Fertilization is the process by which an egg is fertilized by a sperm, beginning the development of a new organism. It occurs in the fallopian tubes, where the sperm penetrates the egg and fuses with its pronuclei. This forms a single cell called a zygote, which undergoes rapid cell division to become a blastocyst that implants in the uterus. The blastocyst continues to develop through the stages of morula, blastocyst, and embryo as it grows over a period of 38 weeks until birth as a full-term baby.
DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTA,PLACENTA AT TERM , DECIDUA,PLACENTAL MEMBRANE , PLACENTAL CICULATION,PLACENTAL ENDOCRINE SYNTHESIS,ABNORMAL PLACENTA,FUNCTIONS.
DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTA,PLACENTA AT TERM , DECIDUA,PLACENTAL MEMBRANE , PLACENTAL CICULATION,PLACENTAL ENDOCRINE SYNTHESIS,ABNORMAL PLACENTA,FUNCTIONS.
This topic includes difference between female and male pelvis, various pelvis types, general description of pelvis bones, division of pelvis, landmarks of pelvis, plane, axis, sacral angle, diameters of inlet, cavity and outlet.
This topic includes difference between female and male pelvis, various pelvis types, general description of pelvis bones, division of pelvis, landmarks of pelvis, plane, axis, sacral angle, diameters of inlet, cavity and outlet.
Prenatal development includes the development of the embryo and of the fetus during a viviparous animal's gestation. Prenatal development starts with fertilization, in the germinal stage of embryonic development, and continues in fetal development until birth.
FORMATION OF EMBRYO and FETAL DEVELOPMENT.pdfDolisha Warbi
embryology, formation of embryo, morula, blastocyst, trophoblast, development of inner cell mass, germs layer, fetal development, week - 1 to week - 40 development of the fetus.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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5. FERTILIZATION
Fertilization is the process of fusion of the
spermatazoon with the mature ovum.It begins
with sperm and egg collision and ends with the
production of mononucleated single cell called
ZYGOTE.
Almost always fertilization occurs in
AMPULLARY portion of fallopian tubes.
6.
7. APPROXIMATION OF GAMETES
The ovum immediately following ovulation is
picked up by the tubal fimbriae which partly
envelope the ovary, specially at the time of
ovulation .
The pick up action might be muscular or by a kind
of suction by ciliary action or by a postivie
chemotaxis exerted by the tubal secretion.
8.
9. The ovum is rapidly transported to the
ampullary part.
Fertilisable life span of oocyte ranges from 12
to 24 hours where as that of sperm is 48 to 72
hours.
Out of hundred of millions of sperms
deposited in the vagina at single ejaculation.
Only thousands capacitated spermataozoa
enter the uterine tube while only 300-500
reach the ovum.
The tubal transport is facilitated by muscular
contraction and aspiration action of the
uterine tube.
10.
11. CONTACT AND FUSION OF THE
GAMETES
Complete dissolution of the cells of the corona
radiata occurs by the chemical action of the
HYALURONIDASE liberated from the Acrosomal
cap of the hundreds of sperm present at the site.
Penetration of Zona pellucida is facilitated by
Hyaluronidase from the acrosomal cap.
Soon after the Sperm fusion ,penetration of other
sperm is prevented by ZONA REACTION and
COLEMA BLOCK.
12.
13. Process of Fertilization
(5) Fusion of sperm and egg pronuclei
(4) Passage through extra cellular envelopes
(3) Binding of sperm to extra cellular envelopes
(2) Release of acrosomal enzymes
(1) Chemo attraction
14.
15. Sex of the child is determined by the pattern of
sex chromosome supplied by the
SPERMATOZOON.
If the SPERMATOZOON contains ‘X’
Chromosome a female embryo (46 XX).
If it contains ‘Y’ Chromosome a Male embryo (46
XY) is formed.
16. MORULA
After the zygote formation, typical mitotic division
of segmentation nucleus occurs producing two
BLASTOMERES.
The two cells stage is reached approximately 30
hours after “FERTILIZATION”.
The blastomeres continue to divide by binary
division through 4,6,8 cell stage until a cluster of
cells is formed and is called MORULA, resembling
MULBERRY.
By the 4th day it forms to 16-64 cell stage.
17.
18. BLASTOCYST
While the morula remains free in the uterine cavity
on the 4th and 5th day.
The fluid passes through the canaliculi of the zona
pellucida which seperates the cells of morula and is
now termed as BLASTOCYST.
Zona Hatching is next step so that trophectoderm
cells interact with endometrial cells and
implantation occurs.
19. Blastocyst – When zygote divides to 32 cells it
Becomes known as a Blastocyst
20. IMPLANTATION/NIDATION/NESTING
Implantation occurs in the endometrium of the
anterior or posterior wall of the body near the
fundus on the 6th day which corresponds,to the 20th
day of regular menstural cycle.
IMPLANTATION occurs through four stages.
Apposition
Adhesion
Penetration
Invasion
21. The implantation process is completed by 10th
or 11th day.
This type of deeper penetration of human
blastocyst is called as IMPLANTATION.
Now the blastocyst is covered all sides by the
endometrium (DECIDUA).
22.
23.
24. Day 15
The
primitive
streak can
be seen on
the left side
Day 17
The primitive streak can still
be seen, and the opposite end
of the embryo is starting to
fold up.
The Blastocyst begins to
collapse
25. Day 19
The neural tube is seen along with somites
on either side of it.
Somites - zipper-like motion of the neural tube closing together,
three pairs of small bumps form on either side of the closure.
they will form the skeleton and the major muscles of the body.
Thirty-eight pairs of somites will line the neural tube within 2
weeks.
29. Four Weeks Embryo
After the cluster of cells attaches to
the womb it is called an embryo.
The embryo is between 1/100 and
4/100 inch long at this time.
The embryo continues rapid
growth.
30. * 8 Weeks
•The embryo is about ½ inch
long.
•The heart now has four
chambers.
•Fingers and toes begin to
form.
•Reflex activities begin as the
brain and nervous system
develop.
•Cells begin to form the eyes,
ears, jaws, lungs, stomach,
intestines and liver.
31. 10 Weeks
The embryo, is about 1 to 1¼
inches long (the head is about
half the length) and weighs less
than ½ ounce.
The beginnings of all key body
parts are present, but they are
not completed.
Structures that will form eyes,
ears, arms and legs can be seen.
Muscles and skeleton are
developing and the nervous
system becomes more
responsive.
32. 12 Weeks
The fetus is about 2½ inches
long and weighs about ½ ounce.
Fingers and toes are distinct
and have nails.
Hair begins to develop, but
won't be seen until later in the
pregnancy.
The fetus begins small, random
movements, too slight to be felt.
The fetal heartbeat can be detected with a heart monitor.
All major external body features have appeared.
Muscles continue to develop.
33. 14 Weeks
The fetus is about 3½ inches long
and weighs about 1½ ounces.
The fetus begins to swallow, the
kidneys make urine, and blood
begins to form in the bone marrow.
Joints and muscles allow full body
movement.
There are eyelids and the nose is
developing a bridge.
External genitals are developing.
34. 18 Weeks
The fetus is about 5½ inches long
and weighs about 7 ounces.
The skin is pink and transparent
and the ears are clearly visible.
All the body and facial features are
now recognizable.
The fetus can grasp and move its
mouth.
Nails begin to grow.
The fetus has begun to kick. Some
women feel this movement.
35. 20 Weeks
The fetus is about 6¼
inches long and weighs
about 11½ ounces.
All organs and structures
are formed
Skin is wrinkled and pink to reddish in
color - thin and close to the blood vessels.
Protective skin coating, (vernix) begins to develop.
Respiratory movements occur - lungs have not developed enough to
permit survival outside the uterus.
By this time, mothers usually feel the fetus moving.
At this time an ultrasound can often identify the sex of the fetus.
36. 22 Weeks
The fetus is about 7½ inches
long weighs about one pound.
.
It has fingerprints and some
head and body hair.
It may suck its thumb and is more active.
The brain is growing very rapidly.
The fetal heartbeat can be easily heard.
The kidneys start to work.
At 23 weeks, approximately 31% of babies born survive.
Babies born at this age require intensive care and usually
have lifelong disabilities and chronic health conditions.
37. 24 Weeks
The fetus is about 8¼ inches long and
weighs about 1¼ pounds.
Bones of the ears harden making sound
conduction possible. The fetus hears
mother’s sounds such as breathing,
heartbeat and voice.
The first layers of fat are beginning to
form.
This is the beginning of substantial
weight gain for the fetus.
Lungs continue developing
At 25 weeks, approximately 68% of
babies born survive. Babies born at this
age require intensive care and usually
have life-long disabilities and chronic
health conditions.
38. 26 Weeks
The fetus is about 9 inches long and
weighs about 2 pounds.
The fetus can respond to sound from
both inside and outside the womb.
Reflex movements continue to
develop and body movements are
stronger.
Lungs continue to develop.
The fetus now wakes and sleeps.
The skin is slightly wrinkled.
At 27 weeks, approximately 87% of
babies born survive. Babies born at
this age require intensive care and
have an increased risk of
developmental delays and chronic
health conditions.
39. 28 Weeks
The fetus is about 10 inches
long and weighs about 2
pounds, 3 ounces.
Mouth and lips show more
sensitivity.
The eyes are partially open
and can perceive light.
More than 90% of babies born
at this age will survive. Some
survivors have developmental
delays and chronic health
conditions.
40. 30 Weeks
The fetus is about 10½ inches long
and weighs about 3 pounds.
The lungs that are capable of
breathing air, although medical
help may be needed.
The fetus can open and close its
eyes, suck its thumb, cry and
respond to sound.
The skin is smooth.
Rhythmic breathing and body
temperature are now controlled by
the brain.
Most babies born at this age will
survive.
41. 32 Weeks
The fetus is about 11
inches long and weighs
about 3 pounds, 12
ounces.
The connections between
the nerve cells in the brain
increase.
Fetal development now
centers on growth.
Almost all babies born at
this age will survive.
42. 34 Weeks
The fetus is about
12 inches long and
weighs about 4½
pounds.
Ears begin to hold
shape.
Eyes open during
alert times and
close during sleep.
Almost all babies
born at this age
will survive.
43. 36 Weeks
The fetus is about 12 to 13
inches long and weighs
about 5½ to 6 pounds.
Scalp hair is silky and lies
against the head.
Muscle tone has developed
and the fetus can turn and
lift its head.
Almost all babies born at
this age will survive.
44. 38 Weeks
The fetus is about 13½
to 14 inches long and
weighs about 6½
pounds.
Lungs are usually
mature.
The fetus can grasp
firmly.
The fetus turns toward
light sources.
Almost all babies born
at this age will survive.
45. 40 Weeks
The fetus is about 18
to 20 inches long
and may weigh
about 7½ pounds.
At the time of birth,
a baby has more
than 70 reflex
behaviors, which are
automatic behaviors
necessary for
survival.
The baby is full-term
and ready to be born.
Photo and Text
Courtesy of
Georgia Department of Human Resources,
Division of Public Health
46.
47. Fetal Development
Objectives:
Understand the growth of a
human fetus.
Follow the development
from conception to birth
Introduction to the birth
process
Photo and Text
Courtesy of
Georgia Department of Human Resources,
Division of Public Health