Comparison between the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Gene expression is regulated differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, which lack a nucleus, DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm and transcription and translation occur simultaneously. As a result, gene expression is regulated primarily at the transcriptional level. In eukaryotes, which contain a nucleus, transcription occurs in the nucleus and is separated physically from translation in the cytoplasm. Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational regulation.
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Regulation of Prokaryotic gene expression
This document discusses the regulation of prokaryotic gene expression. It begins by defining genes and gene expression. It then explains the two main types of gene regulation: positive regulation, which increases gene expression through activator proteins, and negative regulation, which decreases expression through repressor proteins. An example of positive and negative regulation is shown in a figure. The document goes on to explain that in prokaryotes, genes involved in metabolic pathways are often arranged in operons, where multiple genes are transcribed together from a single promoter. Two specific operons are discussed in more detail: the tryptophan operon in E. coli, which is repressible, and the lac operon, which is induced by lactose
Control of eukariyotic genes
This document summarizes the key points of control in gene regulation in eukaryotes. It discusses how gene expression is regulated at multiple stages, including DNA packing, transcription, mRNA processing and transport, translation, and protein processing. Regulation can occur through mechanisms like histone modification, DNA methylation, alternative splicing, RNA interference, and protein degradation. The complex gene regulation in eukaryotes allows for specialization of cells and long-term processes, compared to the simpler prokaryotic system.
Morgantayloraliciabio pressi
Prokaryotes like bacteria regulate gene expression to conserve energy by only expressing genes necessary in their current environment. DNA-binding proteins control transcription of groups of genes called operons, like the lac operon in E. coli, which expresses genes needed to transport and break down lactose sugars when lactose is present. Eukaryotes also regulate genes through transcription factors and RNA interference, which uses miRNA to silence gene expression. Precise genetic control of development is especially important for multicellular organisms to differentiate cells and regulate homeotic genes that determine organ formation.
Gene expression
This document discusses genes and gene expression. It begins by defining genes as subunits of DNA that carry the genetic blueprint and code for specific proteins. It then explains that gene expression is the process by which genes are used to direct protein assembly. There are several mechanisms that regulate gene expression, including controlling transcription, RNA processing, translation, and more. Gene expression can be regulated positively or negatively. Key examples of gene regulation discussed are the lac and tryptophan operons in prokaryotes. The document also covers gene expression in eukaryotes and some of the control points involved.
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes- An over view
Gene regulation is more complex in eukaryotes than prokaryotes due to larger and more complex eukaryotic genomes. Eukaryotic gene regulation involves chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, enhancers, repressors, locus control regions, insulators, gene amplification, rearrangement, alternative RNA processing, class switching, and mRNA stability regulation. Key mechanisms include histone acetylation/deacetylation, DNA methylation, transcription factor binding, and alternative splicing. Combinatorial control allows regulatory proteins to have different effects depending on cellular context.
281 lec20 regulation_generalities
Regulation of gene expression is controlled through genetic switches that turn genes on and off as needed. These switches are composed of specific DNA motifs that are recognized by regulatory proteins, which can then affect transcription. Gene expression can be regulated at multiple stages, including transcriptional control, RNA processing and transport, translational control, and protein activity control. The binding of different classes of regulatory proteins, such as helix-turn-helix, helix-loop-helix, zinc finger, and leucine zipper proteins, to their specific DNA motifs turns genes on or off, allowing for specialized gene expression patterns between cell types.
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
This document summarizes gene regulation in eukaryotes. It discusses how gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, RNA processing, and intracellular/intercellular signaling. Key points include: (1) Gene expression is controlled by transcription factors binding to promoter and enhancer regions; (2) Eukaryotic gene expression involves RNA splicing and alternative splicing of exons; and (3) The Britten-Davidson model proposes that sensor genes control integrator genes which regulate sets of producer genes in response to signals.
Gene regulation
Gene regulation is the process by which genes are turned on and off, ensuring that the appropriate genes are expressed at the proper times. It involves two main stages: transcription, where RNA polymerase produces messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA, and translation, where the mRNA directs protein synthesis. Key gene control regions include promoters near the start of genes, which help control transcription, and enhancers or silencers that increase or decrease transcription by binding transcription factors. Gene regulation can be positive, through activator proteins initiating transcription, or negative, via repressor proteins terminating transcription. This process is necessary for unicellular organisms to adapt to their environment and for multicellular organisms to differentiate cells and perform specialized functions.
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Regulation of Prokaryotic gene expression
This document discusses the regulation of prokaryotic gene expression. It begins by defining genes and gene expression. It then explains the two main types of gene regulation: positive regulation, which increases gene expression through activator proteins, and negative regulation, which decreases expression through repressor proteins. An example of positive and negative regulation is shown in a figure. The document goes on to explain that in prokaryotes, genes involved in metabolic pathways are often arranged in operons, where multiple genes are transcribed together from a single promoter. Two specific operons are discussed in more detail: the tryptophan operon in E. coli, which is repressible, and the lac operon, which is induced by lactose
Control of eukariyotic genes
This document summarizes the key points of control in gene regulation in eukaryotes. It discusses how gene expression is regulated at multiple stages, including DNA packing, transcription, mRNA processing and transport, translation, and protein processing. Regulation can occur through mechanisms like histone modification, DNA methylation, alternative splicing, RNA interference, and protein degradation. The complex gene regulation in eukaryotes allows for specialization of cells and long-term processes, compared to the simpler prokaryotic system.
Morgantayloraliciabio pressi
Prokaryotes like bacteria regulate gene expression to conserve energy by only expressing genes necessary in their current environment. DNA-binding proteins control transcription of groups of genes called operons, like the lac operon in E. coli, which expresses genes needed to transport and break down lactose sugars when lactose is present. Eukaryotes also regulate genes through transcription factors and RNA interference, which uses miRNA to silence gene expression. Precise genetic control of development is especially important for multicellular organisms to differentiate cells and regulate homeotic genes that determine organ formation.
Gene expression
This document discusses genes and gene expression. It begins by defining genes as subunits of DNA that carry the genetic blueprint and code for specific proteins. It then explains that gene expression is the process by which genes are used to direct protein assembly. There are several mechanisms that regulate gene expression, including controlling transcription, RNA processing, translation, and more. Gene expression can be regulated positively or negatively. Key examples of gene regulation discussed are the lac and tryptophan operons in prokaryotes. The document also covers gene expression in eukaryotes and some of the control points involved.
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes- An over view
Gene regulation is more complex in eukaryotes than prokaryotes due to larger and more complex eukaryotic genomes. Eukaryotic gene regulation involves chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, enhancers, repressors, locus control regions, insulators, gene amplification, rearrangement, alternative RNA processing, class switching, and mRNA stability regulation. Key mechanisms include histone acetylation/deacetylation, DNA methylation, transcription factor binding, and alternative splicing. Combinatorial control allows regulatory proteins to have different effects depending on cellular context.
281 lec20 regulation_generalities
Regulation of gene expression is controlled through genetic switches that turn genes on and off as needed. These switches are composed of specific DNA motifs that are recognized by regulatory proteins, which can then affect transcription. Gene expression can be regulated at multiple stages, including transcriptional control, RNA processing and transport, translational control, and protein activity control. The binding of different classes of regulatory proteins, such as helix-turn-helix, helix-loop-helix, zinc finger, and leucine zipper proteins, to their specific DNA motifs turns genes on or off, allowing for specialized gene expression patterns between cell types.
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
This document summarizes gene regulation in eukaryotes. It discusses how gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, RNA processing, and intracellular/intercellular signaling. Key points include: (1) Gene expression is controlled by transcription factors binding to promoter and enhancer regions; (2) Eukaryotic gene expression involves RNA splicing and alternative splicing of exons; and (3) The Britten-Davidson model proposes that sensor genes control integrator genes which regulate sets of producer genes in response to signals.
Gene regulation
Gene regulation is the process by which genes are turned on and off, ensuring that the appropriate genes are expressed at the proper times. It involves two main stages: transcription, where RNA polymerase produces messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA, and translation, where the mRNA directs protein synthesis. Key gene control regions include promoters near the start of genes, which help control transcription, and enhancers or silencers that increase or decrease transcription by binding transcription factors. Gene regulation can be positive, through activator proteins initiating transcription, or negative, via repressor proteins terminating transcription. This process is necessary for unicellular organisms to adapt to their environment and for multicellular organisms to differentiate cells and perform specialized functions.
Eukaryotic gene regulation models (by np mendez)
Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at multiple stages including initiation of transcription, post-transcriptional processing of pre-mRNA, and post-translational modification of proteins. Initiation of transcription involves promoter and enhancer elements recruiting transcription factors and RNA polymerase. Pre-mRNA is processed through 5' capping, splicing, 3' polyadenylation and nuclear export. Alternative splicing allows one gene to code for multiple proteins. Post-translational modifications like phosphorylation and cleavage further regulate protein function. Together these complex mechanisms allow precise spatial and temporal control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.
Gene regulation
assignment (ppt.) on Gene Regulation: its mechanism,levels and types (gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes)
operon and its components.
Seminar on gene regulation
This document summarizes a seminar on gene regulation. It discusses the importance of gene regulation for controlling gene expression and product levels in response to cellular conditions. It also compares gene regulation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, regulation typically occurs through operons and affects all genes in the operon simultaneously. In contrast, eukaryotic gene expression is regulated through more complex pathways that can control individual genes separately and at different life stages or locations within the cell. The summary highlights several key differences in the mechanisms and complexity of gene regulatory systems between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression
The document discusses various mechanisms of regulating gene expression in eukaryotes. It explains that regulation can occur at multiple levels, including DNA, transcription, mRNA processing, and protein synthesis. Key points include: (1) Regulation allows adaptation and cellular differentiation; (2) In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are separated, allowing more complex regulation; (3) Regulation mechanisms include controlling chromatin structure, transcription initiation, mRNA splicing/stability, and protein modifications. Environmental factors like heat and hormones can also induce gene expression changes through transcription factors.
Gene regulation eukaryotes
Eukaryotic gene expression is controlled through various complex mechanisms. Gene expression is controlled individually for each gene through regulatory sequences near the transcription start site. In eukaryotes, DNA is highly packaged through nucleosomes and other structures, and tightly packaged heterochromatin cannot be expressed. Additional levels of control occur during transcription, through RNA processing and modification, and by controlling mRNA export, stability, and translation. This complex regulation allows for fine-tuned control of differential gene expression between cell types and in response to environmental changes.
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Eukaryotic gene regulation involves complex organization and packaging of DNA into chromatin. Gene expression is controlled at multiple levels, including chromatin modification, transcription initiation, and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Transcription factors play a key role in regulating transcription by binding to enhancer and promoter elements to recruit RNA polymerase and initiate transcription of specific genes.
Eukaryotic regulation
Genetic regulation in eukaryotes occurs at multiple levels:
1. Transcription is regulated by trans-acting molecules like transcription factors binding to cis-acting elements on DNA. Hormones can regulate transcription by binding intracellular or cell surface receptors that interact with DNA.
2. Posttranscriptional regulation includes alternative mRNA splicing, editing, and controlling mRNA stability to influence the proteins produced.
3. DNA level regulation includes modifying access to DNA through chromatin remodeling, changing DNA amounts by gene amplification, arranging DNA through rearrangements, and altering genes through mobile DNA elements like transposons moving to new locations.
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
Presence of nucleus and complexity of eukaryotic organism demands a well controlled gene regulation in eukaryotic cell. Tissue specific gene expression is essential as they are multicellular organisms in which different cells perform different functions. This PPT deals with various control points for the gene regulation and expression within a cell.
Promoters
Promoters are regions of DNA that initiate gene transcription. They are located upstream of genes and can range from 100-1000 base pairs long. Promoters contain an RNA polymerase binding site and initiation site to control transcription. There are several types of promoters including constitutive, inducible, tissue-specific, and synthetic promoters. Constitutive promoters induce expression in all tissues, while inducible promoters respond to environmental or chemical factors and tissue-specific promoters function in particular tissues.
Gene regulation
Gene regulation ensures that the appropriate genes are expressed at the proper times and helps organisms respond to their environment. It involves mechanisms that increase or decrease production of gene products. The lac operon in E. coli regulates lactose metabolism genes in response to lactose and glucose levels. When lactose is present, it induces the operon by binding the repressor protein and allowing transcription. When glucose is high, cAMP levels are low and transcription is low. The lac operon precisely controls lactose gene expression through a repressor protein and RNA polymerase binding.
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation: Detailed Review
1. Levels of gene regulation
The observation that differences in the RNA and protein content of different tissues are not paralleled by significant differences in their DNA content indicates that the process whereby DNA produces mRNA must be the level at which gene expression is regulated in eukaryotes. In bacteria this process involves only a single stage, that of transcription, in which RNA copy of the DNA is produced by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Even while this process is still occurring, ribosomes attach to the nascent RNA chain and begin to translate it into protein. Hence cases
of gene regulation in bacteria, such as the switching on of the synthesis of the enzyme β-galactosidase in response to the presence of lactose (its substrate), are mediated by increased transcription of the appropriate gene. Clearly, a similar regulation of gene transcription in different tissues, or in response to substances such as steroid hormones which induce the synthesis of new proteins, represents an attractive method of gene regulation in eukaryotes.
In contrast to the situation in bacteria, however, a number of stages intervene between the initial synthesis of the primary RNA transcript and the eventual production of mRNA (Fig. 1).
The initial transcript is modified at its 5′ end by the addition of a cap structure containing a modified guanosine residue and is subsequently cleaved near its 3′ end, followed by the addition of up to 200 adenosine residues in a process known as polyadenylation. Subsequently, intervening sequences or introns, which interrupt the protein-coding sequence in both the DNA and the primary transcript of many genes. Although this produces a functional mRNA, the spliced molecule must then be transported from the nucleus, where these processes occur, to the cytoplasm where it can be translated into protein.
transciption powerpoint
This document summarizes transcriptional gene regulation in eukaryotes. It discusses the basic mechanisms of transcription including initiation, elongation, and termination. It describes the role of general transcription factors, promoter elements like TATA boxes, and RNA polymerase in basal transcription. It also explains how distal enhancer elements and transcription factors regulate gene expression by interacting with the promoter and basal transcription machinery. Chromatin structure is also noted to influence transcription. The modular and combinatorial nature of transcriptional control is emphasized.
Gene regulation
This document discusses the control of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, genes are organized into operons and expressed through positive or negative transcriptional control when needed for metabolic pathways. The lac operon is negatively regulated by the lac repressor. In eukaryotes, general transcription factors and specific transcription factors regulate transcription, and chromatin structure and post-transcriptional mechanisms like alternative splicing further control gene expression.
Gene expression and regulation
Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including changes to DNA, transcription, RNA processing, mRNA degradation, translation, protein activity, and protein stability. Regulation occurs through factors that activate or repress expression, altering chromatin structure, controlling transcription initiation, splicing mRNA, degrading mRNA, regulating translation, modifying proteins, and marking proteins for degradation. Understanding gene regulation is important for development, differentiation, and cellular adaptation to environmental conditions.
Gene regulation
This document summarizes transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation. It discusses how gene expression can be regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, operons like the lac and trp operons are used to regulate transcription through inducible/repressible systems. In eukaryotes, transcription factors bind to regulatory elements to control transcription initiation, and post-transcriptional modifications like RNA processing and histone/DNA modifications regulate gene expression. Regulatory mechanisms allow organisms to precisely control gene expression in response to environmental conditions.
Gene regulation in eukaryotes
Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including the genome, transcription, RNA processing, translation, and post-translation. Regulation occurs through various mechanisms such as histone modifications, DNA methylation, transcription factors, RNA processing, translation initiation factors, microRNAs, protein folding, and post-translational modifications. Gene regulation in eukaryotes allows for greater control of protein synthesis than in prokaryotes through the use of transcription factors, enhancers, silencers, and other mechanisms.
promoter region
The promoter region is a DNA sequence located near the transcription start site of a gene that initiates transcription by RNA polymerase binding to it. Promoters contain response elements that provide binding sites for RNA polymerase and transcription factors. There are three main portions of a promoter: the core promoter contains the RNA polymerase binding site and transcription start site; the proximal promoter contains regulatory elements; and the distal promoter further upstream also contains regulatory elements. In prokaryotes, the core promoter contains -10 and -35 sequences recognized by sigma factors associated with RNA polymerase. In eukaryotes, transcription requires many general transcription factors and RNA polymerase is specific to the type of RNA transcribed. Regulation of transcription involves repressors and activators that bind
Gene regulation
This document discusses gene expression and regulation. It explains that gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional gene product, usually a protein. It then discusses various mechanisms that regulate gene expression, including repressor proteins that block transcription, allosteric regulators of operons like tryptophan and lactose, positive regulation through cAMP, and control of eukaryotic genes through DNA packing, transcription initiation, post-transcriptional control like alternative splicing, and protein processing and degradation. Videos and examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.
Regulation of Gene expression
The document discusses regulation of gene expression. It describes how gene expression involves transcription of DNA into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Regulation of gene expression is important for organisms to adapt to their environment and involves mechanisms like transcription control, RNA processing, translation control and protein modification. Key examples discussed are the lac operon and lambda phage switch which demonstrate transcriptional regulation through repressor and activator proteins. The role of epigenetic factors like DNA and histone methylation and acetylation in long-term stable regulation of gene expression is also summarized.
Genetic control
This document discusses genetic control and regulation at the molecular level. It covers DNA and RNA structure, transcription, translation, gene regulation, and cell division. The central dogma of molecular genetics is described involving DNA transcription to RNA and translation to protein. The types of RNA are defined including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA. Transcription and translation processes are explained in detail. Gene regulation mechanisms like promoters, transcription factors, and feedback systems are covered. Finally, the document discusses cell reproduction through DNA replication and cell mitosis.
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Eukaryotic gene regulation models (by np mendez)
Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at multiple stages including initiation of transcription, post-transcriptional processing of pre-mRNA, and post-translational modification of proteins. Initiation of transcription involves promoter and enhancer elements recruiting transcription factors and RNA polymerase. Pre-mRNA is processed through 5' capping, splicing, 3' polyadenylation and nuclear export. Alternative splicing allows one gene to code for multiple proteins. Post-translational modifications like phosphorylation and cleavage further regulate protein function. Together these complex mechanisms allow precise spatial and temporal control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.
Gene regulation
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operon and its components.
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Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression
The document discusses various mechanisms of regulating gene expression in eukaryotes. It explains that regulation can occur at multiple levels, including DNA, transcription, mRNA processing, and protein synthesis. Key points include: (1) Regulation allows adaptation and cellular differentiation; (2) In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are separated, allowing more complex regulation; (3) Regulation mechanisms include controlling chromatin structure, transcription initiation, mRNA splicing/stability, and protein modifications. Environmental factors like heat and hormones can also induce gene expression changes through transcription factors.
Gene regulation eukaryotes
Eukaryotic gene expression is controlled through various complex mechanisms. Gene expression is controlled individually for each gene through regulatory sequences near the transcription start site. In eukaryotes, DNA is highly packaged through nucleosomes and other structures, and tightly packaged heterochromatin cannot be expressed. Additional levels of control occur during transcription, through RNA processing and modification, and by controlling mRNA export, stability, and translation. This complex regulation allows for fine-tuned control of differential gene expression between cell types and in response to environmental changes.
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Eukaryotic gene regulation involves complex organization and packaging of DNA into chromatin. Gene expression is controlled at multiple levels, including chromatin modification, transcription initiation, and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Transcription factors play a key role in regulating transcription by binding to enhancer and promoter elements to recruit RNA polymerase and initiate transcription of specific genes.
Eukaryotic regulation
Genetic regulation in eukaryotes occurs at multiple levels:
1. Transcription is regulated by trans-acting molecules like transcription factors binding to cis-acting elements on DNA. Hormones can regulate transcription by binding intracellular or cell surface receptors that interact with DNA.
2. Posttranscriptional regulation includes alternative mRNA splicing, editing, and controlling mRNA stability to influence the proteins produced.
3. DNA level regulation includes modifying access to DNA through chromatin remodeling, changing DNA amounts by gene amplification, arranging DNA through rearrangements, and altering genes through mobile DNA elements like transposons moving to new locations.
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
Presence of nucleus and complexity of eukaryotic organism demands a well controlled gene regulation in eukaryotic cell. Tissue specific gene expression is essential as they are multicellular organisms in which different cells perform different functions. This PPT deals with various control points for the gene regulation and expression within a cell.
Promoters
Promoters are regions of DNA that initiate gene transcription. They are located upstream of genes and can range from 100-1000 base pairs long. Promoters contain an RNA polymerase binding site and initiation site to control transcription. There are several types of promoters including constitutive, inducible, tissue-specific, and synthetic promoters. Constitutive promoters induce expression in all tissues, while inducible promoters respond to environmental or chemical factors and tissue-specific promoters function in particular tissues.
Gene regulation
Gene regulation ensures that the appropriate genes are expressed at the proper times and helps organisms respond to their environment. It involves mechanisms that increase or decrease production of gene products. The lac operon in E. coli regulates lactose metabolism genes in response to lactose and glucose levels. When lactose is present, it induces the operon by binding the repressor protein and allowing transcription. When glucose is high, cAMP levels are low and transcription is low. The lac operon precisely controls lactose gene expression through a repressor protein and RNA polymerase binding.
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation: Detailed Review
1. Levels of gene regulation
The observation that differences in the RNA and protein content of different tissues are not paralleled by significant differences in their DNA content indicates that the process whereby DNA produces mRNA must be the level at which gene expression is regulated in eukaryotes. In bacteria this process involves only a single stage, that of transcription, in which RNA copy of the DNA is produced by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Even while this process is still occurring, ribosomes attach to the nascent RNA chain and begin to translate it into protein. Hence cases
of gene regulation in bacteria, such as the switching on of the synthesis of the enzyme β-galactosidase in response to the presence of lactose (its substrate), are mediated by increased transcription of the appropriate gene. Clearly, a similar regulation of gene transcription in different tissues, or in response to substances such as steroid hormones which induce the synthesis of new proteins, represents an attractive method of gene regulation in eukaryotes.
In contrast to the situation in bacteria, however, a number of stages intervene between the initial synthesis of the primary RNA transcript and the eventual production of mRNA (Fig. 1).
The initial transcript is modified at its 5′ end by the addition of a cap structure containing a modified guanosine residue and is subsequently cleaved near its 3′ end, followed by the addition of up to 200 adenosine residues in a process known as polyadenylation. Subsequently, intervening sequences or introns, which interrupt the protein-coding sequence in both the DNA and the primary transcript of many genes. Although this produces a functional mRNA, the spliced molecule must then be transported from the nucleus, where these processes occur, to the cytoplasm where it can be translated into protein.
transciption powerpoint
This document summarizes transcriptional gene regulation in eukaryotes. It discusses the basic mechanisms of transcription including initiation, elongation, and termination. It describes the role of general transcription factors, promoter elements like TATA boxes, and RNA polymerase in basal transcription. It also explains how distal enhancer elements and transcription factors regulate gene expression by interacting with the promoter and basal transcription machinery. Chromatin structure is also noted to influence transcription. The modular and combinatorial nature of transcriptional control is emphasized.
Gene regulation
This document discusses the control of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, genes are organized into operons and expressed through positive or negative transcriptional control when needed for metabolic pathways. The lac operon is negatively regulated by the lac repressor. In eukaryotes, general transcription factors and specific transcription factors regulate transcription, and chromatin structure and post-transcriptional mechanisms like alternative splicing further control gene expression.
Gene expression and regulation
Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including changes to DNA, transcription, RNA processing, mRNA degradation, translation, protein activity, and protein stability. Regulation occurs through factors that activate or repress expression, altering chromatin structure, controlling transcription initiation, splicing mRNA, degrading mRNA, regulating translation, modifying proteins, and marking proteins for degradation. Understanding gene regulation is important for development, differentiation, and cellular adaptation to environmental conditions.
Gene regulation
This document summarizes transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation. It discusses how gene expression can be regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, operons like the lac and trp operons are used to regulate transcription through inducible/repressible systems. In eukaryotes, transcription factors bind to regulatory elements to control transcription initiation, and post-transcriptional modifications like RNA processing and histone/DNA modifications regulate gene expression. Regulatory mechanisms allow organisms to precisely control gene expression in response to environmental conditions.
Gene regulation in eukaryotes
Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including the genome, transcription, RNA processing, translation, and post-translation. Regulation occurs through various mechanisms such as histone modifications, DNA methylation, transcription factors, RNA processing, translation initiation factors, microRNAs, protein folding, and post-translational modifications. Gene regulation in eukaryotes allows for greater control of protein synthesis than in prokaryotes through the use of transcription factors, enhancers, silencers, and other mechanisms.
promoter region
The promoter region is a DNA sequence located near the transcription start site of a gene that initiates transcription by RNA polymerase binding to it. Promoters contain response elements that provide binding sites for RNA polymerase and transcription factors. There are three main portions of a promoter: the core promoter contains the RNA polymerase binding site and transcription start site; the proximal promoter contains regulatory elements; and the distal promoter further upstream also contains regulatory elements. In prokaryotes, the core promoter contains -10 and -35 sequences recognized by sigma factors associated with RNA polymerase. In eukaryotes, transcription requires many general transcription factors and RNA polymerase is specific to the type of RNA transcribed. Regulation of transcription involves repressors and activators that bind
Gene regulation
This document discusses gene expression and regulation. It explains that gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional gene product, usually a protein. It then discusses various mechanisms that regulate gene expression, including repressor proteins that block transcription, allosteric regulators of operons like tryptophan and lactose, positive regulation through cAMP, and control of eukaryotic genes through DNA packing, transcription initiation, post-transcriptional control like alternative splicing, and protein processing and degradation. Videos and examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.
Regulation of Gene expression
The document discusses regulation of gene expression. It describes how gene expression involves transcription of DNA into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Regulation of gene expression is important for organisms to adapt to their environment and involves mechanisms like transcription control, RNA processing, translation control and protein modification. Key examples discussed are the lac operon and lambda phage switch which demonstrate transcriptional regulation through repressor and activator proteins. The role of epigenetic factors like DNA and histone methylation and acetylation in long-term stable regulation of gene expression is also summarized.
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Regulation of gene expression allows organisms to benefit from efficiency, conserving energy and cell size. In prokaryotes, operons regulate groups of genes, turned on or off by repressors, activators, or inducers. Eukaryotes separate transcription and translation, introducing many regulatory mechanisms. These include epigenetic modifications, transcription factors, RNA processing, stability, and translation factors. Cancer arises from dysregulation of genes controlling cell growth, especially tumor suppressors and oncogenes.
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Gene expression
Gene expression and regulation is a complex multi-step process that controls when and where genes are expressed. There are two main stages: transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to proteins in the cytoplasm. Gene expression can be regulated at many steps, most commonly by controlling the initiation of transcription through transcription factors that bind to regulatory sequences. This precise regulation of genes allows cells to differentiate and adapt, and is essential for development and response to the environment.
Genome organization ,gene expression sand regulation
The hereditary material of organisms is DNA, which contains genetic information in the form of a specific nucleotide sequence. This DNA is organized into chromosomes that make up an organism's genome. Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into RNA, which may undergo processing before being translated into proteins. The proteins then fold and are transported within the cell. Regulation of gene expression controls when and how much of gene products are made to allow cells to adapt. Gene expression can be measured to provide insight into cellular processes.
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Gene expresion
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional gene product like a protein or RNA. This process allows cells to control their structure and functions and gives rise to phenotypes. Gene expression can be measured by quantifying gene products like mRNA or proteins to understand processes like viral infection or drug resistance. It is regulated through mechanisms that control transcription, RNA processing, translation, and protein modifications.
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Gene expression refers to the control of the amount and timing of gene products. It involves two main steps - transcription of DNA into RNA, and translation of RNA into proteins. In prokaryotes, transcription factors bind to DNA to control transcription from operons, groups of genes regulated together. The lac operon and trp operon are examples where repressor proteins bind the operator DNA sequence to block transcription unless an inducer is present. In eukaryotes, gene expression is controlled at the transcription and translation stages to regulate which mRNAs are produced and what final proteins result.
Genetic control of protein synthesis
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RNA Splicing
RNA splicing is a form of RNA processing in which a newly made precursor messenger RNA (mRNA) is transformed into a mature RNA by removing the non-coding sequences termed introns.
The process of RNA splicing involves the removal of non-coding sequences or introns and joining of the coding sequences or exons.
RNA splicing takes place during or immediately after transcription within the nucleus in the case of nucleus-encoded genes.
In eukaryotic cells, RNA splicing is crucial as it ensures that an immature RNA molecule is converted into a mature molecule that can then be translated into proteins. The post-transcriptional modification is not necessary for prokaryotic cells.
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Gene expression is regulated through a variety of mechanisms that control which genes are expressed in a cell. These mechanisms include regulation of transcription, post-transcriptional modification, RNA transport and translation. Regulation allows cells to increase or decrease expression of genes as needed and is essential for cellular differentiation in multicellular organisms. Gene expression can be regulated at many stages including chromatin structure, transcription, RNA processing and protein modification.
Gene expression & regulation
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription differ in several key ways. Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and uses a single RNA polymerase to produce polycistronic mRNA, while eukaryotic transcription takes place in the nucleus using three RNA polymerases and produces monocistronic mRNA. Additionally, prokaryotic transcription and translation are coupled, while in eukaryotes they are not coupled and post-transcriptional processing occurs. Overall, both follow similar steps of initiation, elongation, and termination, but differ in their location, involved enzymes, and mRNA processing.
Gene Expression.pptx
The document discusses gene expression and its regulation in eukaryotic cells. It states that while all somatic cells contain the same genetic information, differential gene expression gives rise to different cell types through the control of which genes are expressed. Gene expression in eukaryotes is regulated at multiple levels, including epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Cancer arises due to mutations that modify cell cycle control genes, causing uncontrolled cell growth. Gene expression changes in cancer can be caused by mutations, epigenetic alterations, or changes in transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation.
Gene Regulation.pptx
Gene regulation is the process used to control the timing, location and amount in which genes are expressed. The process can be complicated and is carried out by a variety of mechanisms, including through regulatory proteins and chemical modification of DNA.
gene expression.pptx
Gene expression in plants is controlled similarly to other organisms through promoters and transcription factors. Each gene has its own promoter that works with transcription factors to control the first part of expression. Gene transcription involves RNA polymerase adding nucleotides to create an RNA strand complementary to the DNA template, replacing thymine with uracil. Gene expression is regulated through controlling the amount and timing of gene products, allowing cells to adapt. Regulation can occur at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels through a variety of mechanisms.
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Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
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About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
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Comparison between the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- 1. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES BS 3, 6TH SEMESTER (BIOCHEMISTRY) GROUP MEMBERS SARAH ASHRAF AQSA SHAD
- 2. Definition Gene regulation is the process of turning genes on and off. During early development, cells begin to take on specific functions. Gene regulation ensures that the appropriate genes are expressed at the proper times It is the process that control the rate and manner of gene expression
- 3. Gene expression Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in nonprotein coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.
- 4. PROKARYOTIC GENE REGULATION Prokaryotic organisms are single-celled organisms that lack a cell nucleus, and their DNA therefore floats freely in the cell cytoplasm. To synthesize a protein, the processes of transcription and translation occur almost simultaneously. When the resulting protein is no longer needed, transcription stops. As a result, the primary method to control what type of protein and how much of each protein is expressed in a prokaryotic cell is the regulation of DNA transcription. All of the subsequent steps occur automatically. When more protein is required, more transcription occurs. Therefore, in prokaryotic cells, the control of gene expression is mostly at the transcriptional level.
- 5. EUKARYOTIC GENE REGULATION the DNA is contained inside the cell’s nucleus and there it is transcribed into RNA. The newly synthesized RNA is then transported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where ribosomes translate the RNA into protein. The processes of transcription and translation are physically separated by the nuclear membrane; transcription occurs only within the nucleus, and translation occurs only outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm.
- 6. Differences in the Regulation of Gene Expression of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Organisms Prokaryotic organisms Eukaryotic organisms Lack nucleus Contain nucleus DNA is found in the cytoplasm DNA is confined to the nuclear compartment RNA transcription and protein formation occur almost simultaneously RNA transcription occurs prior to protein formation, and it takes place in the nucleus. Translation of RNA to protein occurs in the cytoplasm. Gene expression is regulated primarily at the transcriptional level Gene expression is regulated at many levels (epigenetic, transcriptional, nuclear shuttling, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational)