The document outlines an orientation programme on standard workplace precautions and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for doctors at the Government Thiruvarur Medical College and Hospital in Thiruvarur. The two-day programme will be led by medical professionals from the hospital and will cover topics like standard workplace precautions, bio-medical waste management, occupational illnesses, and procedures for evaluating and treating healthcare workers who experience exposures. It will discuss the risks of disease transmission from exposures to different bodily fluids and emphasize hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and waste segregation and disposal practices for infection control in healthcare settings.
This document provides guidance on handling biohazard spills. It discusses universal precautions which treat every spill as potentially infectious. Personal protective equipment like gloves and safety glasses are required for cleaning blood or bodily fluids. Proper cleanup involves 10 steps: preparation with signs and PPE, placing absorbent material, applying disinfectant, cleaning the spill, disposing of contaminated materials, disinfecting the area again, cleaning equipment, removing PPE, handwashing, and reporting the spill. Facilities must have an exposure control plan per OSHA to protect employees from bloodborne pathogens.
Standard precautions are guidelines that all healthcare workers should follow at all times with all patients to reduce the transmission of infections. They include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, cleaning and disinfection of patient care equipment, environmental cleaning, and proper handling of linens and sharps. Additional precautions, including airborne, droplet and contact precautions, may be required for patients known or suspected to have certain infectious diseases to interrupt their transmission. These involve isolation techniques tailored to the pathogen's mode of transmission.
The document provides guidelines for properly cleaning up blood spills, including using appropriate personal protective equipment like gloves, masks, and aprons. It recommends using an EPA-registered hospital disinfectant, HIV-effective disinfectant, or 1:10 bleach solution to disinfect surfaces after removing any visible blood or soil with disposable towels. All clean-up materials should be sealed in a biohazard waste bag and disposed of properly according to local regulations. Special cleaning may be required for blood spilled on carpets or upholstery.
This document provides guidelines for managing blood and body fluid spills. It defines body fluids as any fluid from the human body, which are considered hazardous. When dealing with spills, treat all fluids as potentially infected and follow standard precautions. Clean spills using appropriate cleaning solutions and barriers to protect from exposure. Place soiled materials in biohazard bags and dispose in biohazard containers, not the regular trash. Seek first aid for any exposures by washing the area, and report exposures to supervisors. Maintain safety by disposing of materials properly and thinking before acting to protect yourself and patients.
Infection control,BMW management,standard precautionSreevidya V S
Standard precautions are a set of practices used to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings. They include proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps, and appropriate waste disposal. Healthcare facilities must properly segregate, disinfect or sterilize, and dispose of biomedical waste to prevent the spread of infections. Waste is categorized and disposed of according to color-coded bags through methods like incineration, autoclaving, or deep burial. Proper waste management and staff training are essential to reduce the risks posed by biomedical waste.
This document provides guidance on selecting and using personal protective equipment (PPE) in healthcare settings. It outlines the goals of a PPE program which are to improve safety through appropriate PPE use. It defines PPE and outlines regulations and recommendations from OSHA and CDC on PPE use. The document describes different types of PPE like gloves, gowns, masks, goggles and respirators and provides details on proper donning, use and removal to prevent exposure to infectious materials.
The document discusses spill management in a hospital setting. It aims to familiarize readers with regulatory standards, potential hazards of spills, and appropriate responses. Spills of body fluids, drugs, chemicals can occur at any time in a hospital due to equipment issues or human error, posing risks to staff, visitors, and susceptible patients. The document outlines different types of spills - biological, chemical, mercury - and provides guidelines for managing biological and mercury spills, including use of spill kits and proper cleaning procedures.
This document provides guidance on handling biohazard spills. It discusses universal precautions which treat every spill as potentially infectious. Personal protective equipment like gloves and safety glasses are required for cleaning blood or bodily fluids. Proper cleanup involves 10 steps: preparation with signs and PPE, placing absorbent material, applying disinfectant, cleaning the spill, disposing of contaminated materials, disinfecting the area again, cleaning equipment, removing PPE, handwashing, and reporting the spill. Facilities must have an exposure control plan per OSHA to protect employees from bloodborne pathogens.
Standard precautions are guidelines that all healthcare workers should follow at all times with all patients to reduce the transmission of infections. They include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, cleaning and disinfection of patient care equipment, environmental cleaning, and proper handling of linens and sharps. Additional precautions, including airborne, droplet and contact precautions, may be required for patients known or suspected to have certain infectious diseases to interrupt their transmission. These involve isolation techniques tailored to the pathogen's mode of transmission.
The document provides guidelines for properly cleaning up blood spills, including using appropriate personal protective equipment like gloves, masks, and aprons. It recommends using an EPA-registered hospital disinfectant, HIV-effective disinfectant, or 1:10 bleach solution to disinfect surfaces after removing any visible blood or soil with disposable towels. All clean-up materials should be sealed in a biohazard waste bag and disposed of properly according to local regulations. Special cleaning may be required for blood spilled on carpets or upholstery.
This document provides guidelines for managing blood and body fluid spills. It defines body fluids as any fluid from the human body, which are considered hazardous. When dealing with spills, treat all fluids as potentially infected and follow standard precautions. Clean spills using appropriate cleaning solutions and barriers to protect from exposure. Place soiled materials in biohazard bags and dispose in biohazard containers, not the regular trash. Seek first aid for any exposures by washing the area, and report exposures to supervisors. Maintain safety by disposing of materials properly and thinking before acting to protect yourself and patients.
Infection control,BMW management,standard precautionSreevidya V S
Standard precautions are a set of practices used to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings. They include proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps, and appropriate waste disposal. Healthcare facilities must properly segregate, disinfect or sterilize, and dispose of biomedical waste to prevent the spread of infections. Waste is categorized and disposed of according to color-coded bags through methods like incineration, autoclaving, or deep burial. Proper waste management and staff training are essential to reduce the risks posed by biomedical waste.
This document provides guidance on selecting and using personal protective equipment (PPE) in healthcare settings. It outlines the goals of a PPE program which are to improve safety through appropriate PPE use. It defines PPE and outlines regulations and recommendations from OSHA and CDC on PPE use. The document describes different types of PPE like gloves, gowns, masks, goggles and respirators and provides details on proper donning, use and removal to prevent exposure to infectious materials.
The document discusses spill management in a hospital setting. It aims to familiarize readers with regulatory standards, potential hazards of spills, and appropriate responses. Spills of body fluids, drugs, chemicals can occur at any time in a hospital due to equipment issues or human error, posing risks to staff, visitors, and susceptible patients. The document outlines different types of spills - biological, chemical, mercury - and provides guidelines for managing biological and mercury spills, including use of spill kits and proper cleaning procedures.
This presentation discusses how to properly clean and decontaminate spills of blood and other potentially infectious materials in laboratories. It defines minor and major spills and outlines the appropriate response and cleanup procedures for each. Specific protocols are provided for cleaning spills on floors, benches, in biosafety cabinets, and centrifuges. Key steps include wearing proper PPE, covering spills with absorbent materials, applying an appropriate disinfectant for 20 minutes of contact time, and proper disposal of contaminated waste. The goal is to safely and effectively decontaminate any spilled infectious materials to prevent disease transmission.
Educational presentation for medical laboratory technologists on safety handling for minor and major body fluid spills. In addition to a workshop to practice step by step the handling for biohazard spills.
This document provides guidance on environmental cleaning and infection prevention in healthcare facilities. It describes the importance of cleaning in reducing pathogen transmission, and outlines proper procedures for using cleaning solutions and disinfectants, cleaning different areas like patient rooms and operating theaters, and handling soiled equipment. Guidelines are provided for preparing cleaning solutions, cleaning techniques, personal protective equipment usage, and monitoring cleaning effectiveness. The goal is to maintain a clean environment through regular cleaning and disinfection practices.
This document discusses the importance of hand hygiene in healthcare settings. It states that healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) place a significant disease and economic burden on patients and healthcare systems. The document outlines that hand hygiene, including cleaning hands at the appropriate times and using the proper technique, can prevent the spread of infectious diseases and save lives. It recommends following the "My 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene" approach and notes that compliance is still sub-optimal globally. The document emphasizes that hand hygiene, including washing with soap and water or using alcohol-based handrubs, is the most effective way to reduce infection rates when performed correctly and frequently by healthcare workers.
Hand hygiene is the most important way to prevent the transmission of infectious agents. The document discusses how hands are the most common vehicle for spreading bacteria and viruses, and outlines best practices for hand hygiene in healthcare settings, including washing hands before and after contact with patients, invasive procedures, and contact with surfaces. It emphasizes that proper hand hygiene is crucial for infection prevention.
Infection prevention and control (IP&C) practices are important in maintaining a safe environment for everyone by reducing the risk of the potential spread of disease.
This document discusses procedures for managing different types of spills that may occur in a hospital setting. It outlines protocols for cleaning up biological spills of various sizes, as well as spills involving chemicals, mercury, and radioactive materials. Biological spills are classified as spot, small, or large and procedures are provided for cleaning and disinfecting areas contaminated with blood or bodily fluids depending on the spill size. Chemical and radioactive spills require identifying the materials, taking safety precautions, containing and cleaning the spill, and properly disposing of contaminated items.
Regular cleaning and disinfection of surfaces is important to remove pathogens from the environment. Healthcare workers should wear personal protective equipment like gloves, gowns and aprons when cleaning. Key principles of environmental cleaning include cleaning all horizontal surfaces daily or when soiled, cleaning exam tables after each use, and changing cleaning solutions and equipment regularly. Proper cleaning techniques and disinfecting high-touch surfaces helps limit the spread of infections.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection form barriers that protect healthcare workers from exposure to infectious materials. The proper use of PPE includes donning it in a specific sequence - gown, mask, goggles, then gloves - before entering a patient's room. PPE should be removed in the reverse order, and hand hygiene performed, to prevent the spread of germs. Common types of PPE like surgical masks, N95 respirators, and gloves are described along with guidelines for proper fitting, use, and disposal to protect both healthcare workers and patients.
This document provides guidance on proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gowns, gloves, masks, eye protection, and footwear when working with infectious materials. It emphasizes selecting the correct size and type of PPE and wearing, removing, and disposing of items properly to avoid contamination. Proper PPE use includes donning from bottom to top (gloves last) and removing from top to bottom (gloves first) while avoiding touching outer surfaces. Reusable PPE should be cleaned and stored properly while disposable PPE should be discarded after use.
Environmental cleaning depends on Infection Control risk Assessment as High, Moderate & Low Risk Areas. This document includes Procedures & Practices in Hospital for Environmental Cleaning & Disinfection based on cheapest hospital grade disinfectant i.e Clorox / Household Bleach available for especially third world countries.
Ignaz Semmelweis discovered that handwashing with antiseptic solutions could prevent the spread of disease between patients. He observed that women giving birth in clinics where doctors examined corpses first without washing hands had a higher rate of puerperal fever than clinics where this did not occur. Proper hand hygiene, including washing with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rub, is important in medical settings to remove pathogens and prevent transmission of infection between patients and staff. The World Health Organization recommends cleaning hands at five key moments: before touching a patient, before clean procedures, after risk of body fluid exposure, after touching a patient, and after contact with patient surroundings.
Hazmat awareness training teaches about hazardous materials - substances that can harm people, property, or the environment. Over 4 billion tons of hazardous materials are shipped in the US each year, including explosives, gases, flammids, and oxidizers. If there is a hazmat incident, call 911 immediately. Do not approach the area, which is divided into hot, warm, and cold zones according to risk level. Proper identification and handling of hazardous situations helps ensure safety.
Spill management procedures are outlined for different types of spills that may occur in a hospital setting. Biological spills involve blood or bodily fluids and are cleaned by first containing the spill and then cleaning and disinfecting the area. Chemical spills require identifying the chemical, taking necessary precautions, containing the spill, and rinsing the area. Radioactive spills involve estimating the contamination, confining and decontaminating the spill area, and reporting the incident.
The document outlines guidelines for managing biomedical waste in hospitals. It discusses categorizing waste based on infectivity, proper segregation, collection, storage, and disposal methods. Training of staff, safety precautions, and regulatory compliance are important aspects of the waste management process. The goal is to minimize infectious waste production, safely dispose of waste, and prevent the spread of hospital-acquired infections.
what are the steps you need to follow when you get a needle stick injury in the lab, while handling needles or any sharp instruments. We should deal with each needle stick injury as it is contaminated by any infectious disease like hepatitis, AIDS or others.
The document discusses healthcare waste and its management. It states that healthcare waste poses higher risks than other waste due to potential for infections. It also provides definitions of healthcare waste and categories such as infectious, sharp and pharmaceutical waste. The document outlines the major steps in healthcare waste management - segregation, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal. It emphasizes the importance of proper waste handling and treatment to prevent health hazards.
Blood spillage may occur because a laboratory sample breaks in the phlebotomy area or during transportation, or because there is excessive bleeding during
The document discusses bio-medical waste management. It begins by introducing the types of hazardous materials generated in hospitals, including infected materials, cytotoxic drugs, and radioactive substances. It then describes the nature and quantities of hospital waste, classifying it as hazardous (15%) and non-hazardous (85%). Hazardous waste is further divided into infectious (10%) and toxic (5%) categories. The document outlines the health hazards of improper management, principles of infection control, and the Bio-Medical Waste Rules for treatment and disposal of different categories of waste.
The document provides guidance on infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies for COVID-19 recommended by the WHO. It outlines standard IPC precautions that should be applied to all patients, including hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, and appropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) based on risk assessment. The WHO recommends IPC strategies for health care settings to prevent or limit COVID-19 transmission, including applying standard precautions, early recognition and source control, implementing additional precautions for suspected cases, and administrative controls.
This presentation discusses how to properly clean and decontaminate spills of blood and other potentially infectious materials in laboratories. It defines minor and major spills and outlines the appropriate response and cleanup procedures for each. Specific protocols are provided for cleaning spills on floors, benches, in biosafety cabinets, and centrifuges. Key steps include wearing proper PPE, covering spills with absorbent materials, applying an appropriate disinfectant for 20 minutes of contact time, and proper disposal of contaminated waste. The goal is to safely and effectively decontaminate any spilled infectious materials to prevent disease transmission.
Educational presentation for medical laboratory technologists on safety handling for minor and major body fluid spills. In addition to a workshop to practice step by step the handling for biohazard spills.
This document provides guidance on environmental cleaning and infection prevention in healthcare facilities. It describes the importance of cleaning in reducing pathogen transmission, and outlines proper procedures for using cleaning solutions and disinfectants, cleaning different areas like patient rooms and operating theaters, and handling soiled equipment. Guidelines are provided for preparing cleaning solutions, cleaning techniques, personal protective equipment usage, and monitoring cleaning effectiveness. The goal is to maintain a clean environment through regular cleaning and disinfection practices.
This document discusses the importance of hand hygiene in healthcare settings. It states that healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) place a significant disease and economic burden on patients and healthcare systems. The document outlines that hand hygiene, including cleaning hands at the appropriate times and using the proper technique, can prevent the spread of infectious diseases and save lives. It recommends following the "My 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene" approach and notes that compliance is still sub-optimal globally. The document emphasizes that hand hygiene, including washing with soap and water or using alcohol-based handrubs, is the most effective way to reduce infection rates when performed correctly and frequently by healthcare workers.
Hand hygiene is the most important way to prevent the transmission of infectious agents. The document discusses how hands are the most common vehicle for spreading bacteria and viruses, and outlines best practices for hand hygiene in healthcare settings, including washing hands before and after contact with patients, invasive procedures, and contact with surfaces. It emphasizes that proper hand hygiene is crucial for infection prevention.
Infection prevention and control (IP&C) practices are important in maintaining a safe environment for everyone by reducing the risk of the potential spread of disease.
This document discusses procedures for managing different types of spills that may occur in a hospital setting. It outlines protocols for cleaning up biological spills of various sizes, as well as spills involving chemicals, mercury, and radioactive materials. Biological spills are classified as spot, small, or large and procedures are provided for cleaning and disinfecting areas contaminated with blood or bodily fluids depending on the spill size. Chemical and radioactive spills require identifying the materials, taking safety precautions, containing and cleaning the spill, and properly disposing of contaminated items.
Regular cleaning and disinfection of surfaces is important to remove pathogens from the environment. Healthcare workers should wear personal protective equipment like gloves, gowns and aprons when cleaning. Key principles of environmental cleaning include cleaning all horizontal surfaces daily or when soiled, cleaning exam tables after each use, and changing cleaning solutions and equipment regularly. Proper cleaning techniques and disinfecting high-touch surfaces helps limit the spread of infections.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection form barriers that protect healthcare workers from exposure to infectious materials. The proper use of PPE includes donning it in a specific sequence - gown, mask, goggles, then gloves - before entering a patient's room. PPE should be removed in the reverse order, and hand hygiene performed, to prevent the spread of germs. Common types of PPE like surgical masks, N95 respirators, and gloves are described along with guidelines for proper fitting, use, and disposal to protect both healthcare workers and patients.
This document provides guidance on proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gowns, gloves, masks, eye protection, and footwear when working with infectious materials. It emphasizes selecting the correct size and type of PPE and wearing, removing, and disposing of items properly to avoid contamination. Proper PPE use includes donning from bottom to top (gloves last) and removing from top to bottom (gloves first) while avoiding touching outer surfaces. Reusable PPE should be cleaned and stored properly while disposable PPE should be discarded after use.
Environmental cleaning depends on Infection Control risk Assessment as High, Moderate & Low Risk Areas. This document includes Procedures & Practices in Hospital for Environmental Cleaning & Disinfection based on cheapest hospital grade disinfectant i.e Clorox / Household Bleach available for especially third world countries.
Ignaz Semmelweis discovered that handwashing with antiseptic solutions could prevent the spread of disease between patients. He observed that women giving birth in clinics where doctors examined corpses first without washing hands had a higher rate of puerperal fever than clinics where this did not occur. Proper hand hygiene, including washing with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rub, is important in medical settings to remove pathogens and prevent transmission of infection between patients and staff. The World Health Organization recommends cleaning hands at five key moments: before touching a patient, before clean procedures, after risk of body fluid exposure, after touching a patient, and after contact with patient surroundings.
Hazmat awareness training teaches about hazardous materials - substances that can harm people, property, or the environment. Over 4 billion tons of hazardous materials are shipped in the US each year, including explosives, gases, flammids, and oxidizers. If there is a hazmat incident, call 911 immediately. Do not approach the area, which is divided into hot, warm, and cold zones according to risk level. Proper identification and handling of hazardous situations helps ensure safety.
Spill management procedures are outlined for different types of spills that may occur in a hospital setting. Biological spills involve blood or bodily fluids and are cleaned by first containing the spill and then cleaning and disinfecting the area. Chemical spills require identifying the chemical, taking necessary precautions, containing the spill, and rinsing the area. Radioactive spills involve estimating the contamination, confining and decontaminating the spill area, and reporting the incident.
The document outlines guidelines for managing biomedical waste in hospitals. It discusses categorizing waste based on infectivity, proper segregation, collection, storage, and disposal methods. Training of staff, safety precautions, and regulatory compliance are important aspects of the waste management process. The goal is to minimize infectious waste production, safely dispose of waste, and prevent the spread of hospital-acquired infections.
what are the steps you need to follow when you get a needle stick injury in the lab, while handling needles or any sharp instruments. We should deal with each needle stick injury as it is contaminated by any infectious disease like hepatitis, AIDS or others.
The document discusses healthcare waste and its management. It states that healthcare waste poses higher risks than other waste due to potential for infections. It also provides definitions of healthcare waste and categories such as infectious, sharp and pharmaceutical waste. The document outlines the major steps in healthcare waste management - segregation, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal. It emphasizes the importance of proper waste handling and treatment to prevent health hazards.
Blood spillage may occur because a laboratory sample breaks in the phlebotomy area or during transportation, or because there is excessive bleeding during
The document discusses bio-medical waste management. It begins by introducing the types of hazardous materials generated in hospitals, including infected materials, cytotoxic drugs, and radioactive substances. It then describes the nature and quantities of hospital waste, classifying it as hazardous (15%) and non-hazardous (85%). Hazardous waste is further divided into infectious (10%) and toxic (5%) categories. The document outlines the health hazards of improper management, principles of infection control, and the Bio-Medical Waste Rules for treatment and disposal of different categories of waste.
The document provides guidance on infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies for COVID-19 recommended by the WHO. It outlines standard IPC precautions that should be applied to all patients, including hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, and appropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) based on risk assessment. The WHO recommends IPC strategies for health care settings to prevent or limit COVID-19 transmission, including applying standard precautions, early recognition and source control, implementing additional precautions for suspected cases, and administrative controls.
The document discusses standard precautions for preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings. It defines standard precautions as a set of infection prevention measures that should be used for all patient care. Standard precautions include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, safe injection practices, and proper waste handling and surface disinfection. The document provides guidance on these standard precaution measures.
6 Basics of Infection Prevention and Control.pptREVISED (Day 1) (1) (1).pptjohnpickett25
The document discusses the basics of infection prevention and control, including the chain of infection, standard precautions, transmission-based precautions, proper use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps and medical waste, and decontamination methods like cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization. It emphasizes that hand hygiene and standard precautions are the most effective ways to break the chain of infection and prevent the spread of disease. Healthcare-associated infections are a major concern, and strict compliance with infection control practices is needed to prevent transmission within healthcare settings.
This document discusses infection prevention and control in healthcare settings. It provides information on standard precautions like hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps and waste, and cleaning and disinfection. It emphasizes the importance of breaking the chain of infection through these measures to prevent the spread of infections among patients and healthcare workers.
Bloodborne Pathogens Training by Wisconsin Department of Health ServicesAtlantic Training, LLC.
This document provides an overview of bloodborne pathogens training for employees at the Division of Public Health. It defines bloodborne pathogens as viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms transmitted through contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials. The three pathogens of greatest concern are HIV, HBV, and HCV. The document reviews exposure risks, symptoms, and transmission routes for these pathogens. It also summarizes the Division of Public Health's exposure control plan, universal precautions, personal protective equipment use, cleaning and disinfection procedures, the hepatitis B vaccine, and other topics covered by OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens standard.
Dentists are exposed to a variety of occupational hazards including biological, physical, chemical, ergonomic and radiation hazards. Biological hazards include exposure to infectious diseases from patients through direct or indirect contact with bodily fluids. Physical hazards include injuries from sharp instruments. Chemical hazards stem from exposure to substances like mercury and latex. Prolonged awkward postures and repetitive motions can cause musculoskeletal disorders. Radiation exposure occurs from dental X-rays. Proper precautions like barriers, hygiene protocols, protective equipment, ergonomic practices and radiation monitoring can help prevent or minimize these occupational hazards for dentists.
This document outlines Montgomery Medical Services' infection control aims, objectives, and procedures. It discusses (1) universal precautions that all staff should follow to prevent disease spread, such as hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment; (2) how infectious diseases spread and the chain of infection; and (3) specific policies for hand washing, exposure response, waste disposal, and reporting incidents to minimize infection risks. The goal is to break the chain of infection and protect patients, staff, and others.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a Bloodborne Pathogens training course. The objectives cover defining key terms like bloodborne pathogens, standard precautions, engineering controls, and exposure incidents. It also covers OSHA regulations, personal protective equipment, transmission routes, the infectious process, vaccination importance, and post-exposure procedures. The training aims to increase awareness of hazards, knowledge, and ability to prevent disease transmission in healthcare settings.
This document provides guidelines for infection control in dental settings. Proper procedures are important to prevent transmission of infections between patients and dental health care personnel. Key aspects of an infection control program include education and training, immunization, illness policies, and use of standard precautions like protective barriers and proper sterilization of instruments between patients. Maintaining aseptic conditions before, during, and after treatment is also important to break the chain of infection.
Infection control -_students.ppt;filename*= utf-8''infection control - studentsAhmed Elkony
This document provides guidelines for infection control in dental healthcare settings. Proper infection control procedures are important to prevent transmission of pathogens between patients and dental staff. The foundation is using standard precautions, which include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment like gloves and masks, safe handling of sharp instruments and contaminated laundry, and sterilizing equipment between patients. Immunizing dental staff against hepatitis B and following protocols after potential exposures can further reduce risk of infection.
Occupational Blood Borne Infections: Prevention is Better than CureApollo Hospitals
Viral infections like HIV, hepatitis Band C virus pose a big risk to the contacts of individuals with high risk behaviour as well as to the attending health care workers. Blood, semen, vaginal and other potentially infectious materials can transmit the infection to the susceptible contacts. Universal precautions should be strictly implemented during clinical examination, laboratory work and surgical procedures to prevent transmission to the health care providers. Health care workers should receive vaccination for hepatitis B infection. An inadvertent exposure should be managed with proper first aid and infectivity of the source and severity of exposure should be assessed. Severity of exposure is based on the nature and area of exposed surface, mode of injury and volume of infective material. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) should be started as soon as possible after a proper counseling about the effectiveness of post-exposure prophylaxis, side effects and risk of carrying the infection to his familial contacts and its prevention.
Health and safety in microbiological practicesDiganta Dey
The document discusses health and safety practices in microbiological laboratories. It covers topics such as risk group classification of pathogens, biosafety levels and practices, selection and use of biological safety cabinets, personal protective equipment, hand hygiene, needlestick injuries, laboratory spill management, biomedical waste disposal, and fire hazards. The key points are that pathogens are classified into four risk groups based on individual and community risk levels, and appropriate biosafety levels, practices and equipment are selected according to the risk group to minimize hazards.
Basic infection control prevention 30 march 2020Gerinorth
This document discusses basic infection control and prevention measures focusing on hand hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE). It emphasizes that hand hygiene is the most important measure to reduce cross-infection. It outlines the five indications for hand hygiene and the steps for proper hand washing and alcohol-based hand rub. The document also reviews PPE requirements for different transmission-based precautions and the proper procedure for donning and doffing PPE. It stresses educating nursing home residents and visitors on personal hygiene and hand hygiene. The document concludes with answering sample case scenarios on appropriate PPE and isolation measures for patients with MRSA and Clostridium difficile.
Standard precautions and infection control practices are important for protecting patients, healthcare workers, and the healthcare environment from infectious microorganisms. The key elements are practicing proper hand hygiene, using appropriate personal protective equipment like gloves and masks, following safe handling and disposal of sharps, and routinely cleaning surfaces and equipment. Following standard precautions breaks the chain of infection and prevents the transmission of pathogens by targeting the infectious agent, modes of transmission, entry and exit points, and susceptible hosts in a healthcare setting. Safety precautions in the laboratory specifically include wearing proper attire, prohibiting eating or smoking, safe handling of specimens, and cleaning and disinfection of work surfaces.
Standard precautions are evidence-based practices designed to prevent transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings. They are implemented to protect all patients and healthcare workers regardless of infection status. Standard precautions break the chain of infection through proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps and linens, appropriate disposal of biowaste, routine cleaning and disinfection of equipment and the environment, and precautions during patient care and resuscitation.
Standard precautions and infection control practices are important for protecting health workers, patients, and the healthcare environment from infectious microorganisms. The key elements are understanding how infections are transmitted from sources to susceptible hosts through various routes. Practicing standard precautions like hand hygiene, using personal protective equipment appropriately, and cleaning and disinfecting surfaces can break the chain of infection. Safety precautions in the laboratory setting include wearing proper attire, prohibiting eating or smoking, and following protocols for handling biological samples and hazardous materials.
Similar to standard workplace precautions-waste management (20)
A 46-year-old male presented with sudden onset of chest pain radiating to the left arm and shortness of breath. He has risk factors of smoking but no other medical history. On examination, his vitals were stable and heart and lung sounds were normal. The document discusses the arterial supply of the heart and how electrocardiogram leads correspond to different areas of the heart muscle. It provides detailed descriptions of ST segment changes that would indicate occlusions or blocks in different coronary arteries and the regions of the heart affected.
The document presents the 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. It was developed by a task force of experts and provides updated recommendations based on evidence levels. New recommendations include structured characterization of AF, screening recommendations, use of patient-reported outcomes, reassessment of stroke and bleeding risk, and considerations for rhythm control including catheter ablation.
This document discusses different types of wheezing in children and approaches to diagnosis and treatment. It addresses acute wheezing in young children which is usually due to bronchiolitis or cold and treated symptomatically. Recurrent wheezing may not indicate asthma, and a risk-based probability approach is recommended to evaluate if symptoms warrant treatment with inhaled corticosteroids. Factors like family history, atopy, frequency of colds can help determine the likelihood that recurrent wheezing is asthma. A trial of ICS may help decide if asthma is present when probability is unclear. Bronchodilators are usually sufficient for infrequent viral-induced wheezing.
1. Imaging plays an important role in the evaluation and management of patients with acute stroke.
2. Different imaging modalities such as CT, CT angiography, CT perfusion, MRI, MR angiography, and MR perfusion have benefits for assessing the brain parenchyma, vasculature, perfusion, and identifying potentially salvageable penumbral tissue.
3. Diffusion-weighted MRI is the most sensitive method for detecting acute ischemia within the first few hours, while perfusion imaging can identify tissue at risk of infarction in the ischemic penumbra that may be rescued with reperfusion therapy.
This document discusses arterial disorders and provides an overview of arterial anatomy, layers of arteries, arterial pulses, and clinical tests. It describes common arterial conditions like stenosis, aneurysms, arteritis, and small vessel abnormalities. Specific disorders discussed in detail include thromboangiitis obliterans, Takayasu's arteritis, Raynaud's phenomenon, aneurysms, and arteriovenous fistulas. Three case scenarios are presented concerning Leriche syndrome, arteriovenous fistula, and dissecting aortic aneurysm.
This document provides an overview of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). It discusses the protective mechanisms of the lung, pathogenesis of ILDs including different presentation patterns, classification of ILDs, diagnostic testing approaches, treatment options including drug therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation. Key points covered include common causes of different radiographic patterns seen on chest imaging for ILDs and rules for approaching a practical diagnosis of ILD based on clinical and imaging features.
Innovative gadgets in anesthesia and medicine ikramdr01
This document provides information on various innovative medical gadgets classified into different categories such as para operative monitors, anesthesia related gadgets, and operation theatre related gadgets. It describes gadgets such as blood pressure monitors, thermometers, weighing scales, pulse oximeters, stethoscopes, ECG machines, glucometers, spirometers, and telehealth solutions. It also discusses smart contact lenses, insulin pens, adhesive bandages, ventilators and other anesthesia equipment that have been developed with new technologies.
This document describes several patient cases presented to highlight important lessons in clinical cardiology. It emphasizes the importance of a thorough history and physical exam over reliance on tests alone. In case 1, careful auscultation revealed pericarditis, not reinfarction. Case 2 showed occult bleeding, not arrhythmia, caused syncope. Case 3 demonstrated a pleural effusion, not refractory heart failure, as the cause of dyspnea. Clinical clues are key to the appropriate management of each case.
Tuberculosis can manifest as either pulmonary or extra-pulmonary disease. Pulmonary TB, which accounts for over 78% of cases, is divided into primary TB occurring after initial infection and reactivation post-primary TB. Extra-pulmonary TB involves sites outside the lungs, with lymph nodes, pleura, and the genitourinary tract being most commonly affected. Symptoms vary depending on the infected site but may include cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is glucose intolerance that begins or is first recognized during pregnancy. It can be caused by either pre-existing type 2 diabetes or a new onset of diabetes during pregnancy. The document discusses screening, diagnosis and management of both pre-existing diabetes and GDM during pregnancy. It aims to provide optimal glucose control to support fetal growth while avoiding risks of hyper- and hypoglycemia. Treatment involves medical nutrition therapy, glucose monitoring and may require insulin therapy in some cases. Close monitoring is needed throughout pregnancy and postpartum to support maternal and fetal health.
Gestational trophoblastic disease is a heterogeneous group of lesions arising from abnormal placental trophoblast proliferation. It includes premalignant conditions like complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as malignant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). GTN has varying potential for local invasion and metastasis. While rare, GTN is highly curable even with widespread dissemination. Treatment involves chemotherapy, with single or multi-agent regimens depending on risk factors and disease stage according to the FIGO scoring system. Careful monitoring of beta-hCG levels is important for diagnosis and follow-up.
This document provides an overview of heart failure, including different types (e.g. acute vs chronic, systolic vs diastolic), biomarkers used to monitor patients, standard treatment options like diuretics and ACE inhibitors, newer drugs in development, and management challenges like high treatment costs. It uses the analogy of a donkey to describe escalating medical interventions for heart failure, from initial diuretic use to more aggressive ionotropes or devices like LVADs for end-stage cases. The document highlights biomarkers that can guide discharge decisions and newer biomarkers being explored, as well as newer drugs and devices in development or use such as CRT devices, ECLS, and LVADs.
A 14-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with symptoms of an autonomic storm after being bitten by a scorpion. He was diagnosed with scorpion sting in autonomic storm. He was given prazosin, hydrocortisone, and other supportive treatments. His condition stabilized and he was discharged after 6 days. Scorpion stings can cause local effects and a systemic autonomic storm response due to neurotoxins that affect sodium channels and induce catecholamine release. Prazosin is an effective treatment as it blocks alpha receptors and counters the effects of venom.
Sarcoidosis and IgG4-related diseases are inflammatory conditions characterized by granuloma formation. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder involving lungs in over 90% of cases and skin, eyes, and liver in about a third of patients each. It is thought to be triggered by an infectious or environmental agent in a genetically susceptible host. IgG4-related disease is a fibroinflammatory condition that can affect virtually any organ, forming tumefactive lesions. Treatment for both conditions typically involves corticosteroids, with immunosuppressants used for chronic or resistant cases.
Neuropathic pain understanding and managementikramdr01
1. The document discusses diabetic neuropathy, including its classification, clinical characteristics, underlying mechanisms, investigations and pharmacological treatment.
2. Key points include that diabetic neuropathy has many subtypes and involves both large and small nerve fibers. The clinical features progress from negative symptoms like loss of sensation to positive symptoms like pain. Investigations include electrodiagnostic testing and skin or nerve biopsies.
3. Treatment involves first-line options like duloxetine, pregabalin and TCAs. Polypharmacy with combinations from different classes may be considered for refractory cases. Factors like comorbidities, side effects, costs and drug interactions must be evaluated when selecting an individual's treatment plan.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) can help optimize heart failure management. CRT improves symptoms, reduces hospitalizations, and increases survival in patients with reduced ejection fraction, left bundle branch block, and wide QRS duration. ICDs prevent sudden cardiac death in high-risk patients with prior heart failure, low ejection fraction, or history of dangerous arrhythmias. New devices use adaptive and multi-point pacing to better resynchronize the left ventricle. Device therapy improves outcomes when guided by clinical evidence and used in appropriate heart failure patients.
Kawasaki disease is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in blood vessels throughout the body. It was first described in 1967 by Dr. Kawasaki in Japan. It most commonly affects children under 5 years old. Without treatment, it can lead to fatal coronary artery aneurysms in some children. The cause is unknown but likely involves genetic and environmental factors such as a viral or bacterial infection. Diagnosis is based on symptoms that include prolonged fever and changes in lips, mouth, hands and feet. Echocardiograms are used to check for heart complications which include aneurysms and heart valve issues.
bedside approach to common congenital heart diseasesikramdr01
This document summarizes common congenital heart diseases, their presentations, and physical exam findings. It discusses how conditions like ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), pulmonary stenosis (PS), and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) can present in neonates, infants, children or adolescents with symptoms like cyanosis, heart failure, or murmurs. Physical exam findings for each condition are provided to help determine the location and nature of cardiac lesions.
This document provides an overview of atrial fibrillation (AF), including its pathogenesis, types, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- AF is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, affecting around 6% of those over 65. It increases the risk of stroke.
- It occurs when the normal sinus rhythm is overridden by disorganized electrical impulses, usually originating in the lungs.
- Types include paroxysmal, persistent, and permanent. Symptoms range from none to palpitations, dyspnea, chest pain, and neurological issues.
- Diagnosis is made via ECG showing irregular rhythm without P waves. Workup evaluates for underlying causes and stroke risk factors.
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It is characterized by the formation of vegetations composed of platelets, fibrin, microorganisms, and inflammatory cells. It occurs more commonly in males and the elderly. Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common causes. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and applying the Duke criteria. Complications include embolisms, heart failure, and metastatic infections. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy targeted to the infecting organism. Surgery may be needed for complications or uncontrolled infection. Antibiotic prophylaxis is now restricted to highest risk patients undergoing highest risk procedures.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
standard workplace precautions-waste management
1. NACO HCP - ORIENTATION
PROGRAMME FOR DOCTORS
Venue : Government Thiruvarur Medical College
and Hospital, Thiruvarur
Date : 26-12-2013 & 27-12-2013
Resource Persons :
Dr. Asika Beham, M.D., H.O.D. - Microbiology, GTMCH, Thiruvarur
Dr. T.S. Santhi, M.D., H.O.D. – Medicine, GTMCH, Thiruvarur
Dr. A. Annamalai Vadivoo, M.B.B.S., F.H.M., ART Medical Officer, Thiruvarur
3. Session Objectives
By the end of the session participants will be able to:
Learn the importance of Standard Workplace Precautions
Enumerate the illnesses transmissible occupationally
Discuss the Standard Operating Procedures involved in
Bio-medical Waste Management
Evaluate a health care worker sustaining an injury and
prescribe the appropriate PEP
Emphasise the needed follow up procedures after PEP
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 2
4. Standard Workplace Precautions
Universal Precautions were introduced in Health
Care Settings as early as in 1985
In 1996, the terminology was modified into
Standard Workplace Precautions
Definition: A set of precautions to protect Health
Care Workers (HCW) from occupational exposure
to blood borne pathogens
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 3
5. Story Time
A nurse gets a needle stick while giving an
injection to an HIV-positive patient. Her glove
was punctured. She applies first aid to clean
her injury. She panics and calls the doctor…
What precautions if any, did the nurse follow while doing
the procedure?
What was the first step taken by the nurse after the injury?
How can you relate to this incident from your work?
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 4
6. Relative Risk of Seroconversion
with Percutaneous Injury
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP
Source: CDC. MMWR 2001;50(RR11): 1-42
5
7. Who are at risk?
Nursing staff and students
Laboratory staff
Emergency care provider
Interns & medical students
Laboratory staff
Labour & delivery room staff
Physicians
Dentists
Cleaning staff & mortuary staff & waste handler
Surgeon & OT staff
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 6
8. Exposure to body fluid
Considered “at risk”
Exposure to body fluid
Considered “not at risk”
Blood Tear
Semen Sweat
Vaginal Secretion Urine/Faeces
CSF Saliva
Synovial,Pleural,
Pericardial, Peritoneal fluid
Sputum
Amniotic fluid Vomitus
Any body fluid contaminated with “visible blood”
Shall be considered “atrisk”
Potentially Infectious Body Fluid
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 7
9. Environmental Transmission
What is the risk for environmental
transmission of HIV?
No environmental transmission reported
HIV inactivated quickly outside the body
HIV does not multiply outside the body
Infectivity is lost quickly after fluid dries
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 8
10. Infectious Wastes Specifically Are
Blood and blood products in
a free flowing, unabsorbed
state, Body organs
Contaminated sharps
Isolation Wastes
Laboratory wastes
Unfixed pathological tissues
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 9
11. Hand Hygiene
Hands are the most common mode
of pathogen transmission
Hand washing is an extremely
important step in overall infection
control
Hand washing significantly removes
the bacterial flora and HIV from the
skin surface
Hand washing protects you and
your patients from the pathogen
transmission
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 10
12. Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP
When should you wash your hands?
Before, during, and after preparing food
Before eating food
Before and after caring for someone who is sick
Before and after treating a cut or wound
After using the toilet
After changing diapers or cleaning up a child who has
used the toilet
After blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing
After touching an animal, animal feed, or animal waste
After touching garbage
11
13. What is the right way to wash your
hands?
Wet your hands with clean running water
(warm or cold) and apply soap
Rub your hands together to make a lather
and scrub them well; be sure to scrub the
backs of your hands, between your fingers
and under your nails
Continue rubbing your hands for at least
20 seconds. Need a timer? Hum the
"Happy Birthday" or “Twinkle , Twinkle”
song from beginning to end twice
Rinse your hands well under running water.
Dry your hands using a clean towel or air
dry.
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP
Image Courtesy GHTM/I-TECH,
Tambaram, Chennai
12
16. Hand Hygiene and Gloves
Gloves are not the substitute for
Hand Washing
Always wash hands before/after
removing gloves, after handling all
materials known or suspected to be
contaminated
Good hand washing: 20 seconds
with running water, soap & friction
Gloves need to be removed between
patients
Dispose of single-use items correctly
after use
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 15
17. What is the alternate way?
Washing hands with soap and water is the best way
to reduce the number of germs on them
If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-
based hand sanitiser, contains at least 60% alcohol
Alcohol-based hand sanitisers can quickly reduce
the number of germs on hands in some situations,
but sanitizers do not eliminate all types of germs
Apply the product to the palm of one hand
Rub your hands together
Rub the product over all surfaces of your hands and
fingers until your hands are dry
Hand sanitisers may not be as effective when hands
are visibly dirty
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 16
18. Personal Protective Equipments (PPE)
Used in Healthcare Settings
Gloves: Protect hands
Gowns/aprons: Protect skin
and/or clothing
Masks and respirators: Protect
mouth/nose
Respirators: Protect respiratory tract
from airborne infectious agents
Goggles: Protect eyes
Face shields: Protect face, mouth,
nose and eyes
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 17
19. Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP
Factors Influencing PPE Selection
Type of exposure anticipated
Splash / spray versus touch
Category of isolation precautions
Durability and appropriateness for the task
Fit to the user
18
20. One or two pair
Single use or reusable
Hand Protection: Gloves
Minimise the risk of acquiring
infections from patients
Prevent microbial flora from
being transmitted from health
care providers to patients
Glove material – vinyl, latex,
nitrile
Sterile or non-sterile
Gloves are not the substitutes
for Hand washing
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 19
21. Gloves
Should be available in a variety
of sizes and types
May causes hand fatigue,
if gloves don’t fit correctly
Glove integrity may be
compromised
Injury is more likely to occur
due to an ill fitting glove
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 20
22. Example of Gloves that are too TIGHT
Pulls too tightly across the palm;
Will cause fatigue at thumb joint
Will cause fatigue as fingers try to flex
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 21
23. Example of Gloves that are too LOOSE
Gloves that are too large pose a danger as excess glove material can
catch on something and tear
Tactile sensitivity during procedures is greatly reduced as well
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 22
24. Do’s and Don’ts of Glove Use
Work from “clean to dirty”
Limit opportunities for “touch contamination” - protect
yourself, others and the environment
Don’t touch your face or adjust PPE with contaminated
gloves; Don’t touch environmental surfaces except as
necessary during patient care
Change gloves
During use if torn and when heavily soiled (even during use
on the same patient); After use on each patient
Discard in appropriate receptacle
Never wash or reuse disposable gloves
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 23
25. Gowns or Aprons
Purpose of use
Material:
Natural or man-made
Reusable or disposable
Resistance to fluid penetration
Clean or sterile
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 24
26. Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP
Face Protection
Masks – protect nose and mouth
Place over nose, mouth and chin. Fit
flexible nose piece over nose bridge.
Secure on head with ties or elastic
and adjust to fit
Should fully cover nose and mouth
and prevent fluid penetration
Goggles – protect eyes
Should fit snuggly over and around
eyes
Personal glasses not a substitute for
goggles
25
30. Definition
Bio-medical waste means any waste which is
generated during the diagnosis, treatment (or)
immunization of human beings (or) animals or in
research activities pertaining thereto or in the
production (or) testing of biological.
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 29
31. Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP
Health care waste facts….
it means all waste generated from hospital
85% non-hazardous wastes
10% infectious wastes
5% non-infectious but hazardous
Persons at risk:
Medical doctors, nurses, health care, auxiliary and
hospital maintenance personnel
Workers in support service – lab, imaging services,
laundries and transportation
Workers in waste disposal facilities – hospital workers
Patients in health care institutions
Visitors to health care institutions
30
32. Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP
Operationalisation of Waste Disposal
Key Strategies
Segregation of
Waste
Collection and
Storage
Transportation
Treatment
and
Disposal
31
33. Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP
Operationalisation of Waste Disposal
Strategies in the institutions
Generation of waste
Source segregation in color coded bags
Collection from all the hospital facilities
Onsite treatment (where ever necessary)
Storage in the designated storage room
Weighing
Transportation by private / govt. agency
32
34. Types of Bio-Medical
Hazardous Waste
Infectious
All Body Fluids
Anatomical parts and lab specimens
Sharps
Toxic
Chemicals and pharmaceuticals
Genotoxic waste
Radioactive
Genotoxic waste
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 33
35. Waste
Category
No
WasteCategoryType
Treatmentand
DisposalOptions
1 Human Anatomical Waste Incineration / deep burial
2 Animal Waste Incineration/deep burial
3
Microbiology and
Biotechnological Waste
Autoclaving / microwaving /
incineration
4 Waste Sharps
Incineration / destructionand
Disposal in secured landfills
5
Discarded Medicines &
Cytotoxic drugs
Incineration / destruction and
Disposal in secured landfills
Categories of waste
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP
Courtesy: Tamilnadu Health System Project
34
36. Waste
Category
No
WasteCategoryType
Treatmentand
DisposalOptions
6 Soiled wastes Incineration / deepburial
7 Solid wastes
Disinfection/auto/
Microwaving and
mutilation/shredding
8 Liquid wastes
Disinfection and discharge
Into drains
9 Incineration ash Disposal municipal landfill
10 Chemical waste
Disinfection and discharge
Into drains
Categories of waste
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP
Courtesy: Tamilnadu Health System Project
35
37. Colour
coding for
bags/bins
Waste category Type
Container
Type Treatmentat
Hospital
Final
Disposal
Blue
15L
25L
50L
Waste sharps
Broken glass,
Ampoules, vials & sutures
Plastic bag
1%sodium
hypochlorite
solution
autoclaving/
microwaving
and
mutilation/
shredding
Broken needles,
needles,blades,scalpels,
lancet,etc
Puncture proof
Container (twin
Bin system)
Red(big)
50L
Solid waste
Disposable wast eitems like
tubing’s,catheters,intra
Venous sets, plastic saline
bottles, pouche setc.,
Plastic bag
1%sodium
hypochlorite
solution
autoclaving/
microwaving
and
mutilation/
shredding
Red(small)
15L
25L
Microbiology and
Biotechnology waste
6.Soiled waste
Blood and body fluid
Contaminated items
Plastic bag NIL
Incineration/
Deep burial
Colour Coding
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 36
39. different categories of waste
• Personnel should use
protective gear while
handling the waste
Image Courtesy GHTM, Tambaram, Chennai
Follow the colour codes,
as advised by the respective
state governments
Segregation of Waste
• Make available colour-coded
bins and bags in patient care
areas
• Segregation should take
place at source
• Follow colour-codes for
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 38
40. Safety Precautions
for Waste Management
Training and education of waste handlers and
drivers
Strict protocols on sharps handling and disposal
Written protocols/colourful posters as reminders
for the health care staff
Limit access to only trained persons with personal
protective gear
Eliminate steps that require unnecessary handling
hazardous wastes
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 39
41. Commonly used disinfectants
in the laboratory
Technicians should know the procedures
to prepare the following disinfectants:
Ethyl alcohol (70%)
Glutarldehyde (2%)
Sodium hypochlorite solution (1%, 10%)
Polyvidone Iodine (PVI) 10%
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 40
42. 43
Recommended strength of the
Sodium hypochlorite solution
Spills [10%]
Surface contamination
1% (smooth surface)
10% (porous surface)
Liquid infectious waste
(with large amount of organic matter) [10%]
Sharp container for sharps [1%]
41
43. Management of spills
Put absorbent material down on spillage area
Flood with 10% sodium hypochlorite solution
upon & around the spill and leave for 30 minutes
Place the absorbent material in the biohazard
bag meant for infectious waste
Reapply the disinfectant solution to all exposed
surfaces
Thorough wash of the area with soap and water
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 42
44. No to Recapping of Needles
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 43
46. Splashes to the EYE
• Demonstrate how to do it
• Flush the eye for 5 minutes with clean water
(for microorganisms)
• Flush at least for 15 minutes (for chemicals)
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 45
47. •
•
•
•
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP
Handling & Disposal of
HIV positive dead body
Avoid direct contact with blood and body fluids.
Wear protective gear- gloves, apron. Disinfect with
1% sodium hypochlorite all needle puncture holes,
wound drainage and dress with impermeable
dressings.
Plug all orifices with swabs soaked in 1% sodium
hypochlorite solution. Wash and disinfect the body
with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution.
Do not embalm the body. Cover the body with
robust plastic sheet (150 um thick) and cover it
tightly with tapes or zipper.
46
48. • It should be disinfected with sodium hypochlorite
before washing. Hands should be washed
thoroughly after removing gloves and protective
clothing.
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP
Handling & Disposal of
HIV positive dead body
• Clean the outside plastic sheet with 0.1% sodium
hypochlorite if soiled. Soiled linen should be bagged
and sent to laundry.
47
50. Management of Exposure site
Do not panic
Skin
Wash wound & surrounding with soap and water
Rinse well
Do not squeeze
Do not use Antiseptic or Skin washes
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 49
51. Management of Exposure site
• Splash of Blood / Other Potentially Infected Material
– Unbroken skin
• Wash area immediately
• Do not use antiseptic
– Eye
• Eye irrigation with water
• If using contact lens leave them in place while irrigating
Remove once eye is cleaned remove them & clean
– Mouth
• Spit fluid immediately
• Rinse mouth thoroughly with water / saline repeatedly
• Do not use soap or disinfectant
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 50
52. Category Definition
Mild
Exposure
•Mucous Membrane / non intact skin with small volume
(e.g. Superficial wound with a low calibre needle
•Contact with eyes or mucous membrane
•Subcutaneous injections following small-bore needles)
Moderate
Exposure
•Mucous Membrane / non intact skin with large volume
•Percutaneous superficial exposure with a solid needle
(e.g.Cut or needle stick injury penetrating glove)
Severe
Exposure
•Percutaneous with large volume
•An accidental injury with high calibre needle (e.g.18G) with
Visibly contaminated blood
•A deep wound
•Transmission of significant volume of blood
•Anaccidental needle stick injury with previously used IV
needle/ IV cannula
Categories of Exposure
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 51
53. Sourceof
HIV
DefinitionofRiskinSource
HIV Negative
Source is not HIV infected; but consider HBV & HCV
Testing in all injury cases
Low Risk HIV Positive and clinically Asymptomatic
High Risk HIV Positive and clinically Symptomatic
Unknown
•Status of the patient unknown;
•Neither patient nor his/her blood available for
testing
•The risk assessment will be based only up on the
Exposure (HIV Prevalence in the geographical area
Should be considered)
HIV status of source of Exposure
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 52
54. Mucous Membrane or Skin
integrity compromised
Volume
No PEP
required
Intact Skin
No PEP required
Less severe-
solid needle,
Superficial scratch
EC 2
Small volume-
few drops /
short duration
EC1
Large volume-
major splash /
long duration
EC 2
No
What Type of exposure has occurred?
More severe-
hollow bore,
deep injury
EC 3
Percutaneous exposure
Severity
Yes
HIV Exposure code
Is the Source material is blood, bloody fluid or Other Potentially Infected
Material (OPIM) or an instrument contaminated with one of these substances?
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 53
55. HIV negative
No PEP required
Status/Source unknown
HIV SC unknown
HIV positive
Low titer exposure
Asymptomatic,
high CD4
High titer exposure
Advanced disease,
low CD4
HIV SC1 HIV SC2
HIV Source code
HIV status of exposure source
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 54
56. EC HIVSC PEPrecommendation
1 1 May not be warranted
1 2 Consider basic regimen (Twodrugs)
2 1 Recommend basic regimen(Twodrugs)
2 2 Recommend expanded regimen(Threedrugs)
3 1or2 Recommend expanded regimen(Threedrugs)
2/3 Unknown
Consider basic regimen if HIV prevalence is
High in the given population
Determining PEP recommendation
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 55
57. Effectiveness of PEP depends on…
• Efficacy of PEP is best, if administered within
two hours of exposure
• PEP needs to be given within 72 hours of exposure
• Do not delay the first dose of PEP while waiting for
result of HIV testing of source or injured HCP
• Informed consent must be obtained before testing
a source as per National guidelines
• Negative result (in source) doesn’t exclude HIV infection
• Base line rapid HIV testing of HCW before PEP
• Positive HIV result in HCW helps in stopping the PEP
and referral to ART centre for evaluation for ART
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 56
58. Assessment of Exposed Person
Confidential counselling and assessment by
experienced physician
Assess for pre-existing HIV infection
Importance of HIV testing & post-test counselling
Psychological support
Documentation of injury and HIV testing in PEP
Register
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 57
59. Counselling for PEP
• Duration of PEP (4 weeks)
• Importance of drug adherence
• What is known about the efficacy of PEP
• Common side effects, likely to be experienced
• Prevention practices at the time of PEP
(Barrier protection / contraception)
• Provider should correct misconceptions during
all times of counselling sessions
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 58
60. PEP Prescription
• Decide PEP regimens
– Basic regimen
– Expanded regimen
: 2 drug combination
: 3 drug combination
• Decision of starting PEP based on Exposure type
and HIV status of source
• If source person is on ART drugs expert should be
consulted after starting 2 drugs
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 59
61. Regimen Drugs
Basic
Regimen
(Twodrugs)
Zidovudine+ Lamivudine (if Hb is >9 G%)
Tenofovir+ Lamivudine(if Hb is <9 G%)
Expanded
Regimen
(Three
drugs)
Zidovudine/Tenofovir+ Lamivudine+
Ritonavir boosted Atazanavir
If Protease Inhibitor is not available, EFV600mg
May be considered as an option (third drug) in the
Expanded PEP. Monitored for CNS side effects
(nightmares,insomnia)
PEP Prescription
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 60
62. PercentofHCWs
Tolerability of HIV PEP
in Health Care Workers
Incidence of Common Side Effects
Zidovudine +
Lamivudine
Source: Wang SA. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;231:780-5
61
63. For Expert reference / consultation
• Delay in reporting exposure more than 72 hours
• Unknown source
– Local epidemiology & severity of exposure
• Known or suspected pregnancy; Do not delay PEP
• Breast feeding issues
• Source person on ART or possibility of drug resistance
• Major toxicity of PEP regimen
• Non tolerance or Non adherence
• Any doubt or complicated case like psychological
problems
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 62
64. Timing InpersonstakingStandardPEP
Weeks2&4 Complete Blood Count (For AZT patients)
Weeks6 HIV-Ab
Weeks12
(Month3)
HIV-Ab
Weeks24
(Month6)
HIV-Ab
Laboratory follow-up
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 63
65. Prevention
• Primary prevention:
– Avoid unprotected exposure to blood &
Other Potentially Infected Material (OPIM)
• Use Personal Protective Equipments (PPE)
Consistently
• Universal precautions must be followed for
all patients at all times
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 64
66. Consider all blood samples infectious
Standard Workplace Precautions
Prevention is the key step!
universal precaution needle destroyer
Always Always protective protective gearuse use gear Consider all blood samples infectious
Follow Universal Precaution
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP
Handling ofof Sharps Use Needle DestroyerSafe handling sharps
65
67. Story Time
A nurse gets a needle stick while giving an
injection to an HIV-positive patient. Her glove
was punctured. She applies first aid to clean
her injury. She panics and calls the doctor…
– What precautions if any, did the nurse follow while doing
the procedure?
– What was the first step taken by the nurse after the injury?
– How can you relate to this incident from your work?
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 66
68. Key Points
• Consider all patients / samples as potentially
infectious
• Implement Standard Workplace Precaution plan
• Use barriers to prevent blood / body fluid contact
• Prevent percutaneous injuries
• Document and Report injury or exposure
• Implement PEP Plan and sensitise all the Health Care
Workers (HCW)
• Promote hepatitis B vaccination
• Hands that Heal should never harm…!
Standard Workplace Precaution & PEP 67