This document summarizes the historical roots and evolution of management theories from pre-scientific management to modern approaches. It describes key contributors and ideas from each era, including: Robert Owen and Charles Babbage in the pre-scientific period; Adam Smith's contributions around division of labor during the Industrial Revolution; Frederick Taylor's scientific management principles; Henri Fayol's administrative management functions; Max Weber's bureaucratic model; the human relations movement led by Hawthorne Studies and Elton Mayo; systems approach defining organizations as interconnected systems; and contingency approach emphasizing adapting to changing environments. The document traces over 200 years of management theory development and changing views on organizations, work, and workers.

1. Historical roots of
contemporary management
Presented by : Ritu jain

2. Evolution of management

3. Objective of the presentation
 Historical background
 Pre scientific management
 Early management
 Adam smiths contribution
 Industrial revolution
 Management theories
 Classical approach
 Neo classical approach
 Modern approach

4. Pre scientific management era
Robert Owen (1771-1858) : Proposed legislative reforms
to improve working conditions of labor.
Charles Babbage (1792-1871) : perceived that the
methods of science and mathematics could be applied to
operations of factories.
Andrew Ure (1778-1857) and Charles Duplin (1784-1873)
: Advocated the study of management.
Henry Robinson (1844-1924) : Emphasized the need to
consider management as separated field of study and
the importance of business skills for running a business.

5. James Watt (1796-1848) and Mathew Robinson (1770-1842) :
They were the sons of the distinguished inventor of the
steam engine. They applied a number of management
techniques in their Engineering Factory at Soho.
Captain Henry Metcalfe (1847-1917) : Metcalfe suggested
"new systems control“.
Metcalfe suggested a system of cards. Under this system
managers prepare two type of cards, i.e., time cards and
material cards.
(COUNT…..)

6.  Chanakya also known as kautilya and vishnugupta
 Mohenjo daro and harappa.
 Ancient Greece.
 Organization of the roman catholic church.
 Organization of military forces.
 Egyptian pyramids, babylonians empire.
 Chinese philosophers-selection and staffing.
 Rome-crafting and trading.
EARLY MANAGEMENT

7.  The general popularity today of job
specialization is undoubtedly due to
Smith’s view about division of labor.
 Division of labor is the breakdown of
jobs into narrow, repetitive tasks.
ADAM SMITH

8.  Industrial Revolution has originated in late-18th-
century in Great Britain, and crossed the Atlantic
to America by the end of the Civil War.
 substitution of machine power for human power.
 large organizations required formal management.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

9. MANAGEMENT THEORIES
 Classical approach
 Scientific management
 Administrative management
 Bureaucratic
 Neo classical approach
 Human relation
 Modern management
 Systems approach
 Contingency approach
 Quantitative approach

10. • Focuses on machine and worker relationship.
• Increases efficiency of product processes.
Major contributors:
 F.W.Taylor (1911)- principles of scientific mgmt.
 Frank and Lillian Gillbreth (1912-1924)- Time and
motion studies.
 Henry Gantt (1910-1915)- project scheduling , the
Gantt chart.
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

11.  It focused on principles that could be used by managers to
coordinate the internal activities of organizations.
 Henri Fayol (1841-1925)
 Managers need specific roles in order to manage work and
workers.
 Concerned with making the overall organization more
effective.
 Developed theories of what constituted good management
practice.
 proposed a universal set of management functions.
 Published 14 principles of management.
ADMINISTARTIVE APPROACH

12. “Theory of social and economic organization”
Contributor : Max Weber
 A formal hierachical structure.
 Management by rules.
 Organization by task competency.
 Focused mission.
 Employment based on technical qualification.
 Impersonality.
BUREAUCRATIC
Max weber
(1864-1920)

13.  emphasized individual attitudes and behaviors and group
processes, and recognized the significance of behavioral process
in the workplace.
contributions:
 The hawthrone studies (1924)
 Mary parker (1868-1913) - psychological foundation of business
administration, power sharing and integration.
 Elton mayo (1868-1933) - foundation for the human relation
movement.
 Douglas m - theory x and theory y
NEO CLASSICAL-BEHAVIROL APPROACH

14.  Developed in the military during the world war II.
 It includes the application of statistics, optimization models,
information models and computer simulations.
 Basically 3 quantitative approaches:
 Management science approach- stresses the use of mathematical
models and statistical methods in decision making.
 Operations management- production process and delivery.
 Management information systems- designing and
implementing computer based info. System.
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH

15.  Developed in late 1960’s
 The system approach defines a system as a set of
interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in
a manner that produces a unified whole.
 Organization as a system receives input , transform it
through a process for output.
SYSTEMS APPROACH

16.  Assumes there is no one best way to manage.
The environment impacts the organization and
managers must be flexible to react to
environmental changes.
The way the organization is designed & control
systems selected, depend on the environment.
 Technological environments change rapidly, so must
managers.
CONTINGENCY APPROACH

17. Successful organizations don’t just
happen……
….they are managed to
be that way!!!!