites were formed from planets.
6. THE PRIMITIVE EARTH
Earth originated as a rotating, red hot
(temperature about 5000 to 6000o C) gaseous
cloud of many atoms from sun.
At such a high temperature, every thing were in
free atomic phase.
As it moved far from sun, slowly lost heat, now
the atoms arranged due to gravity as per their
weights.
With cooling, heaviest atoms of Fe, Ni, Cu etc.
formed core, medium weight atoms as Na, K,
Mg, I etc. formed mantle, light metals formed
crust and lightest formed the atmosphere.
7. THE PRIMITIVE EARTH
The atmosphere of primitive earth was a
reducing atmosphere without molecular oxygen.
Absence of molecular is evident from :-
Sedimentary rocks are present on earth since
1.9 billion years ago. Their minerals are in a
low state of oxidation, than on these days.
Banded iron formations of older age are in
ferrous state, if oxygen would be present,
they must be in ferric state.
Early oceans do not have dissolved oxygen.
They organic compounds faced destruction in
presence of oxygen by oxidation.
8. ORIGIN OF MOLECULES & COMPOUNDS
Further cooling of earth by torrential rain favored
reactions. These reactions got energy from :-
Ultra violet rays from sun penetrating through
thin, ozone free atmosphere.
Electrical discharges as lightning during rain.
Heat from intense volcanic activities.
Oxygen being more reactive, combined with
Hydrogen to form water vapor.
Energy
Similarly sulfur react with hydrogen & many other.
Energy
9. ORIGIN OF MOLECULES & COMPOUNDS
These molecules react with themselves to form
simple compounds such as acids.
Energy
HOT WATER BROTH
The rain formed shallow hot seas.
Gradually they became larger oceans.
These oceans serves as medium for complex
chemical reactions leading to origin and evolution
of organic compounds.
So first life originated by abiogenesis and rest lives
by biogenesis.
10. ORIGIN OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Due to property of catenation, carbon combined
with itself to form long chains.
It combined with hydrogen to form hydrocarbons
by energy from U. V. rays, lightning & volcanoes.
These hydrocarbons reacted with super heated
steam to form Aldehydes, ketones & acids.
They undergone condensation, polymerisation,
oxidation & reduction with ammonia & water in
hot water or hot dilute soup (Haldane) to form
carbohydrates, proteins & fats.
They had a tendency to form aggregated. Their
proximity led to more complex reactions.
11. COACERVATES
Proximity and more complex reactions among
organic compounds gradually got surrounded
by a fatty acid membrane. These were called as
Coacervates or living molecules by Oparin.
The membrane separated them from rest of
earth leading to more and more complex
reactions.
They formed nucleotides, nucleosides and
nucleic acids having property of auto-
replication.
Property of auto-replication led to biogenesis.
13. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF OTHER LIVES
First Living Cell / Protovirus – Coacervates
having nucleic acids became the first living cells.
Monerans & Protistans – Further complex life
form and reorganisation of protoviruses gave rise
to monerans and then protistans.
Origin of Autotrophism – Some monerans were
chemoautotrophs and some protistans were
photoautotrophs. They liberated free oxygen into
atmosphere, converting earth’s atmosphere into
oxidising one. It supported origin and evolution
of more complex life forms.
Fungi, Plantae & Animalia – In course of time
protistans gave rise to all these.