Testicular calcifications
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Testicular calcifications can have a variety of causes and present different sonographic features. It is important to correlate clinical and sonographic findings. Common causes of testicular calcification include microlithiasis, germ cell tumors, and Sertoli cell tumors. Less common causes include trauma, scrotal pearls, epidermoid cysts, and infections. Different calcification types provide clues to diagnoses - microlithiasis shows multiple small foci while germ cell tumors demonstrate heterogeneous echogenicity and masses. A thorough differential diagnosis considers location, appearance and other associated ultrasound findings.
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This document discusses paediatric abdominal masses. Ultrasound is generally the initial imaging test which can differentiate cystic from solid masses and indicate organ of origin. CT or MRI may be needed for large or complex masses. Specific masses discussed include renal masses like Wilms tumour, adrenal masses like neuroblastoma, hepatic masses like hepatoblastoma, pancreatic masses, splenic masses, gastrointestinal masses, and pelvic masses like rhabdomyosarcoma. Imaging findings, staging, and treatment options are provided for some of the most common paediatric abdominal masses.
Adnexal USG
The document provides guidelines for pelvic ultrasound examination. It describes evaluating the ovaries and using them as reference points. If pathology is seen, its size and sonographic features should be documented. Spectral Doppler should be performed to examine vessels. The fallopian tubes and other structures should also be examined. Characteristics of different types of ovarian cysts and masses are outlined. The document also discusses features suggestive of malignancy on ultrasound and risk of malignancy indices.
Tumours of Ear
Tumours of the ear can arise in the external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. Benign tumours of the external ear include sebaceous cysts, dermoid cysts, haemangiomas, and papillomas. Malignant tumours include basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Glomus tumours are the most common benign tumour of the middle ear, arising from glomus bodies. Malignant tumours of the middle ear may be primary carcinomas or sarcomas or may spread secondarily from other sites. Tumours are diagnosed using imaging such as CT or MRI and treated with surgery, radiation, or embolization depending on the type and extent of disease.
Imaging (CT MRI) of non ovarian cystic pelvic masses.
This document discusses various cystic pelvic masses that can be seen in females including rectal duplication cysts, tailgut cysts, dermoid cysts, epidermoid cysts, endometriotic cysts, uterine leiomyomas, peritoneal inclusion cysts, paraovarian cysts, hydrosalpinges, spinal meningeal cysts, mucoceles of the appendix and their radiological features on ultrasound, CT and MRI. Key imaging findings that help differentiate these cystic lesions are discussed.
thyroid tumor
The document discusses various pathologies of the thyroid gland including congenital diseases, inflammation, functional abnormalities, goiters, and neoplasms. It describes the different types of thyroid cancers such as papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, and lymphoma. For each cancer, it provides details on characteristics, clinical presentation, histopathological features, diagnosis and prognosis. Other benign lesions of the thyroid discussed include follicular adenoma, toxic adenoma, and hyperplastic nodule.
thyroid tumor
The document discusses various pathologies of the thyroid gland including congenital diseases, inflammation, functional abnormalities, goiters, and neoplasms. It describes the different types of thyroid cancers such as papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, and lymphoma. It provides details on the presentation, histopathological features, diagnosis and prognosis of each type of thyroid cancer.
Adnexal masses
- An adnexal mass refers to a lump near the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, or surrounding tissue. Imaging can help determine if a mass is benign or cancerous.
- Common benign adnexal masses include physiologic cysts, peritoneal inclusion cysts, and masses related to conditions like ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome or polycystic ovary syndrome. Masses may also be due to endometriosis.
- Potentially cancerous masses include various epithelial tumors of the ovaries, such as serous or mucinous tumors. Other ovarian cancers include clear cell carcinoma and germ cell tumors. Imaging can help identify features suggesting malignancy.
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Imaging (CT MRI) of non ovarian cystic pelvic masses.
Imaging (CT MRI) of non ovarian cystic pelvic masses.
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Testicular calcifications
- 1. Testicular Calcifications Hisham AlKhatib, M.D. Consultant Radiologist
- 2. •اله وعلى هللا رسول على والسالم والصالة هلل الحمد اجمعين مّلوس وصحبه •، علما وزدني ينفعني بما وعلمني علمتني بما انفعني اللهم الحكيم العليم انك • Praise be to Allah and prayers be upon the Messenger of Allah and his family and companions. • Oh God, give me the benefit of what you have taught me and teach me what benefits me.
- 4. • Correlation between clinical and sonographic features essential – Incidental finding: Testicular microlithiasis, scrotal pearl – History of pain: Abscess, chronic infections, tumors – Mass with intrinsic calcification: Testicular tumors, epidermoid cyst – Associated with trauma: Testicular hematoma, hematocele
- 6. • Common • Less common • Rare but important
- 8. • • Testicular Microlithiasis • • Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor • • Sertoli Cell Tumor
- 9. Helpful Clues for Common Diagnoses
- 10. Testicular Microlithiasis • Multiple small (2-3 mm), discrete, nonshadowing, echogenic intratesticular foci • Unilateral or bilateral involvement • Concurrent germ cell tumor in up to 40%
- 15. Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor • Complex solid-cystic testicular mass • Heterogeneous echogenic foci due to calcification ± fibrosis, along with retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy can be seen with burnt out testicular tumor • Calcifications more common in tumors that contain teratomatous components
- 17. Sertoli Cell Tumor • Small, hypoechoic, solid-cystic mass • Punctate calcification may be present • Occasionally, tumoral calcification may form large calcified mass, known as large calcifying Sertoli cell tumor
- 22. • • Scrotal Trauma • • Scrotal Pearl • • Epidermoid Cyst • • Scrotal Abscess or Epididymoorchitis • • Calcified Tunica Albuginea Cyst
- 23. Helpful Clues for Less Common Diagnoses
- 24. Scrotal Trauma • Chronic hematocele – Complex echogenic fluid – If chronic, appears as heterogeneous echogenic mass, ± calcification – No intrinsic vascularity on Doppler
- 26. Scrotal Pearl • Calcification of detached testicular epididymal appendages due to previous inflammation or torsion of appendages • Solitary, discrete, echogenic focus in tunica vaginalis
- 29. Epidermoid Cyst • Lamellated appearance on ultrasound • May have peripheral calcified rim
- 32. Scrotal Abscess or Epididymoorchitis • Tuberculous infections may produce intrascrotal calcifications, scrotal sinuses • Granulomas appear as small echogenic foci, ± calcification
- 34. Calcified Tunica Albuginea Cyst • Typically located at anterosuperior aspect of testis • Within tunica albuginea; may cause mass effect on testicular parenchyma if large • Avascular
- 36. THANK YOU