In this ppt you will find what is Gene, nature of Gene, regulatory elements of Gene, Non coding DNA, Alleles, Molecular nature of alleles. #GENE #ALLELE #DNA
Personal notes:
- Section 1 : Cell
-- What is a Cell?
-- What is DNA?
-- What is mitochondrial DNA?
-- What is a gene?
-- What is a chromosome?
-- How many chromosomes do people have?
- Section 2 : Proteins
-- What are proteins and what do they do?
-- How do genes direct the production of proteins?
-- Can genes be turned on and off in cells?
-- What is epigenome?
-- How do cells divide?
-- How do genes control the growth and division of cells?
-- How do genetics indicate the location of a gene?
- Section 3: Genetic Mapping
-- What is genetic mapping?
-- How do researchers create a genetic map?
-- What are genetic markers?
Chapter 16 Genetics
What Is a Gene?
Chromosomes: Packages of Genetic Information
The Structure of DNA
DNA Replication
How Proteins Are Built
Genetic Mutations
How Radioactivity Causes Genetic Mutations
Meiosis and Genetic Diversity
Mendelian Genetics
More Wrinkles: Beyond Mendelian Genetics
The Human Genome
Cancer: Genes Gone Awry
Environmental Causes of Cancer
Transgenic Organisms and Cloning
DNA Technology—What Could Possibly Go Wrong?
History of Science: Discovery of the Double Helix
Technology: Gene Therapy
Science and Society: Genetic Counseling
Science and Society: DNA Forensics
Personal notes:
- Section 1 : Cell
-- What is a Cell?
-- What is DNA?
-- What is mitochondrial DNA?
-- What is a gene?
-- What is a chromosome?
-- How many chromosomes do people have?
- Section 2 : Proteins
-- What are proteins and what do they do?
-- How do genes direct the production of proteins?
-- Can genes be turned on and off in cells?
-- What is epigenome?
-- How do cells divide?
-- How do genes control the growth and division of cells?
-- How do genetics indicate the location of a gene?
- Section 3: Genetic Mapping
-- What is genetic mapping?
-- How do researchers create a genetic map?
-- What are genetic markers?
Chapter 16 Genetics
What Is a Gene?
Chromosomes: Packages of Genetic Information
The Structure of DNA
DNA Replication
How Proteins Are Built
Genetic Mutations
How Radioactivity Causes Genetic Mutations
Meiosis and Genetic Diversity
Mendelian Genetics
More Wrinkles: Beyond Mendelian Genetics
The Human Genome
Cancer: Genes Gone Awry
Environmental Causes of Cancer
Transgenic Organisms and Cloning
DNA Technology—What Could Possibly Go Wrong?
History of Science: Discovery of the Double Helix
Technology: Gene Therapy
Science and Society: Genetic Counseling
Science and Society: DNA Forensics
Genetic Organisation:
All cellular activities are encoded within a cell’s DNA.
The sequence of bases within a DNA molecule represents the genetic information of the cell.
Segments of DNA molecules are called genes, and individual genes contain the instructional code necessary for synthesizing various proteins, enzymes, or stable RNA molecules.
Organization of genetic materials in eukaryotes and prokaryotesBHUMI GAMETI
What is Genome ?
Types of Genome
Packaging of DNA into chromosome
GENOME ORGANIZATION IN PROKARYOTES
Plasmids
Plasmids
Nucleoid
Enzyme
GENOME ORGANIZATION IN EUKARYOTES
Chemical composition of chromatin
Nucleosome model.
Levels of DNA Packaging
Prokaryotic Genome v/s Eukaryotic Genome
Epigenetics is the study, in the field of genetics, of cellular and physiological phenotypic trait variations that are caused by external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off and affect how cells read genes instead of being caused by changes in the DNA sequence. -Wikipedia
Genetics and heredity in orthodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
-Basic Concepts in Genetics
-What is Epigenetic?
-History of Epigenetic
-How do epigenetics work?
-Epigenetics and the Environment
-Epigenetic Inheritance
-Epigenetics in Psychiatry
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Genetic Organisation:
All cellular activities are encoded within a cell’s DNA.
The sequence of bases within a DNA molecule represents the genetic information of the cell.
Segments of DNA molecules are called genes, and individual genes contain the instructional code necessary for synthesizing various proteins, enzymes, or stable RNA molecules.
Organization of genetic materials in eukaryotes and prokaryotesBHUMI GAMETI
What is Genome ?
Types of Genome
Packaging of DNA into chromosome
GENOME ORGANIZATION IN PROKARYOTES
Plasmids
Plasmids
Nucleoid
Enzyme
GENOME ORGANIZATION IN EUKARYOTES
Chemical composition of chromatin
Nucleosome model.
Levels of DNA Packaging
Prokaryotic Genome v/s Eukaryotic Genome
Epigenetics is the study, in the field of genetics, of cellular and physiological phenotypic trait variations that are caused by external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off and affect how cells read genes instead of being caused by changes in the DNA sequence. -Wikipedia
Genetics and heredity in orthodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
-Basic Concepts in Genetics
-What is Epigenetic?
-History of Epigenetic
-How do epigenetics work?
-Epigenetics and the Environment
-Epigenetic Inheritance
-Epigenetics in Psychiatry
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Gene- basics (Gene, nature of Gene, regulatory elements of Gene, Non coding DNA, Alleles) .pptx
1. Gene basics
Dr. Naeem Ullah
PhD Medical Lab sciences
M.phil in Medical Lab Sciences
BS in medical Lab Sciences
1
Dr. Naeem Ullah
2. Gene?
• A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity.
• Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make
molecules called proteins.
• However, many genes do not code for proteins.
• In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more
than 2 million bases.
• The Human Genome Project estimated that humans have between
20,000 and 25,000 genes.
• Every person has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each
parent.
• Most genes are the same in all people, but a small number of genes (less
than 1 percent of the total) are slightly different between people.
2
Dr. Naeem Ullah
4. Nature of gene?
• Three fundamental properties are required of genes and the DNA of
which they are composed.
1. Replication: Hereditary molecules must be capable of being copied at
two key stages of the life cycle.
A. The first stage is the production of the cell type that will
ensure the continuation of a species from one generation
to the next. In plants and animals, these cells are the
gametes: egg and sperm.
B. The other stage is when the first cell of a new organism
undergoes multiple rounds of division to produce a
multicellular organism. In plants and animals, this is the
stage at which the fertilized egg, the zygote, divides
repeatedly to produce the complex organismal appearance
4
Dr. Naeem Ullah
5. Nature of gene?
2. Generation of form: The working structures that make up an organism
can be thought of as form or substance, and DNA has the essential
“information” needed to create form.
• Phenotype vs Genotype?
3. Mutation: A gene that has changed from one allelic form into another has
undergone mutation —an event that happens rarely but regularly.
• Mutation is not only a basis for variation within a species, but also, over
the long term, the raw material for evolution.
5
Dr. Naeem Ullah
6. Non coding DNA
• Only about 1% of DNA is made up of protein-coding genes; the other
99% is noncoding.
• Noncoding DNA does not provide instructions for making proteins.
• Scientists once thought noncoding DNA was “junk,” with no known
purpose.
• However, it is becoming clear that at least some of it is integral to the
function of cells, particularly the control of gene activity.
• For example, noncoding DNA contains sequences that act as
regulatory elements, determining when and where genes are turned on
and off.
• Such elements provide sites for specialized proteins (called
transcription factors) to attach (bind) and either activate or repress the
process by which the information from genes is turned into proteins
(transcription). 6
Dr. Naeem Ullah
7. Non coding DNA
• Noncoding DNA contains many types of regulatory elements:
• Promoters: provide binding sites for the protein machinery that carries
out transcription.
• Promoters are typically found just ahead of the gene on the DNA
strand.
• Enhancers: provide binding sites for proteins that help activate
transcription.
• Enhancers can be found on the DNA strand before or after the gene
they control, sometimes far away.
• Silencers: provide binding sites for proteins that repress transcription.
• Like enhancers, silencers can be found before or after the gene they
control and can be some distance away on the DNA strand.
• Insulators: provide binding sites for proteins that control transcription
in a number of ways.
• Some prevent enhancers from aiding in transcription (enhancer-
blocker insulators).
• Others prevent structural changes in the DNA that repress gene
7
Dr. Naeem Ullah
9. Regulatory elements
• Other regions of noncoding DNA provide instructions for the formation of
certain kinds of RNA molecules.
• Examples of specialized RNA molecules produced from noncoding DNA
include:
– transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), which help assemble
protein building blocks (amino acids) into a chain that forms a protein;
– microRNAs (miRNAs), which are short lengths of RNA that block the process of
protein production
– long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are longer lengths of RNA that have
diverse roles in regulating gene activity.
9
Dr. Naeem Ullah
10. Regulatory elements
• Repeated noncoding DNA sequences at the ends of
chromosomes form telomeres.
– Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from being
degraded during the copying of genetic material.
• Repetitive noncoding DNA sequences also form satellite
DNA, which is the basis of the centromere.
• Satellite DNA also forms heterochromatin, which is
densely packed DNA that is important for controlling gene
activity and maintaining the structure of chromosomes.
10
Dr. Naeem Ullah
11. Conti...
• Some noncoding DNA regions, called introns, are located
within protein-coding genes but are removed before a
protein is made.
• Regulatory elements, such as enhancers, can be located
in introns.
• Other noncoding regions are found between genes and
are known as intergenic regions.
Dr. Naeem Ullah 11
12. Alleles?
• Alleles are forms of the same gene with small differences in their
sequence of DNA bases.
• These small differences contribute to each person’s unique physical
features.
• Alleles segregate during meiosis, and an individual receives only one of
each pair of alleles from each parent.
• Only two alleles can be present in any one individual.
12
Dr. Naeem Ullah
13. What is the molecular nature of alleles?
• When alleles such as A and a are examined at the DNA level, they are
generally found to be identical in most of their sequences and differ
only at one or a few nucleotides of the thousands of nucleotides that
make up the gene.
• Therefore, we see that the alleles are truly different versions of the
same basic gene.
• Looked at another way, gene is the generic term and allele is specific.
• (The pea-color gene has two alleles coding for yellow and green.)
• The letter “x” represents a difference in the nucleotide sequence
13
Dr. Naeem Ullah
14. Allele
• In studying any kind of variation such as allelic variation, it is often
helpful to have a standard to act as a fixed reference point.
• In genetics “wild type” is the allele used as the standard; it is the form of
any particular gene that is found in the wild, in other words in
natural populations.
• Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a particular gene
• Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a particular gene
14
Dr. Naeem Ullah
15. Allele
• Genotype: An individual’s genetic constitution; the alleles present at
one locus
• Phenotype: The observed biochemical, physiological, and morphological
characteristics of an individual (e.g., blue eyes, fair skin), as determined
by his or her genotype and the environment in which it is expressed
15
Dr. Naeem Ullah
16. References
• An Introduction to Genetic Analysis, Eighth Edition
by Anthony J.F. Griffiths (U. of British Columbia)
16
Dr. Naeem Ullah