The Entner-Doudoroff pathway catabolizes glucose to pyruvate using enzymes distinct from glycolysis. It involves the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone, followed by dehydration to 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate and cleavage to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. This pathway yields 1 ATP, 1 NADH, and 1 NADPH per glucose, compared to 2 ATP and 2 NADH for glycolysis. It is found in some gram-negative bacteria that lack glycolytic enzymes.
Pentose phosphate pathway is also called Hexose monophosphate pathway/ HMP shunt/ Phosphogluconate pathway.
It is an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose.
It is more complex pathway than glycolysis.
It is more anabolic in nature.
It takesplace in cytosol.
The tissues such as liver, adipose tissue, adrenal gland, erythrocytes,testes and lactating mammary gland are highly active in HMP shunt.
It concern with the biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses.
A series of metabolic reactions by which many different organism utilise fats for the synthesis of carbohydrate
Another Process Involving Glycolytic Enzymes and Metabolites
Anabolic metabolic pathway occurring in plants, and several
microorganisms , fungi not animals.
Occurs in glyoxysome
The enzymes common to the TCA cycle and the glyoxysomes are isoenzymes, one specific to mitochondria and the other to glyoxysomes.
The glyoxylate cycle allows plants to use acetyl-CoA derived from β-oxidation of fatty acids for carbohydrate synthesis (use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates).
The glyoxylate cycle is a cyclic pathway that result in conversion of 2 carbon fragment of Acetyl CoA TO 4 carbon compound succinate then succinate is covert to oxaloacetate and then glucose involving the reaction of gluconeogenesis
Pentose phosphate pathway is also called Hexose monophosphate pathway/ HMP shunt/ Phosphogluconate pathway.
It is an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose.
It is more complex pathway than glycolysis.
It is more anabolic in nature.
It takesplace in cytosol.
The tissues such as liver, adipose tissue, adrenal gland, erythrocytes,testes and lactating mammary gland are highly active in HMP shunt.
It concern with the biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses.
A series of metabolic reactions by which many different organism utilise fats for the synthesis of carbohydrate
Another Process Involving Glycolytic Enzymes and Metabolites
Anabolic metabolic pathway occurring in plants, and several
microorganisms , fungi not animals.
Occurs in glyoxysome
The enzymes common to the TCA cycle and the glyoxysomes are isoenzymes, one specific to mitochondria and the other to glyoxysomes.
The glyoxylate cycle allows plants to use acetyl-CoA derived from β-oxidation of fatty acids for carbohydrate synthesis (use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates).
The glyoxylate cycle is a cyclic pathway that result in conversion of 2 carbon fragment of Acetyl CoA TO 4 carbon compound succinate then succinate is covert to oxaloacetate and then glucose involving the reaction of gluconeogenesis
nitrate and sulfate reduction ; methanogenesis and acetogenesisjyoti arora
this presentation includes following topics in brief:
1. nitrate assimilatory reduction
2. sulfate assimilatoery reduction
3. methanogenesis
4. acetogenesis
De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis.pptx✨M.A kawish Ⓜ️
This slides explains Metabolism topic "De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis. In which synthesis of Purines and pyrimidines synthesis has been occurred. In last there is a difference between these two pathways.
it is bypass cycle of citric acid cycle.
it give the brief description of glyoxylate cycle.
it is the summary of glyoxylate cycle for m.sc, bsc, science students.
it is very important topic for entrance exam of biology stream.
ATP synthase—also called FoF1 ATPase is the universal protein that terminates oxidative phosphorylation by synthesizing ATP from ADP and phosphate.
ATP Synthase is one of the most important enzymes found in the mitochondria of cells
Synthesis of Sucrose and starch very easy way to learn.
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And
nitrate and sulfate reduction ; methanogenesis and acetogenesisjyoti arora
this presentation includes following topics in brief:
1. nitrate assimilatory reduction
2. sulfate assimilatoery reduction
3. methanogenesis
4. acetogenesis
De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis.pptx✨M.A kawish Ⓜ️
This slides explains Metabolism topic "De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis. In which synthesis of Purines and pyrimidines synthesis has been occurred. In last there is a difference between these two pathways.
it is bypass cycle of citric acid cycle.
it give the brief description of glyoxylate cycle.
it is the summary of glyoxylate cycle for m.sc, bsc, science students.
it is very important topic for entrance exam of biology stream.
ATP synthase—also called FoF1 ATPase is the universal protein that terminates oxidative phosphorylation by synthesizing ATP from ADP and phosphate.
ATP Synthase is one of the most important enzymes found in the mitochondria of cells
Synthesis of Sucrose and starch very easy way to learn.
If you want to get more updated information According to your desires comment and like share this information with your friends to spread more knowledge.
please follow me on my chennel (https://youtu.be/8PwyfBpvyfo)
and Instagram ( rahee413)
And
To understand how the glycolytic pathway is converts glucose to pyruvate.
To understand conservation of chemical potential energy in the form of ATP and NADH.
To learn the intermediates, enzyme, and cofactors of the glycolytic pathway.
carbohydrate metabolism, Glycolysis, metabolic process of carbohydrates, EMP ...RajkumarKumawat11
carbohydrate metabolism, Glycolysis, metabolic process of carbohydrates, EMP pathway, Embden- Meyerof-Paranas pathway, cabohydrate metabolic process for study, A presentation on cabohydrate metabolic process i.e. Glycolysis
intro of glycolysis there cycle and step - function-significance-defination-glucogenesis cycle-significance of gluconeogenesis-function of gluconeogenesis-conclusion
Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products. Though often maligned in trendy diets, carbohydrates — one of the basic food groups — are important to a healthy diet.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
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(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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3. Introduction
The ED pathway was first reported by Michael Doudoroff in Prokaryotic organisms.
The Entner–Doudoroff pathway (ED pathway) catabolizes glucose to pyruvic acid
using enzymes distinct either from those used in glycolysis.
This pathway Uses 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase and 2-keto-3-deoxy
phosphogluconate aldolase to create pyruvate from glucose. The Entner–Doudoroff
pathway also has a net yield of 1 ATP for every glucose molecule processed, as well as
1 NADH and 1 NADPH.
By comparison, glycolysis has a net yield of 2 ATP and 2 NADH for every one glucose
molecule processed.
This pathway is generally found in Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Azotobacter and
Agrobacterium, and a few other Gram-negative genera. Very few Gram-positive
bacteria have this pathway, with Enterococcus faecalis being a rare exception.
All these bacteria lack enzyme essential for glycolysis, such as phosphofructokinase.
(Kersters, K. 1968)
4. Step 1: Phosphorylation
Glucose is converted in to glucose 6 phosphate
by Hexokinase enzyme. This is an irreversible
reaction which requires ATP and Atomic
magnesium (Mg++) is also involved.
Step 2: Oxidation of Glucose 6 phosphate to
6-phosphogluconolactone
This phase starts with the oxidation of 6
molecules glucose 6- phosphate by the enzyme
glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase to yield 6-
phosphogluconolactone.
This enzyme is an NADP dependent enzyme,
where NADP+ reduced to NADPH + H+.
Step 3: Dehydration
6-phosphogluconate is dehydrated to form 2
keto 3-Doxy-6- phosphogluconate or KDPG.
The key intermediate in this pathway in the
presence of 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase.
5. Step 4: Cleavage of KDPG
2 keto 3-Doxy-6-phosphogluconate is then cleaved by
aldolase enzyme to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate. The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphateis converted
to pyruvate similar to the reactions of the glycolytic
pathway.
Step 5: oxidation and Phosphorylation
In this step, two main events take place: Glyceraldehyde-
3-phosphate is oxidized by the coenzyme nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide (NAD+);
The molecule is phosphorylated by the addition of a free
phosphate group result in the formation of 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate. The enzyme that catalyzes this
reaction is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Step 6: Substrate level phosphorylation
In this step, 1,3 bisphoglycerate is converted to 3-
phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate
kinase (PGK).
This reaction involves the loss of a phosphate group, it
transferred to a molecule of ADP that result in the
formation of ATPs.
6. Step 7: Isomerization
The 3-phosphoglyceric acid undergoes internal
rearrangement to form 2-phosphoglyceric acid.
The enzyme phosphoglycero mutase relocates the
phosphate group from the 3rd carbon to the 2nd
carbon to form phosphoglycerate.
Step 8: Dehydration
this step involves the conversion of 2
phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP).The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme
enolase.
Enolase works by removing a water group, or
dehydrating the phosphoglycerate.
Step 9: Substrate level phosphorylation
The final step of glycolysis converts
phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate with the help
of the enzyme pyruvate kinase.
The phosphate group attached to the 2′ carbon of
the PEP is transferred to a molecule of ADP,
yielding ATP. Again, since there are one molecules
of PEP, here we actually generate ATP molecules.
7. Has a net yield of 1 ATP for every one
glucose molecule processed, as well as 1
NADH and 1 NADPH.
In comparison, glycolysis has a net yield of
2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules
for every one glucose molecule
metabolised.
8. Discussion
• The Entner - Doudoroff pathway begins with the same reactions as the pentose
phosphate pathway, the formation of glucose 6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate.
Instead of being further oxidized, 6-phosphogluconate is dehydrated to form 2-keto-3-
deoxy-6-phosphogluconate or KDPG, the key intermediate in this pathway.
• KDPG is then cleaved by KDPG aldolase to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate in the bottom portion of the
glycolytic pathway.
• If the Entner - Doudoroff pathway degrades glucose to pyruvate in this way, it yields
one ATP, one NADPH, and one NADH per glucose metabolized.
9. Conclusion
• From the above study I conclude that Entner-Doudoroff pathway mainly
found in Gram negative prokaryotes. The end product of this pathway is,
it yield one ATP, one NADPH, and one NADH per glucose metabolized.
10. References
1. Kersters, K., & De Ley, J. (1968). The occurrence of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway in
bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 34, 393-408.
2. Conway, T. (1992). The Entner-Doudoroff pathway: history, physiology and molecular
biology. FEMS microbiology reviews, 9(1), 1-27.
3. Ahmed, H., Ettema, T. J., Tjaden, B., Geerling, A. C., Van Der Oost, J., & Siebers, B.
(2005). The semi-phosphorylative Entner–Doudoroff pathway in hyperthermophilic
archaea: a re-evaluation. Biochemical Journal, 390(2), 529-540.
4. Patra, T., Koley, H., Ramamurthy, T., Ghose, A. C., & Nandy, R. K. (2012). The Entner-
Doudoroff pathway is obligatory for gluconate utilization and contributes to the
pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae. Journal of bacteriology, 194(13), 3377-3385.
5. Chen, X., Schreiber, K., Appel, J., Makowka, A., Fähnrich, B., Roettger, M., ... &
Gutekunst, K. (2016). The Entner–Doudoroff pathway is an overlooked glycolytic route
in cyanobacteria and plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(19),
5441-5446.