This document summarizes the evolution of production systems from ancient times to the present. It describes how the cottage system was replaced by the factory system during the Industrial Revolution due to mechanization. It then outlines key developments like scientific management pioneered by Taylor, assembly lines popularized by Ford, and the human relations movement sparked by the Hawthorne Studies. The document concludes by noting how operations management has been influenced by developments like operations research, enterprise resource planning, and communication technologies.

1. PRESENTED TO,
Dr. Mini Sekheran
PRESENTED BY,
Swarup saha

2.  Ancient times and before 1700 the production
system was a “ Cottege system”.
 In 1700’s the Industrial Revolution begins.
 The human power was replaced by the
machine power and the “Factory System”
developed.
 James Watt (1764) invented steam engine-
gathering of the workers became easy.

3.  Adam Smith(1776) published “ The Wealth of
Nations” touted the economic benefits of
“Division of Labor”.
 In 1790, Eli Whitney invented the concept of
“Interchangeable parts”.
 By the mid 1800’s the old “ Cottage System”
changed as the “Factory System”.

4.  The post-civil war period set the stage for the
great expansion of the production capacity.
 The abolition of slave labor, exodus of farm
laborers to the cities and the massive influx of
the immigrants during 1865-1900 ease the work
of production.
 The “ Joint Stock Company” prevails- the
capitalist got seperated from employer.

5.  The need to develop the great production
machine to satisfy the massive market of that
day gave birth a new philosophy called
“Scientific Management”.
 Frederick Winslow Taylor, known as the
“Father of Scientific Management” invented
new scientific procedure to improve the
production efficiency.

6.  Later he invented the “ Shop System”. The
implementation of this system increased the
efficiency of the workers.
 Henry Ford(1863- 1947) popularized the
concept of “Assembly Lines” by implementing
it in his own company.
 He published the book “ Today and
Tomorrow” in 1926.

7.  Frank B. Gilbreth(1868-1934) contrebuted
Motion Study, Construction
contracting, consulting.
 Lilian M. Gilbreth(1878-1973) contrebuted
Fatigue study, Human factor at work.
 Henry L. Gantt(1861-1919) contributed Gantt
charts, Incentive pay system.
 Carl G. Barth(1860-1939) contributed
Mathematical analysis, Slide rule.

8.  Harrington Emerson(1885-1931) contributed
Principals of efficiency , Methods of control.
 Morris L. Cooke(1872-1960) contributed
scientific management application to education
and government.

9.  During 1800 and 1900’s the legacy of rigid
control prevailed over the company.
 Between World War-1 and World War-2 , a
philosophy emerged in United States that the
workers also needs to be treated with dignity.
 The “Human Relation Movement” began by
Elton Mayo, F. J. Roethlisberger, T. N.
Whitehead at Hawthorne, Illinois.

10.  The “Hawthorne Studies” show that
psychologiacal and sociological factors affected
not only human motivation and attitude but
production as well.
 The work of the behaviouralists A.
Maslow, Frederick Herzberg, Douglas
McGregor, Peter Druckker forced the
employers of the companies to think about the
human relations in company.

11.  European campaign at the time of world war- 2
used enormous quantities of manpower.
 Because of the chaos situation the companies
experienced more complexed situation than the
previous times .
 As a result of the need for the proper
operational strategy the concept of “Operatio
Research” arrive.

12.  The mushroomed growth of the services in the
U.S. economy made the service revolution.
 Different offices mushroomed in U.S.A.
 More than two third of the U.S. workforce is
employed in services.
 More than two third of the GDP is produced by
services.

13.  The computer revolution helps in the
Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP).
 Softwares like SAP, Peoplesoft, Oracle helps
the managers to get real time news about the
different section of the company.
 The improvement in the communication
system- e-mail, internet technology also
influenced the operations management.

14.  (1776-1900) - Division of labor,I.R.
 (1900-1920) - S.Mgmt. ,Time&Motion S.
 (1920-1940) - Hawthorn study, S.P.C.
 (1940-1960) - Operations research
 (1960-1980) - M.R.P. , Just-in-Time
 (1980-2000) - Total Quality Management

15. THANK YOU