DNA caries genetic information of organisms. This presentation covers the discovery of DNA as genetic material, structure of DNA, Nucleotides and nucleosides. Watson and crick DNA model.
DNA caries genetic information of organisms. This presentation covers the discovery of DNA as genetic material, structure of DNA, Nucleotides and nucleosides. Watson and crick DNA model.
Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of InheritanceAngel Vega
KEY CONCEPTS
16.1 DNA is the genetic material
16.2 Many proteins work together in
DNA replication and repair
16.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins
Nucleic acid and its chemistry, dna as genetic materialdeepa sundari
The nucleic acids are vital biopolymers found in all living organisms, where they function to encode, transfer, and express genes. The nucleic acids are of two types, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA).
EVER WONDERED WHY DNA IS GENETIC MATERIAL INSTEAD OF RNA OR PROTEIN?
The study of Gregor Mandel put the basis for the advancement in science. Then discovery of nucleic acid allowed researchers to see things in different perspective. Later Kary Mullis provided with the major break through by inventing PCR.
GENETIC MATERIAL refers to the material of which genes are made up of. It includes both DNA and RNA. Though in most of the organism DNA is playing this role, but in certain viruses RNA is storing all the genetic information of the individual. Here we are discussing about the discovery and property of these genetic material.
This power point presentation is an attempt to present some direct and some indirect evidences in favour of DNA as genetic material. Very few organisms have RNA as genetic material for example plant virus and some bacteriophages
The slide presenting the Importance of genetic code and discusses how does the genetic code deduced that brings in the entire understanding of Genetic today.
Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of InheritanceAngel Vega
KEY CONCEPTS
16.1 DNA is the genetic material
16.2 Many proteins work together in
DNA replication and repair
16.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins
Nucleic acid and its chemistry, dna as genetic materialdeepa sundari
The nucleic acids are vital biopolymers found in all living organisms, where they function to encode, transfer, and express genes. The nucleic acids are of two types, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA).
EVER WONDERED WHY DNA IS GENETIC MATERIAL INSTEAD OF RNA OR PROTEIN?
The study of Gregor Mandel put the basis for the advancement in science. Then discovery of nucleic acid allowed researchers to see things in different perspective. Later Kary Mullis provided with the major break through by inventing PCR.
GENETIC MATERIAL refers to the material of which genes are made up of. It includes both DNA and RNA. Though in most of the organism DNA is playing this role, but in certain viruses RNA is storing all the genetic information of the individual. Here we are discussing about the discovery and property of these genetic material.
This power point presentation is an attempt to present some direct and some indirect evidences in favour of DNA as genetic material. Very few organisms have RNA as genetic material for example plant virus and some bacteriophages
The slide presenting the Importance of genetic code and discusses how does the genetic code deduced that brings in the entire understanding of Genetic today.
Genes, Chromosomes, and Genetic Code: Relevance and ImplicationsJen Gragera
Genes are the thing that determines your unique traits from the inside out. They play an important role in your overall health but they can also make you more susceptible for certain health problems and diseases, in the first place those that run in your family. Most diseases are a result of a combination of multiple factors including dietary, lifestyle and environmental factors. However, it is also possible to develop health problems exclusively due to genetic abnormalities and mutations.
This lecture covers key findings to the development of genomics as a field. This first part covers briefly Mendel to knowing that DNA is the genetic material by Hershey and Chase
This lecture covers some nice stories about the origins of the words "genome" and the derived word "genomics". the lecture also introduces viral, bacterial, and eukaryotic genomes.
Nucleic acid_Power Point Presentation - By RJRishi Jat
Sorry for page no 1 & 9. aap sahi kar lena waise to download karne ke baad problem nahi hogi. upload karne ke baad in pages mein problem ho gayi kyonki inme words ke beech space jyada hai. thankyou
The presentation includes about the basic knowledge of Deoxyribonucleic Acid or DNA. It involves the definition, structure, occurence, quantity, chemical composition, stability, variety, types, molecular weight, complementary of base pairs, absorbance, viscosity, ionic interactions, alternative forms and functions of DNA.
DNA
its Discovery
Who Discovered DNA?
Credit for who first identified DNA is often mistakenly given to James Watson and Francis Crick, who just furthered Miescher’s discovery with their own groundbreaking research nearly 100 years later. Watson and Crick contributed largely to our understanding of DNA in terms of genetic inheritance, but much like Miescher, long before their work, others also made great advancements in and contributions to the field.
In 1866, before many significant discoveries and findings, Gregor Mendel was the first to suggest that characteristics are passed down from generation to generation. Mendel coined the terms as recessive and dominant.
In 1869, Friedrich Miescher identified the “nuclein” by isolating a molecule from a cell nucleus that would later become known as DNA.
In 1881, Nobel Prize winner and German biochemist Albrecht Kossel, who is credited with naming DNA, identified nuclein as a nucleic acid. He also isolated those five nitrogen bases that are now considered to be the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) and uracil (U) in case of RNA).
In 1882, Walther Fleming devoted research and time to cytology, which is the study of chromosomes. He discovered mitosis in 1882 when he was the first biologist to execute a wholly systematic study of the division of chromosomes. His observations that chromosomes double is significant to the later discovered theory of inheritance.
In Early 1900s, Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton were independently working on what’s now known as the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory, or the chromosomal theory of inheritance. Their findings are fundamental in our understanding of how chromosomes carry genetic material and pass it down from one generation to the next.
In 1902, Mendel’s theories were finally associated with a human disease by Sir Archibald Edward Garrod, who published the first findings from a study on recessive inheritance in human beings in 1902. Garrod opened the door for our understanding of genetic disorders resulting from errors in chemical pathways in the body.
In 1944, Oswald Avery first outlined DNA as the transforming principle, which essentially means that DNA transform cell properties.
The material of a talk that I prepared to give in the online camel conference of Oman. Unfortunately, I had a death in the family the day before the conference and the material was presented by my friend Dr. Mohammed Alabri from Oman. The material is in Arabic and focused for camel breeders.
The material of a two days workshop that I gave at Sultan Qaboos University in Oman about the importance of livestock biobanks and how to establish an organized one. The workshop was given in Arabic.
A presentation as a webinar for the Winn Feline Foundation that focuses on recent findings related to the signatures of selection in the domestic cat genome
This was my presentation at the Plant and Animal Genome Conference 2019 in San Diego. My talk was a presentation of the thesis project of my student Mona Abdi. The focus of the presentation and project was the genomic signatures of selection in the domestic cat breeds.
This is a my lecture about camels title "Journey around the camel". The lecture was in Arabic and is related to a book under preparation with the same title. This part of the journey around the camel introduces the major camel breeds in the Arabian Peninsula and their external phenotypes and groupings.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
2. AIMS
• Review concepts related to:
• Chemical composition of DNA and RNA
• Double helix DNA structure
• Genome organizations
• Histone modifications
• Crick’s Central Dogma
• Decoding the code
4. What is nucleic acid made of?
What is the chemical composition
of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)?
5. DNA and RNA chemical unit
• The chemical unit that makes nucleic acids (DNA and
RNA) is called Nucleotide.
Nucleotide
• A nucleotide is
composed of:
1. Sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base
6. DNA and RNA chemical unit
Do you remember what a nucleoside is?
only for fun :-)
7. • A number of phosphate groups can be attached
to carbon 5 of the sugar.
• NTPs? dNTPs?
The phosphate group
8. What is the function os the phosphate groups?
Any relation to replication/sequencing?
The phosphate group
9. The bases
Nitrogenous bases
Small bases Large bases
Pyrimidines
One ring
Purines
Two ringsFound in DNA
and RNA
Found in RNA Found in DNA
10. Naming of DNA bases
http://www.acgt.me/blog/2014/3/3/celebrating-an-unsung-hero-of-genomics-how-
albrech-kossel-saved-bioinformatics-from-a-world-of-hurt
15. Naming of DNA bases
The naming of the DNA bases made it easier
to abbreviate the names of the molecules
into unique single letters (A,T,G,C).
The single letter representation of DNA
enabled application of information theory via
bioinformatics.
16. Nucleotide linking
• Nucleotides are linked via phosphodiester bond.
• A covalent bond links the phosphate group of one
nucleotide to the 3’ carbon of the sugar of another.
17. Polarity
• 5’ end: where the 5’ carbon at one end of the
molecule has a phosphate group.
• 3’ end: where the 3’ carbon at the other end of
the molecule has a hydroxyl group.
18. The Race to DNA structure
The story of the discovery of the double helix
involves these key actors
23. • R. Franklin produced the best diffraction photo
(called photo 51).
• Her findings were shared (with or without her
approval?) Watson and Crick by Wilkin.
Franklin/Wilkin
24. Watson and Crick
• They published a 900 words paper and Franklin
and Wilkin also published on the same issue of
Nature.
25. DNA structure
1) DNA is a double helix.
2) Two polynucleotides chains.
3) The two chains wind around right handedly -
right handed double helix.
4) The two chains are in an anti-parallel
orientation. One strand 5’ – 3’ orientation and
the other 3’ – 5’).
5) Sugar-phosphate backbone is located on
the outside of the helix.
6) The nitrogenous bases located on the inside
of the helix.
26. DNA structure
7) The bases are stacked flat and
perpendicular to the axis of the helix. The
bases are on top of each other following the
twist of the helix.
8) The bases of the two polynucleotides are
bonded together via hydrogen bonds on the
inside of the helix.
9) Bases of the two polynucleotide chains are
base-pairing in a combination that maintains
similar diameter of the double helix.
10) A Pyrimidine always basepair with Purine
forming complementary base pairs.
27. DNA structure
11) Thymine (T) basepair with Adenine (A),
and Cytosine basepair with Guanine (G).
12) Two hydrogen bonds involve the base-
pairing of (A and T) and three hydrogen bonds
between (G and C).
13) The sequence of one chain (strand) is
enough to predict the complementary one in
the other orientation.
14) A major and minor groove result from the
unequal spacing of the phosphate-sugar
backbone.
32. • A single nucleosome is composed of 8 histone
proteins (octamer).
• Histone proteins contain tails of amino acids
that can be modified.
DNA packaging
34. Histone tail modifications
Do you remember the functions/effects of
histone modifications?
Are the histone modifications uniform
across all chromosomes?
39. Terms and processes
The flow of information from DNA to proteins go
through an intermediate molecule and involves
two processes.
DNA RNA ProteinTranscription Translation
Replication
45. Random copolymers
Historical review: Deciphering the
genetic code – a personal account
Marshall Nirenberg
Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike,
MSC – 1654, Building 10, Room 7N-315, Bethesda, MD 20892-1654, USA
This is an autobiographical description of the events
that led to the breaking of the genetic code and the sub-
sequent race to decipher the code. The code was deci-
phered in two stages over a five-year period between
1961 and 1966. During the first stage, the base compo-
sitions of codons were deciphered by the directing cell-
free protein synthesis with randomly ordered RNA
preparations. During the second phase, the nucleotide
sequences of RNA codons were deciphered by deter-
mining the species of aminoacyl-tRNA that bound to
ribosomes in response to trinucleotides of known
sequence. Views on general topics such as how to pick
a research problem and competition versus collabor-
ation also are discussed.
I would like to tell you how the genetic code was deciphered
from a personal point of view. I came to the National
Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1957 as a post-doctoral fellow
with Dewitt Stetten, Jr, a wise, highly articulate scientist
and administrator, immediately after obtaining a PhD in
biochemistry from the University of Michigan in Ann
Arbor. The next year, I started work with William Jakoby
and, by enrichment culture, I isolated a Pseudomonad that
grew on g-butyrolactone and purified three enzymes
involved in the catabolism of g-hydroxybutyric acid [1].
b-galactosidase in Escherichia coli and that the mechan-
ism of protein synthesis was one of the most exciting areas
in biochemistry. Some of the best biochemists in the world
were working on cell-free protein synthesis, and I had no
experience with either gene regulation or protein syn-
thesis, having previously worked on sugar transport,
glycogen metabolism and enzyme purification. After
thinking about this for a considerable time, I finally
decided to switch fields. My immediate objective was to
investigate the existence of mRNA by determining
whether cell-free protein synthesis in E. coli extracts
was stimulated by an RNA fraction or by DNA. In the
longer term, my objective was to achieve the cell-free
synthesis of penicillinase, a small inducible enzyme that
Review TRENDS in Biochemical Sciences Vol.29 No.1 January 200446
polynu
codon f
Cs and
triplets
showed
threoni
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spouses
were ,
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Figure 6. The specificity of randomly ordered polynucleotide templates in stimulat-
ing amino acid incorporation into protein in Escherichia coli extracts. Only the
minimum kinds of bases necessary for template activity are shown, so many
amino acids that respond to randomly ordered polynucleotides composed of two
or more kinds of bases are omitted. The base compositions of RNA codons were
derived from these experiments [49]. Reproduced from Ref. [49].
Review TRENDS in Biochemical Sciences Vol.250
47. Ribosome binding assay
This technique revealed the language of the
genetic material and the information hidden in it
48. What is the name of the protein coding unit
of genetic information?
How many nucleotides it contains?
49. The genetic code
The genetic code is composed of 64 codons
61 amino acid
coding codons
Three codons code
for the stop of
translation
UAA
UAG
UGA
Start codon
(AUG)
methionine (Met)
60 codons code for
19 other amino
acids
50. Characteristics of the genetic code
1. The genetic code is made of triplets of
nucleotides (3nts) called codons.
2. The genetic code is continuous (no skipping).
3. The code is not overlapping. Every three
nucleotides in a sequence code for one codon.
4. The genetic code is universal (almost).
5. The code has specific signals for start of
translation and stop of translation.
6. The genetic code is “degenerate”.
7. The Wobble effect of the third base in the
codon.
54. Disclaimer
Figures, photos, and graphs in my lectures are
collected using google searches. I do not claim to have
personally produced the material (except for some). I
do cite only articles or books used. I thank all owners of
the visual aid that I use and apologize for not citing
each individual item. If anybody finds the inclusion of
their material in my lectures a violation of their copy
rights, please contact me via email.
hhalhaddad@gmail.com
