PSII and PSI.ppt
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Photosynthesis begins with light being absorbed by chlorophyll in Photosystem II. Electrons in the pigment become excited and move through an electron transport chain, losing energy along the way. This provides energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space, creating a gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to make ATP via chemiosmosis. The excited electrons then enter Photosystem I, where more are excited by light and their energy is used to convert NADP+ into NADPH, reducing it. Oxygen is released as a byproduct of water splitting in Photosystem II.
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Light reactions or photochemical phase is directly depends on light
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Light absorption
Splitting of water molecule
Release of oxygen molecule
Formation of high energy chemical intermediates (ATP and NADPH)
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The pigments are organised into two discrete photochemical light harvesting complexes (LHC) within the Photosystem I (PS I) and Photosystem II (PS II).
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When PS Il absorbs red light of 680 nm wavelength, electrons are excited and transferred to an electron acceptor.
The electron acceptor passes them to a chain of electrons transport system.
Electron transport system consist of Pheophytin Plastoquinone Cytochrome complex Plastocyanin
This movement of electrons is downhill, in terms of redox potential scale
The electrons are transferred to the pigments of PS I.
Simultaneously, electrons in PS I are also excited when they receive red light of 700 nm and are transferred to another accepter molecule having a greater redox potential.
These electrons are moved downhill to a molecule of NADP+.
Iron sulphur proteins and ferredoxin helps electron reach to NADP+ Reductase. As a result, NADP+ is reduced to NADPH + H+
Transfer of electrons from PS II to PS I and finally downhill to NADP+ is called the Z scheme, due to its zigzag shape.
This shape is formed when all the carriers are placed in a sequence on a redox potential scale.
SPLITTING OF WATER
The water splitting complex in PS II is located on the inner side of the thylakoid membrane.
Water is split into H+, O and electrons.
So PS Il can supply electrons continuously by replacing electrons from water splitting.
Thus PS II provides electrons needed to replace those removed from PS I.
O2, is liberated as by-product of photosynthesis.
PHOTO - PHOSPHORYLATION
The synthesis of ATP by cells (in mitochondria & chloroplasts) is called phosphorylation.
Photo-phosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP from ADP in chloroplasts in presence of light.
It occurs in 2 ways:
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Reference:-
https://rajusbiology.com/photosynthesis-in-higher-plants-class-11-notes/
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3. Distribution patterns also vary depending on the spatial scale examined from global to local levels. Key factors that influence patterns include geological history, climate, food and habitat availability, competition, and human activities.
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Similar to PSII and PSI.ppt
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Light reactions or photochemical phase is directly depends on light
Light reaction phase include
Light absorption
Splitting of water molecule
Release of oxygen molecule
Formation of high energy chemical intermediates (ATP and NADPH)
Several protein complexes are involved in the process
The pigments are organised into two discrete photochemical light harvesting complexes (LHC) within the Photosystem I (PS I) and Photosystem II (PS II).
THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT
When PS Il absorbs red light of 680 nm wavelength, electrons are excited and transferred to an electron acceptor.
The electron acceptor passes them to a chain of electrons transport system.
Electron transport system consist of Pheophytin Plastoquinone Cytochrome complex Plastocyanin
This movement of electrons is downhill, in terms of redox potential scale
The electrons are transferred to the pigments of PS I.
Simultaneously, electrons in PS I are also excited when they receive red light of 700 nm and are transferred to another accepter molecule having a greater redox potential.
These electrons are moved downhill to a molecule of NADP+.
Iron sulphur proteins and ferredoxin helps electron reach to NADP+ Reductase. As a result, NADP+ is reduced to NADPH + H+
Transfer of electrons from PS II to PS I and finally downhill to NADP+ is called the Z scheme, due to its zigzag shape.
This shape is formed when all the carriers are placed in a sequence on a redox potential scale.
SPLITTING OF WATER
The water splitting complex in PS II is located on the inner side of the thylakoid membrane.
Water is split into H+, O and electrons.
So PS Il can supply electrons continuously by replacing electrons from water splitting.
Thus PS II provides electrons needed to replace those removed from PS I.
O2, is liberated as by-product of photosynthesis.
PHOTO - PHOSPHORYLATION
The synthesis of ATP by cells (in mitochondria & chloroplasts) is called phosphorylation.
Photo-phosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP from ADP in chloroplasts in presence of light.
It occurs in 2 ways:
Non- cyclic photo-phosphorylation
Cyclic photo-phosphorylation
Reference:-
https://rajusbiology.com/photosynthesis-in-higher-plants-class-11-notes/
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The document discusses electron transport chain (ETC) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. ETC involves the transfer of electrons from reduced coenzymes like NADH and FADH2 through a series of protein complexes along with the pumping of protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This creates an electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate by ATP synthase. The five complexes of ETC, mobile electron carriers like coenzyme Q and cytochrome c, mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation and proton gradient are explained in detail.
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The document summarizes the two stages of photosynthesis - the light reactions and Calvin cycle. It traces the movement of electrons through linear and cyclic electron flow during the light reactions. Linear electron flow involves both photosystem I and II and produces both ATP and NADPH using light energy. Cyclic electron flow only uses photosystem I and produces ATP. Both processes generate a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis, similar to how mitochondria produce ATP but using different energy sources. The light reactions ultimately produce ATP and reduce NADP+ to NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle for sugar production.
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The document summarizes key aspects of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production in mitochondria. It describes how electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred through electron transport chain complexes I-IV, pumping protons out of the mitochondrial matrix. This generates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. The coupling of electron transport and ATP production via this proton gradient is explained by Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory.
Step 4 – the electron transport chain
The electron transport chain consists of protein complexes embedded in the mitochondrial membrane. As electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the complexes, energy is released to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space. This creates an electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthase to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Each NADH produces 3 ATP while each FADH2 produces 2 ATP through chemiosmosis. The process of cellular respiration in the mitochondria yields a total of 36 ATP per glucose molecule consumed.
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1. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose.
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The electron transport chain (ETC) transfers electrons from electron donors to acceptors, creating an electrochemical proton gradient used to synthesize ATP. It was discovered by American biochemist Albert Lehninger and occurs in the thylakoid membrane. The ETC aims to synthesize NADPH and ATP through four complexes: photosystem II, cytochrome, photosystem I, and ATP synthase. These complexes cooperate to transport electrons from water to NADP+, generating a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane used for ATP synthesis.
Photosynthesis light dependent reactions
1) Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy stored in glucose through two stages: the light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.
2) In the light-dependent reactions, light energy is absorbed by antennae pigments and transferred through photosystems I and II to excite electrons, which is used to generate ATP and NADPH via electron transport. Water is also split to release protons and oxygen.
3) The ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions will then be used in the light-independent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Photophosphorylation
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)
OXIDATIVE PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
PHOTOLYSIS OF WATER
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CYCLIC &NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
ASSIMILATORY POWERS - ATP & NADPH
Electron Transport Chain ETC
The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transport electrons from electron donors like NADH to final acceptors like oxygen. This transports protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, building up a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, producing approximately 34 ATP per glucose. The ETC is crucial for aerobic respiration as it extracts much more energy than glycolysis and the Krebs cycle alone.
Oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain
a brief overview of oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport chain and ATP synthesis from reducing equivalent
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Resp Part4
The document summarizes cellular respiration stage 4, the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain uses a series of protein transporters in the mitochondrial inner membrane to transport electrons and pump hydrogen ions out of the matrix. This creates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthase to generate approximately 36 ATP molecules from each glucose molecule. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the chain and its presence is required for aerobic respiration to occur.
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Most life on Earth depends on photosynthesis.The process is carried out by plants, algae, and some types of bacteria, which capture energy from sunlight to produce oxygen (O2) and chemical energy stored in glucose (a sugar). Herbivores then obtain this energy by eating plants, and carnivores obtain it by eating herbivores.
The process
During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) from the air and soil. Within the plant cell, the water is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while the carbon dioxide is reduced, meaning it gains electrons. This transforms the water into oxygen and the carbon dioxide into glucose. The plant then releases the oxygen back into the air, and stores energy within the glucose molecules.
Chlorophyll
Inside the plant cell are small organelles called chloroplasts, which store the energy of sunlight. Within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast is a light-absorbing pigment called chlorophyll, which is responsible for giving the plant its green color. During photosynthesis, chlorophyll absorbs energy from blue- and red-light waves, and reflects green-light waves, making the plant appear green.
Light-dependent reactions vs. light-independent reactions
While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH. The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin Cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light-independent reaction. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.
C3 and C4 photosynthesis
Not all forms of photosynthesis are created equal, however. There are different types of photosynthesis, including C3 photosynthesis and C4 photosynthesis. C3 photosynthesis is used by the majority of plants. It involves producing a three-carbon compound called 3-phosphoglyceric acid during the Calvin Cycle, which goes on to become glucose. C4 photosynthesis, on the other hand, produces a four-carbon intermediate compound, which splits into carbon dioxide and a three-carbon compound during the Calvin Cycle. A benefit of C4 photosynthesis is that by producing higher levels of carbon, it allows plants to thrive in environments without much light or water.
Photochemical and biosynthetic phase
The document summarizes the light-dependent and light-independent phases of photosynthesis. It discusses:
1) How light is absorbed by pigments in the thylakoid and used to excite electrons and generate ATP and NADPH through the electron transport chain.
2) The process of non-cyclic and cyclic photophosphorylation, where ATP is generated as electrons move through the electron transport system.
3) How the products of the light reactions, ATP and NADPH, are used in the light-independent phase to reduce CO2 and produce carbohydrates through biosynthetic pathways in the chloroplast stroma.
Lecture_5.ppt
(1) Chloroplasts contain the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, which capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce ATP and NADPH. (2) These reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes through two photosystems that absorb light and transfer electrons. This powers an electron transport chain that pumps protons across the membrane. (3) The resulting proton gradient drives ATP synthesis when protons diffuse back through ATP synthase. Oxygen is also released as a byproduct of splitting water.
light reaction of photosynthesis (botany)
(1) Chloroplasts contain the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, which capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce ATP and NADPH. (2) These reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes through two photosystems that absorb light and transfer electrons. This powers an electron transport chain that pumps protons across the membrane. (3) The resulting proton gradient drives ATP synthesis when protons diffuse back through ATP synthase. Oxygen is also released as a byproduct of splitting water.
Non Cyclic Transport
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一比一原版美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证学历认证真实可查
永久可查学历认证【微信：A575476】【美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
快速办理(SMU毕业证书)南卫理公会大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(SMU毕业证书)南卫理公会大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
1.2 Business Ideas Business Ideas Busine
Business Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas PowerpointBusiness Ideas Powerpoint
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PSII and PSI.ppt
- 2. Photosynthesis: Photosystem II • Photosynthesis begins with when light is absorbed by chlorophyll • Electrons in the pigment get EXCITED! They are elevated to an excited state with potential energy.
- 4. Linear flow of electrons 1. Light is absorbed, electron is excited 2. Electron moves to primary electron acceptor 3. Enzyme catalyzes the splitting of water into 2 e- and 2 H+ and O atom 1. e- replace e- at PEA, H+ gather in thylakoid space, O atom immediately combines with another O atom to form O2
- 5. PSII
- 6. Making of ATP • Excited e- passes from PSII to PSI via the Electron Transport chain (ETC) – Series of protein complexes • E- lose energy as they pass, provides energy for ATP to be made in PSII – H+ are pumped into thylakoid space, creating H+ gradient – Chemiosmosis
- 7. PSI – making of NADPH • Light excites e-, moves to PEA – Low energy e- from PSII replaces e- • E- passes through ETC membrane • Enzyme NADP+ reductase catalyzes the transfer of 2 e- to reduction to NADPH – Takes H+ from stroma
- 8. Light Reactions • Input: Light, H2O • Output: ATP, NADPH, O2 • Takes place along the thylakoid membrane • O2 released for us to breath • ATP and NADPH in stroma to be used in Calvin cycle
- 9. Comparison of Chemiosmosis • similar in the mitochondria and chloroplast – ATP synthase • Differ: – Oxidative phosphorylation in Mitochondria • high energy e- comes from organic molecules, use chemiosmosis to transfer chemical energy from food molecules to make ATP – Photophosphorylation in chloroplast • high energy e- comes from splitting of water, do not need molecules from food, get from light energy. Chloroplasts transform light energy into chemical energy in ATP
- 10. Chemiosmosis