1. The document discusses various postural reflexes that help maintain upright posture and balance. It describes segmental, tonic, and righting reflexes in detail.
2. Segmental reflexes like the stretch reflex and crossed extensor reflex act at the spinal cord level. Tonic reflexes like the tonic neck reflex integrate signals at the medulla. Righting reflexes like the labyrinthine righting reflex restore posture at the midbrain level.
3. Experimental preparations are used to study the postural reflexes at different levels, including spinal, decerebrate, midbrain, thalamic, and decorticate preparations. Decerebrate animals exhibit decerebrate
Late response are the most helpful findings in some of the diseases affecting the peripheral nerves, (e.g GBS, Radiculopathies, ). How to assess these responses while performing Nerve Conduction Studies, is the most technical and theoretical consideration.... Here we go with the same things in the stated slides
Late response are the most helpful findings in some of the diseases affecting the peripheral nerves, (e.g GBS, Radiculopathies, ). How to assess these responses while performing Nerve Conduction Studies, is the most technical and theoretical consideration.... Here we go with the same things in the stated slides
Reflex activity is the response to a peripheral stimulation that occurs without our consciousness.
Is an involuntary response to a stimulus.
It is a type of protective mechanism.
The neurophysiology of posture and movement. Its postural framework and CNS structures involved in the control of postural movement and postural reflexes. The influence of muscle tone on posture.
Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...Physiology Dept
Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of session the students should be able to :
Enumerate the descending tracts.
Describe the origin, course, termination, collaterals of Pyramidal tract.
Describe the functions of the pyramidal tract.
what is RNS and what the techniques to perform this test in the lab. Its significance in the evaluation and diagnosis of NMJ disorders like MG, LEMBS etc..
Reflex activity is the response to a peripheral stimulation that occurs without our consciousness.
Is an involuntary response to a stimulus.
It is a type of protective mechanism.
The neurophysiology of posture and movement. Its postural framework and CNS structures involved in the control of postural movement and postural reflexes. The influence of muscle tone on posture.
Pyramidal tract by Sunita.M.Tiwale,Prof. Dept of physiology,D.Y.Patil Medical...Physiology Dept
Specific Learning Objectives:
At the end of session the students should be able to :
Enumerate the descending tracts.
Describe the origin, course, termination, collaterals of Pyramidal tract.
Describe the functions of the pyramidal tract.
what is RNS and what the techniques to perform this test in the lab. Its significance in the evaluation and diagnosis of NMJ disorders like MG, LEMBS etc..
Controlled use of sensory stimulus.
Specific Motor response
Normalization of muscle tone
Use of Developmental sequences.
Sensorimotor development = from lower to higher level.
Use of activity to demand a purposeful response.
Practice of sensory motor response is necessary for motor learning.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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2. Objectives
1 Reflexes to maintain the posture.
2.Types of reflexes
3. Experimental evidences to prove the
mechanisms integrated at different levels
in regulation of posture.
8. 2.Crossed extensor reflex
Flexion of a limb Extension of the opposite limb
( 0.2-0.5 seconds later) entire body pushed away
from the stimuli causing pain.
Stimuli – noxious stimuli
CIRCUITRY
Sensory fibers cross to the opposite side of the cord
to activate the reverberatory circuits among the
internuncuial cells extensor muscles stimulated
Used in walking.
Center - spinal cord
9.
10. 3.Positive supporting reaction
Used to support the body.
Magnet reaction ( locus of pressure determines
the direction of extension)
• Stimuli = Press the pads of (fingers, toes) and
dorsiflex the (hand, foot)
• Afferent = from the skin & muscle.
• Effect = Hand, foot extended to support the
body.
• Limbs become as solid rigid pillars.
• CAT & DOG can stand up to 3 minutes.
11. 4.Negative supporting reaction
Opposite to the positive supporting reaction.
• Stimulus - stretch
• Receptor - Proprioceptor in extensors
• Center - spinal cord
• Response - Release of positive supporting
reaction.(the limb no longer supports the body
weight.)
12. Reflex Stimulus Response Receptor Center
Tonic neck
reflexes
Head
turned
to side
Change in pattern of
extensor contraction
Neck
Proprio
ceptor
Medulla
Up Forelegs extend
Hind legs flex
Down Forelegs flex
Hind legs extend
Tonic
labyrinthine
Reflexes
Gravity Change in pattern of
rigidity of limbs
according to posture
Otolith
organs
2. Tonic reflexes
14. Reflex Stimuli Response Receptor Center
Labyrinthine
Righting
reflexes
Gravity Righting of
head
Otolith
organs
Midbrain
Neck righting
reflexes
Stretch of
neck
muscles
Righting of
thorax,
shoulders &
pelvis
Muscle
spindle
Body righting
reflexes
a. Body on
head
Pressure
on side of
body
Righting of
head
Exteroceptors
Body righting
reflexes
b. Body on
body
Pressure
on side of
body
Righting of
body even
when head
held sideways
Exteroceptors
3. Righting reflexes
15. Reaction Stimuli Response Receptor Center
Limb
Righting
a. Placing
reactions
b. Hopping
reactions
Lateral
displaceme
nt while
standing
Hops or
places limbs
to support
body
Muscle
spindles
Cerebral
cortex
Optical
righting
reflex
Visual cues Righting of
head
Retina
20. Decerebrate animal
•Decerebrate rigidity
•Limbs hyperextended
•Tail and head dorsiflexed
•Back concave – extreme hyperextension of
spine (OPISTHOTONOS)
•Carricature of standing
•Can be made to stand on four legs
23. Release phenomenon
• Inhibitory influence on γ – motor neuron activity
from the cerebra cortex and basal ganglia is lost.
• Unopposed facilitatory effect of brain stem areas
& vestibular nucleus on γ and ά motor neuron
activity ↑ muscle tone
• Section of the posterior nerve roots abolishes
rigidity in those muscles.
• Decerebellation ↑ muscle tone in cat.
• Decerebellation ↓ muscle tone in human beings
24. S.No Sherrington’s Classical
Decerebration
Pollack & Davis Ischaemic
Decerebration
1 Section at mid collicular level Ligation of carotids
2 Fatal procedure Safe procedure
3 Cerebellum intact Damaged
4 De cerebrate rigidity Same features
5 γ-rigidity. ά- rigidity
6 Rigidity increased by removal of
cerebellum
No such effect
7 Rigidity abolished by
deafferentation
No such effect
8 Rigidity abolished by drugs
Like phenothiazine.
No such effect
