This document discusses infection prevention and control in healthcare settings. It provides information on standard precautions like hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, safe handling of sharps and waste, and cleaning and disinfection. It emphasizes the importance of breaking the chain of infection through these measures to prevent the spread of infections among patients and healthcare workers.
Needle stick injury and hazards of needle stickNCRIMS, Meerut
Needlestick injuries are wounds caused by sharps that accidentally puncture the skin.
Needlestick injuries are a hazard for people who work with hypodermic syringes and other needle equipment.
These injuries can occur at any time when people use, disassemble, or dispose of needles.
Surgical Hand Washing
By Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer, BGSBU, Jammu
Introduction
During the 19th century, surgical hand preparation consisted of washing the hands with antimicrobial soap and warm water, frequently with the use of a brush.
Definition
Hand washing is important in every setting, including hospital. It is an effective infection control measures, as it prevent spread of micro organisms. For routine client care, the CDC recommends a vigorous hand washing under a stream of water for at least 10 seconds using soap.
Purpose
To remove transient and resident bacteria from fingers, hand and forearms.
To prevent the risk of transmission of infection to patients.
To reduce the risk of transmission of infection organisms to oneself.
To prevent cross infection among clients.
Equipments/ Articles Used For Hand Washing
Soap in a soap dish
Bacteriocidal or antimicrobial soap.
Surgical scrub brush
Running water
Towel/ sterile towels
Surgical hand washing Steps of procedure
Done mask, hair cover and booties, if required
Perform 5 to 10 minute surgical scrub using counted brush stroke method.
Remove rings, chipped nail polish and watch.
Contd….
Wet hands and arm from elbows to fingerprints under flowing water (use sink with side or foot pedal).
Place soap, preferably antimicrobial/ bacteriostatic, on hands and rub vigorously for 15 to 30 seconds; use scrub brush gently
Contd….
Using circular motion, scrub all skin areas, joints, fingernails, between finger and so forth (on all sides and 2 inches above elbows); slide ring, if present, up and down while rubbing fingers.
Continue scrub for 5 to 10 min or per agency policy.
Contd…
Rinse hands from fingers to elbow under flow of water.
Repeat soaping, rubbing and rinsing until hands and arms are clean.
Pat hands dry with sterile towel, moving from fingers to wrist.
Environmental cleaning depends on Infection Control risk Assessment as High, Moderate & Low Risk Areas. This document includes Procedures & Practices in Hospital for Environmental Cleaning & Disinfection based on cheapest hospital grade disinfectant i.e Clorox / Household Bleach available for especially third world countries.
Needle stick injury and hazards of needle stickNCRIMS, Meerut
Needlestick injuries are wounds caused by sharps that accidentally puncture the skin.
Needlestick injuries are a hazard for people who work with hypodermic syringes and other needle equipment.
These injuries can occur at any time when people use, disassemble, or dispose of needles.
Surgical Hand Washing
By Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer, BGSBU, Jammu
Introduction
During the 19th century, surgical hand preparation consisted of washing the hands with antimicrobial soap and warm water, frequently with the use of a brush.
Definition
Hand washing is important in every setting, including hospital. It is an effective infection control measures, as it prevent spread of micro organisms. For routine client care, the CDC recommends a vigorous hand washing under a stream of water for at least 10 seconds using soap.
Purpose
To remove transient and resident bacteria from fingers, hand and forearms.
To prevent the risk of transmission of infection to patients.
To reduce the risk of transmission of infection organisms to oneself.
To prevent cross infection among clients.
Equipments/ Articles Used For Hand Washing
Soap in a soap dish
Bacteriocidal or antimicrobial soap.
Surgical scrub brush
Running water
Towel/ sterile towels
Surgical hand washing Steps of procedure
Done mask, hair cover and booties, if required
Perform 5 to 10 minute surgical scrub using counted brush stroke method.
Remove rings, chipped nail polish and watch.
Contd….
Wet hands and arm from elbows to fingerprints under flowing water (use sink with side or foot pedal).
Place soap, preferably antimicrobial/ bacteriostatic, on hands and rub vigorously for 15 to 30 seconds; use scrub brush gently
Contd….
Using circular motion, scrub all skin areas, joints, fingernails, between finger and so forth (on all sides and 2 inches above elbows); slide ring, if present, up and down while rubbing fingers.
Continue scrub for 5 to 10 min or per agency policy.
Contd…
Rinse hands from fingers to elbow under flow of water.
Repeat soaping, rubbing and rinsing until hands and arms are clean.
Pat hands dry with sterile towel, moving from fingers to wrist.
Environmental cleaning depends on Infection Control risk Assessment as High, Moderate & Low Risk Areas. This document includes Procedures & Practices in Hospital for Environmental Cleaning & Disinfection based on cheapest hospital grade disinfectant i.e Clorox / Household Bleach available for especially third world countries.
Occupational Blood Borne Infections: Prevention is Better than CureApollo Hospitals
Viral infections like HIV, hepatitis Band C virus pose a big risk to the contacts of individuals with high risk behaviour as well as to the attending health care workers. Blood, semen, vaginal and other potentially infectious materials can transmit the infection to the susceptible contacts. Universal precautions should be strictly implemented during clinical examination, laboratory work and surgical procedures to prevent transmission to the health care providers. Health care workers should receive vaccination for hepatitis B infection. An inadvertent exposure should be managed with proper first aid and infectivity of the source and severity of exposure should be assessed. Severity of exposure is based on the nature and area of exposed surface, mode of injury and volume of infective material. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) should be started as soon as possible after a proper counseling about the effectiveness of post-exposure prophylaxis, side effects and risk of carrying the infection to his familial contacts and its prevention.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
2. “ Prevention Is Better Than Cure”
This phrase fits aptly to hospital/health care associated
infection.
3. The fundamental ethic of health care is that sick persons
must receive care. This premise carries an unstated
consequence: an occupational risk to healthcare
workers who respond to the needs of contagious
patients.
4.
5.
6. RESULT:Total 100 mobile phones of healthcare professional were swabbed
to check microbial flora harboured on mobile phones.
|out of 100 mobile phones 79% were found to be contaminated with microbial flora.
7.
8. • Microbes: Living organisms that cannot be seen with
the naked eye
• Pathogen: A microbe that can cause disease
• Infection: An illness caused by pathogens or germs
− Communicable infections: Infections that can spread
from one person to another
Infection
9. Ways Infections Are Transmitted
Focus on:
• The airborne route of transmission (Tuberculosis (TB),
measles, and chickenpox)
• The direct route of transmission (Herpes and
conjunctivitis)
• The bloodborne route of transmission (HIV, Hepatitis
B, Hepatitis C)
10. Chain of Infection (cont.)
• For a person to get a communicable infection, six key
conditions must be met.
• Eliminating any one of the six key elements breaks the
chain and prevents the spread of infection.
14. The concept of Universal Health
Precautions emphasizes that all our
patients should be treated as
though they have potential blood
born infections, and can infect the
caring health care workers. ( CDC )
Why Standard Precautions
15. What is Standard Precautions
Standard precautions are a set of infection control
practices used to prevent transmission of diseases that
can be acquired by contact with blood, body fluids,
non-intact skin (including rashes) and mucous
membranes.
They are indicated while handling all patients,
specimens and sharps.
16. Measures to be followed
All individuals, whether or not they appear infectious/
symptomatic or not
All specimens (blood or body fluids) whether they
appear infectious or not
All needles and sharps whether they appear infectious
or not
17. Components of Standard Precaution
Hand hygiene
Personal protective equipments
Sharp handling
Spillage cleaning
Disinfection
Waste handling
22. Hand washing is the single most
important method of disease
prevention
Bacteria and Viruses can
be spread via dirty hands
and they are too small to be seen
with the human eye.
You must wash you hands
properly in order to
remove them.
24. Personal protective Equipment
Specialized clothing or equipment worn by an
employee for protection against infectious materials.
(Occupational safety & health Administration, OSHA)
25. Types of PPE Used in Healthcare Settings
Gloves – protect hands
Gowns/aprons – protect skin and/or clothing
Masks and respirators– protect mouth/nose
Goggles – protect eyes
Face shields – protect face, mouth, nose, and eyes
Head cover – to prevent falling of hair
Surgical shoes/cover- to protect HCWs &
environment.
26.
27. GLOVES: use when touching blood, body fluids,
secretions, excretions, contaminated items, for
touching mucus membranes & non-intact skin
GOWNS: use during procedures and patient care
activities when contact of clothing/ exposed skin with
blood/ body fliuds, secretions, or excretion is
anticipated.
28. STEPS TO PUT ON PPE
Remove all personal items (jewelry, watch, phone etc)
Put on scrub suit & rubber boots
Move to clean area
29. Donning of PPE
Perform Hand
hygiene
Examination gloves Disposable gown
Sterile gloves (long
cuff)
Water proof
disposable apron
Head cap/ hood Face shield/ Goggles Face mask
30. Doffing of PPE
Hand hygiene
Remove gownHand hygiene
Remove head cover/
head neck covering
Hand hygiene
Remove outer pair of
gloves
Hand hygieneRemove Apron
Hand Hygiene on gloved
hands
31. Perform hand
washing
Remove inner pair
of gloves
Hand hygiene
Remove rubber
boots
Hand hygiene
Remove maskHand hygieneRemove goggles
33. What Type of PPE Would You Wear?
1. Suctioning oral secretions?
2. Transporting a patient in a wheel chair?
3. Responding to an emergency where blood is
spurting?
4. Drawing blood from a vein?
5. Cleaning an incontinent patient with diarrhea?
6. Irrigating a wound?
7. Taking vital signs?
34. Suctioning oral
secretions?
Gloves and mask/goggles
or a face shield –
sometimes gown
Transporting a patient
in a wheel chair?
Generally none required
Responding to an
emergency where blood
is spurting?
Gloves, fluid-resistant
gown, mask/goggles or a
face shield
Drawing blood from a
vein?
Gloves
Cleaning an incontinent
patient with diarrhea?
Gloves w/wo gown
Irrigating a wound?
Gloves, gown,
mask/goggles or a face
shield
Taking vital signs?
Generally none
35. PROBLEM SOLVING EXERCISE
A nurse in an ICU records pulse of a patient, records it in
case sheet and then goes back to nursing station.
While transporting the specimen, a drop of blood fell
on her palm. Then she enters the operation theater to
assist for a surgery.
Q. How many times she has to perform hand hygiene?
Q. What are the hand hygiene methods she has to
perform and for how much duration?
Q. What are the hand hygiene products to be used?
36. Answer
Hand rub: 5 times (70-80% alcohol for 20-40secs)
Before recording pulse
After recording pulse
Before drawing blood
After drawing blood
After recording in case sheet
Hand wash:
Once after blood drop fell on palm (2-4% chlorhexidine
for 40-60secs)
Hand Scrub:
Once before assisting surgery (4% chlorhexidine for 3-
5mins)
38. Definition
WHO defines needle stick injuries (NSI’s) as a
penetrating stab wound from a needle (or other sharp
object) that may result in exposure to blood or other
body fluids.
Main concern is exposure to blood or other body fluids
of person carrying infectious disease.
39. Risk of Infections
Following a needlestick injury the healthcare workers
are at a great risk of transmission of :
Hepatitis B virus
Hepatitis C virus
HIV
40. Estimated risk of infection
following needlestick injury
30%
3%
0.30%
HBV
HCV
HIV
43. First aid management
DO’s
Irrigate the site
vigorously with water for
atleast 5mins.
Report to Medical
Superintendent (MS)
DON’T’s
Do not panic
Do not place the pricked
finger into mouth
Do not squeeze blood
from wound
Do not use antiseptics
and detergents
45. Respiratory hygeine & cough
etiquette
Cover the nose/mouth with single-use tissue paper
when coughing, sneezing, wiping & blowing noses
If no tissues are available, cough or sneeze into the
inner elbow or hand
Follow hand hygiene after contact with respiratory
secretions
Keep contaminated hands away from mucous
membranes of eyes nose
46. In high risk areas of airborne transmission such as
pulmonary medicine OPD
Give mask to patients with cough
Sputum collection should be done in an open well
ventilated room.
49. Evacuate the contaminated area
Wear a pair of heavy duty gloves
Mark the contaminated area with chalk
Use a pair of forceps / tongs/ pan and brush to sweep
broken glass (never pick up pieces with your hands
even if gloved)
Discard broken glass in sharps container
Use disposable paper towels/ absorbent material
(gauze piece, cotton, blotting paper etc) to absorb
50. Saturate the area with 1% hypochlorite ( freshly
prepared)
Wait for 15-20mins
Discard absorbent material
Wipe area with disinfectant
Clean & disinfect forceps/tongs/brush & pan
Remove gloves & discard
Wash hands
55. It is required when disease with droplet transmission
is suspected, eg Respiratory Syncitial virus,
Mycoplasma, Parainfluenza, Pertussis, Plague,
Meningococcus, C.diphtheriae
DROPLET PRECAUTIONS
58. Sterilisation:
Sterilisation is a process by which all living
microorganisms, including viable pores, are destroyed or
removed from an article, body surface or medium.
Disinfection:
A process that destroys or removes most if not all
pathogenic organisms but not bacterial spores.
Asepsis:
A process where the chemical agents ( called antiseptics)
are applied on to the body surfaces (skin), which kill or
inhibit the microorganisms present on the skin.
59. Disinfectants Uses
Ethyl Alcohol (70%) Handrubs
Isopropyl Alcohol Thermometers & small instruments
Formaldehyde Fumigation of OT, preservation of specimens
Glutaraldehyde (2%) Endoscopes, cystoscopes
Phenols ( phenol, lysol,
cresol)
Surface disinfectant
Povidone iodine Antiseptic for wounds, preoperative, before
venipuncture
Chlorine Disinfection of portable water
Common disinfectants
60. Sodium hypochlorite Household bleach. Lab
disinfectant(1%), for blood spills
(10%),disinfection of other items before
final disposal
Bacillocid ( Quaternary ammonium
compund + glutaraldehyde)
OT fumigation
Ethylene oxide Used in Central Sterile Services
Department (CSSD)
For sterilisation of various equipments
Hydrogen peroxide Ventilator disinfection, plasma
sterilisation
