Regulation of gene expression is controlled through genetic switches that turn genes on and off as needed. These switches are composed of specific DNA motifs that are recognized by regulatory proteins, which can then affect transcription. Gene expression can be regulated at multiple stages, including transcriptional control, RNA processing and transport, translational control, and protein activity control. The binding of different classes of regulatory proteins, such as helix-turn-helix, helix-loop-helix, zinc finger, and leucine zipper proteins, to their specific DNA motifs turns genes on or off, allowing for specialized gene expression patterns between cell types.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Transcription is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because
eukaryotes possess three different classes of RNA polymerases and because of the
way in which transcripts are processed to their functional forms.
More proteins and transcription factors are involved in eukaryotic transcription.
REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION
IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES .
This presentation is enriched with lots of information of gene expression with many pictures so that anyone can understand gene expression easily.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule.
Gene expression is explored through a study of protein structure and function, transcription and translation, differentiation and stem cells.
It is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.
The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
Regulation of gene expression:
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed.
CLASSIFICATION OF GENE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR EXPRESSION:
Constitutive ( house keeping) genes:
Are expressed at a fixed rate, irrespective to the cell condition.
Their structure is simpler.
Controllable genes:
Are expressed only as needed. Their amount may increase or decrease with respect to their basal level in different condition.
Their structure is relatively complicated with some response elements.
TYPES OF REGULATION OF GENE:
positive & negative regulation.
Steps involving gene regulation of prokaryotes & eukaryotes.
Operon-structure,classification of mechanisms- lac operon,tryptophan operon ,
and many things related to gene expression.
This is a video slide so anyone can understand this topic easily by seeing pictures included in this slide.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Transcription is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because
eukaryotes possess three different classes of RNA polymerases and because of the
way in which transcripts are processed to their functional forms.
More proteins and transcription factors are involved in eukaryotic transcription.
REGULATION OF
GENE EXPRESSION
IN PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES .
This presentation is enriched with lots of information of gene expression with many pictures so that anyone can understand gene expression easily.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule.
Gene expression is explored through a study of protein structure and function, transcription and translation, differentiation and stem cells.
It is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.
The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
Regulation of gene expression:
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed.
CLASSIFICATION OF GENE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR EXPRESSION:
Constitutive ( house keeping) genes:
Are expressed at a fixed rate, irrespective to the cell condition.
Their structure is simpler.
Controllable genes:
Are expressed only as needed. Their amount may increase or decrease with respect to their basal level in different condition.
Their structure is relatively complicated with some response elements.
TYPES OF REGULATION OF GENE:
positive & negative regulation.
Steps involving gene regulation of prokaryotes & eukaryotes.
Operon-structure,classification of mechanisms- lac operon,tryptophan operon ,
and many things related to gene expression.
This is a video slide so anyone can understand this topic easily by seeing pictures included in this slide.
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotesAnna Purna
Presence of nucleus and complexity of eukaryotic organism demands a well controlled gene regulation in eukaryotic cell. Tissue specific gene expression is essential as they are multicellular organisms in which different cells perform different functions. This PPT deals with various control points for the gene regulation and expression within a cell.
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation is about the process of transcription in eukaryotes. The presentation describes the structure of various eukaryotic RNA polymerase promoters. The later part of the presentation gives a detailed insight into the mechanism of transcription of RNA Pol II genes and summarizes the post-transcriptional modification of mRNA.
This presentation explains the fundamentals of Genetic Code, Protein synthesis mechanism and Antibiotics that inhibits at various stages of Translation.
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotesAnna Purna
Presence of nucleus and complexity of eukaryotic organism demands a well controlled gene regulation in eukaryotic cell. Tissue specific gene expression is essential as they are multicellular organisms in which different cells perform different functions. This PPT deals with various control points for the gene regulation and expression within a cell.
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation is about the process of transcription in eukaryotes. The presentation describes the structure of various eukaryotic RNA polymerase promoters. The later part of the presentation gives a detailed insight into the mechanism of transcription of RNA Pol II genes and summarizes the post-transcriptional modification of mRNA.
This presentation explains the fundamentals of Genetic Code, Protein synthesis mechanism and Antibiotics that inhibits at various stages of Translation.
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AN overview about genomes, its organization and how it is regulated with reference to lac operon. Important terminologies related to gene regulation. Supported by animation which will run upon downloading.
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The material of a talk that I prepared to give in the online camel conference of Oman. Unfortunately, I had a death in the family the day before the conference and the material was presented by my friend Dr. Mohammed Alabri from Oman. The material is in Arabic and focused for camel breeders.
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This was my presentation at the Plant and Animal Genome Conference 2019 in San Diego. My talk was a presentation of the thesis project of my student Mona Abdi. The focus of the presentation and project was the genomic signatures of selection in the domestic cat breeds.
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
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3. AIMS
• Understand the the importance of the regulation
of gene expression.
• Understand when gene expression can be
controlled both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
• Understand the overall structure of the genes’
molecular switches.
• Understand what DNA motifs are.
• Understand the different classes of regulatory
proteins.
4. Overview
• DNA encodes all
RNAs and proteins
needed for the cell/
organism.
• Genes make almost!
every character of a
cell/organism.
7. Overview
How do we know that the genes are the
same in all cells and some have not been
lost by some cellular mechanisms?
• Experiments that show that the genome of
differentiated cells is the same and can be re-
programmed to make any other cell type.
• Among such experiments are the cloning
experiments.
8. Experiments: empty cell to synthetic bacteria
Chemical synthesis of a bacterial genome and
placing it in an empty cell
9. Experiments: green skin to froggy
• Take skin cells and
remove the nucleus.
• Skin cells are
differentiated.
Correct?
• Take unfertilized egg
and remove the
chromosomes. You
now have empty
egg.
10. Experiments: green skin to froggy
• Take the nucleus of
the skin cell
(chromosomes) and
put them in the empty
egg.
• Let it grow.
11. • The cell will grow into
a full organism.
• Conclusion:
• The genes in the
skin cell can
regenerate all
other types of
cells.
• Genes are the
same.
Experiments: green skin to froggy
13. Overview
• Consider the differences between a nerve
cell and a lymphocyte.
• Both cells have the same genome.
• But they differ in:
• Size
• Shape
• Function
15. Overview
What are the conditions to make one
specific product?
When to express one gene or another?
What mechanisms control gene
expression?
16. General statements
• Many processes in the cell are the same
across different types of cells.
• Thus cells have the same genes expressed
and proteins/RNA made.
• These genes maintain the basic functions of
the cell.
17. General statements
Examples:
RNA polymerase - DNA repair enzymes
Ribosomal proteins – rRNA – tRNA – Etc.
• These genes are called housekeeping
genes or constitutive genes.
• These genes are switched ON almost all the
time.
18. General statements
• Some proteins are found only in a specific
specialized cells and not in any other cells.
• Example: Hemoglobin is found only in red
blood cells.
• Such genes are referred to as regulated
genes.
• These genes gets switched ON and OFF
depending on the need and location (cell type).
20. General statements
Levels of expression of mRNA (# of genes switched
ON) is different depending on location and time
Red = gene ON
Blue = gene OFF
21. Gene expression
Regulation of gene expression is simply turning
genes ON and OFF as needed
Cell death
RNA polymerase
rRNA
Hemoglobin
tRNA
KRT71
DNA repair enzymes
Ribosomal proteins
23. Regulation of Gene expression
DNA RNA ProteinTranscription Translation
Prokaryotes: regulation of gene expression can
take place at multiple stages during the
transcription/translation process.
1. Transcription control 3. Translation control
2. mRNA degradation control 4. Protein activity
control
24. Regulation of Gene expression
DNA RNA ProteinTranscription Translation
Eukaryotic: regulation of gene expression can take
place at multiple stages during the transcription/
translation process.
1. Transcription control 5. Translation control
2. mRNA degradation control
6. Protein activity
control
3. RNA processing control
4. RNA transport and localization
control
25. Regulation of Gene expression
• Transcriptional control: controlling when and
how often a gene is transcribed.
• RNA processing control: controlling how a
transcript is being spliced or processed.
• mRNA degradation control: selectively
choosing mRNA in the cytoplasm for
destabilization and degradation.
• RNA transport and localization: controlling
which mature mRNA leaves the nucleus to the
cytoplasm and where.
26. Regulation of Gene expression
• Translational control: controlling which mRNA
in the cytoplasm gets translated by ribosomes.
• Protein activity control: selectively choosing a
protein for activation, inactivation, or degrading.
27. 1.Transcriptional control
• Transcription control is achieved by molecular/
genetic switches.
• Genetic switches that control transcription are
composed of:
1. DNA motif: specific DNA sequence that gets
recognized by specific regulatory proteins.
2. Proteins: proteins that binds to specific DNA
sequence to affect transcription.
28. 1.Transcriptional control – DNA motif
• The DNA motif size and nucleotide composition
depends on the protein that is associated.
• Each class of proteins has a general motif
structure and sequence.
• The motif sequence is specific and NOT every
regulatory protein can recognize it.
30. 1.Transcriptional control – regulatory proteins
Regulatory proteins belong to multiple classes.
The different classes have specific protein
structure and recognizes specific motifs.
Regulatory proteins:
Helix turn helix
Helix loop helix
Leucine zipper
Zinc fingers
35. Summary
• Regulatory proteins recognizes specific regions
near the gene.
• The binding of the regulatory proteins to the DNA
motif may turn gene on or off and thus fulfilling
its purpose as a genetic switch.
36. To know
Cell differentiation depends on?
How cells differ in shape, size, and function?
Cloning experiment
Housekeeping genes
Constitutive genes
Regulated genes
Transcription control
Translation control
mRNA degradation control Protein activity control
RNA processing control
RNA transport and localization control
DNA motif Regulatory proteins
Helix-turn-helix
Helix-loop-helix
Zinc finger
Leucine zipper
37. Expectations
• You know the significance of gene expression
control for cells/organisms.
• You know the places where control of gene
expression can take place.
• You know the DNA motifs and the different
classes of regulatory proteins.