This document discusses various scrotal swellings including painful and painless conditions. Painful scrotal swellings include testicular torsion, epididymitis, hematocele, rupture testis, complicated hernia, and some testicular tumors. Painless scrotal swellings include testicular tumors, varicocele, hydrocele, spermatocele, and hernia. The document provides guidance on diagnosing scrotal swellings by assessing whether the testis and epididymis can be identified separately, if the swelling transilluminates, and if it is tender. Specific conditions are described such as hernias, hydroceles, testicular tumors, and testicular torsion