This document discusses feed formulation techniques. It explains that feed formulation involves combining ingredients to create a balanced feed that meets the nutrient requirements of farm animals. Key considerations in formulation include the animal's species, age, and needs; available ingredients; and the nutritional composition of ingredients. Various methods for feed formulation are described, including using the Pearson square, simple algebra, and considering energy or protein ratios. Different feed ingredients are classified based on whether they provide energy, protein, lipids, vitamins, minerals, or other qualities. Formulas for creating mineral and vitamin-mineral premixes are provided.
Effect of carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal levelon Feed intake, rumen...Faisal A. Alshamiry
conducted to investigate the effects of locally available carbohydrate sources and cotton-seed meal levels on voluntary feed intake, rumen fermentation, and milk production in lactating dairy cows.
when animal feed is considered, plant protein supplements play an important role. this ppt contains several plant protein supplements that are commonly used in sri lanka.;compositions and inclusion rates are included.
Effect of carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal levelon Feed intake, rumen...Faisal A. Alshamiry
conducted to investigate the effects of locally available carbohydrate sources and cotton-seed meal levels on voluntary feed intake, rumen fermentation, and milk production in lactating dairy cows.
when animal feed is considered, plant protein supplements play an important role. this ppt contains several plant protein supplements that are commonly used in sri lanka.;compositions and inclusion rates are included.
Metabolizable protein requirements of Dorper crossbred ram lambsFaisal A. Alshamiry
Estimates of Net protein (NP) and Metabolizable protein (MP) requirements for the maintenance and growth of crossbred ram lambs assessed by the comparative slaughter technique.
The food exchange list refers to the food items on each list which may be substituted with any other food item on the same list. A grouping of commonly consumed foods according to similarities in composition so that the foods may be used interchangeably in diet planning.
Farmers Livestock School in Goat Production is a series of seminar and workshop conducted in Balanga, Bataan. It was conducted by the City Veterinary Office of City Government of Balanga. The activity includes a series of topics about goat breeding, goat nutrition, goat business, dairy goat and meat goat production, housing and facilities in goat production and other aspect in goat production business.
The objective of a defined feeding management program is to supply a range of balanced diets that satisfy the nutrient requirements at all stages of development & that optimize efficiency and profitability without compromising bird welfare or the environment.
Are proteases beneficial for the environment- Kyriazakis, I. Workshop 3 presented at the Feed Proteases and enzyme seminar, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2014.
ENERGY BALANCE1.Conversions1 in = 2.54 cm100 cm .docxYASHU40
ENERGY BALANCE
1.
Conversions
1 in = 2.54 cm
100 cm = 1 m
or 1 in = .0254 m
example: 55 in x 2.54 cm/in = 139.7 cm and 55 in x .0254 m/in = 1.397 m
1 lb. = 2.2 kg
example: 130 lb / 2.2 kg/lb = 59.09 kg
data
age (years) =
23
gender =
female
height in inches =
65
height in meters =
65in x .0254 m/in=1.65 m
weight in pounds =
117
weight in kilograms =
117 lb/2.2 kg/lb =53 kg
2. PA = 1.12
EER = 354 – ( 6.91 x 23) + 1.12 x [ ( 9.36 x 53 ) + ( 726 x 1.65 ) ]
= 354 – ( 6.91 x 23) + 1.12 x [ 496 + 1198 ]
= 354 – 159 + 1897
= 2092
3. Average kilocalorie intake, Day 1 and Day 2
2071 Calories
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
2092 Calories
Difference (in kilocalories) between actual intake and estimated requirement
21
Calories
I am consuming fewer calories than the estimated requirement.
This will result in weight loss.
NCEP, AHA, and Food and Nutrition Board Recommendations
Carbohydrate:
Lower Recommendation: (2092 x 0.45)/4 = 235 g
Higher Recommendation: (2092 x 0.65)/4= 340 g
The recommended range is 235—340g
My Intake: 240g
My intake fit into the recommended range. I should eat more whole grains instead of refined grains. My intake for whole grains are just 1 1/2 ounces. But I should eat at least 3 1/2 ounces. I should have more food like wheat-bran bread, oat bran, shredded wheat and oatmeal. Sometimes we should read the label carefully. Because some foods only contain a small amount of whole grain but will say it contains whole grain on the front of the package. So I should look for sources of whole grain as the first ingredient, like hamburger, whole wheat flour, whole oats, popcorn, brown rice, buckwheat and millet. Moreover, I should eat more starchy vegetables, like beans, carrots, corn, green peas and pumpkin and other vegetables, like broccoli, celery, eggplant, onion. More fruits should be eaten, including apple, raspberries, pear, blackberry and prunes.
Total fat
Lower Recommendation: (2092 x 0.20)/9 = 46 g
Higher Recommendation: (2092 x 0.35)/9= 81 g
The recommended range is 46—81g
My Intake: 240g
My intake is higher than the recommendation. I should reduce intake of these foods, like cheese, bacon, fried chicken, French fries, hot chocolate and egg yolk, which contain high amount of fat. The low fat foods are lean meat which are chicken and fish, low-fat milk, low-fat or skim cheese, yogurt, frozen yogurt, most fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grain products, olive oil, peanuts, avocados, flax seeds, almonds and non-milk chocolate. These foods contain much trans fats, like potato chips, tortilla chips, muffins, cookies and candy. We should reduce intake of trans fats food. Here are other suggestions about how to reduce fat intake. Saute vegetable and meat in vegetable broth instead of butter or vegetable oil. When you do eat meat, choose leaner cuts of beef and trim any visible fat before cooking and take the skin off before eating.
Saturat ...
Metabolizable protein requirements of Dorper crossbred ram lambsFaisal A. Alshamiry
Estimates of Net protein (NP) and Metabolizable protein (MP) requirements for the maintenance and growth of crossbred ram lambs assessed by the comparative slaughter technique.
The food exchange list refers to the food items on each list which may be substituted with any other food item on the same list. A grouping of commonly consumed foods according to similarities in composition so that the foods may be used interchangeably in diet planning.
Farmers Livestock School in Goat Production is a series of seminar and workshop conducted in Balanga, Bataan. It was conducted by the City Veterinary Office of City Government of Balanga. The activity includes a series of topics about goat breeding, goat nutrition, goat business, dairy goat and meat goat production, housing and facilities in goat production and other aspect in goat production business.
The objective of a defined feeding management program is to supply a range of balanced diets that satisfy the nutrient requirements at all stages of development & that optimize efficiency and profitability without compromising bird welfare or the environment.
Are proteases beneficial for the environment- Kyriazakis, I. Workshop 3 presented at the Feed Proteases and enzyme seminar, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2014.
ENERGY BALANCE1.Conversions1 in = 2.54 cm100 cm .docxYASHU40
ENERGY BALANCE
1.
Conversions
1 in = 2.54 cm
100 cm = 1 m
or 1 in = .0254 m
example: 55 in x 2.54 cm/in = 139.7 cm and 55 in x .0254 m/in = 1.397 m
1 lb. = 2.2 kg
example: 130 lb / 2.2 kg/lb = 59.09 kg
data
age (years) =
23
gender =
female
height in inches =
65
height in meters =
65in x .0254 m/in=1.65 m
weight in pounds =
117
weight in kilograms =
117 lb/2.2 kg/lb =53 kg
2. PA = 1.12
EER = 354 – ( 6.91 x 23) + 1.12 x [ ( 9.36 x 53 ) + ( 726 x 1.65 ) ]
= 354 – ( 6.91 x 23) + 1.12 x [ 496 + 1198 ]
= 354 – 159 + 1897
= 2092
3. Average kilocalorie intake, Day 1 and Day 2
2071 Calories
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
2092 Calories
Difference (in kilocalories) between actual intake and estimated requirement
21
Calories
I am consuming fewer calories than the estimated requirement.
This will result in weight loss.
NCEP, AHA, and Food and Nutrition Board Recommendations
Carbohydrate:
Lower Recommendation: (2092 x 0.45)/4 = 235 g
Higher Recommendation: (2092 x 0.65)/4= 340 g
The recommended range is 235—340g
My Intake: 240g
My intake fit into the recommended range. I should eat more whole grains instead of refined grains. My intake for whole grains are just 1 1/2 ounces. But I should eat at least 3 1/2 ounces. I should have more food like wheat-bran bread, oat bran, shredded wheat and oatmeal. Sometimes we should read the label carefully. Because some foods only contain a small amount of whole grain but will say it contains whole grain on the front of the package. So I should look for sources of whole grain as the first ingredient, like hamburger, whole wheat flour, whole oats, popcorn, brown rice, buckwheat and millet. Moreover, I should eat more starchy vegetables, like beans, carrots, corn, green peas and pumpkin and other vegetables, like broccoli, celery, eggplant, onion. More fruits should be eaten, including apple, raspberries, pear, blackberry and prunes.
Total fat
Lower Recommendation: (2092 x 0.20)/9 = 46 g
Higher Recommendation: (2092 x 0.35)/9= 81 g
The recommended range is 46—81g
My Intake: 240g
My intake is higher than the recommendation. I should reduce intake of these foods, like cheese, bacon, fried chicken, French fries, hot chocolate and egg yolk, which contain high amount of fat. The low fat foods are lean meat which are chicken and fish, low-fat milk, low-fat or skim cheese, yogurt, frozen yogurt, most fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grain products, olive oil, peanuts, avocados, flax seeds, almonds and non-milk chocolate. These foods contain much trans fats, like potato chips, tortilla chips, muffins, cookies and candy. We should reduce intake of trans fats food. Here are other suggestions about how to reduce fat intake. Saute vegetable and meat in vegetable broth instead of butter or vegetable oil. When you do eat meat, choose leaner cuts of beef and trim any visible fat before cooking and take the skin off before eating.
Saturat ...
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
3. Feed formulation is the technique of
combining ingredients to give a composite
feed that will meet the nutrient
requirements of a particular farm animal
4. Factors to be considered
• The species, the age and physiological state of animal
• The animals nutrient requirement
• The composition of the ingredients (balance)
• Available ingredients
• Chemical composition of the feed ingredients
6. Requirements
• The technical tool must be mastered by all
nutritionists in other to introduce the best feed to
the animals for optimum production
• Right formulation can ensure availability of
essential nutrients to the animals
• Formulation must take into account the right
balance between nutrients
7. Question
What is the impact of energy
consumption on feed intake?
What is compensatory diet?
8. • Once energy requirement is met, animal stops
eating.
• When energy is too low, animal eats more to
compensate for the low energy
• If energy is too high, the farmer spends more on
other ingredients
• To have a balance, calorie-protein ration is used.
10. Ingredients used in feed formulation can
be classified as
protein sources (including amino acids)
energy sources (COH)
lipid sources (also essential fatty acids)
vitamin supplements/premixes
mineral supplements/premixes
growth/pigment enhancers
ingredients improving palatability
ingredients improving preservation/storage
11. Feed Formulation
• The Pearson square:
Simple and Double
Simple Pearson square is
a simple tool to
formulate feed from two
ingredients
Double: more than two
• Simple Algebra
Simple Algebraic
method to formulate feed
12. Let us do this together
With Sorghum (9% CP), Fishmeal (64% CP)
available on a poultry farm, formulate broiler starter
diet of 23% Crude.
13. Try this too
With Maize (8.5% Crude protein), Soya bean meal
(43% Crude protein) available on a poultry farm,
formulate broiler starter diet of 23% Crude protein
14. Try this too
• With Maize (3350 Kcal/Kg ME), Soya bean
meal (2230 Kcal/Kg ME) available on a
poultry farm, formulate broiler starter diet
of 3200 Kcal/Kg ME
15. What about this with variable and fixed
ingredients
With Maize (8.5% Crude protein), Soya bean meal
(43% Crude protein) and other fixed ingredients
available on a poultry farm, formulate broiler starter
diet of 23% Crude protein assuming:
• No fixed ingredient
• Fixed ingredients contribute 12.1% quantity with
no protein contribution
• Fixed ingredients contribute 11.5% quantity and
3.2% Crude protein
16. Assignment
Formulate 17% CP diet for layers using the following
ingredient:
Variable ingredients – Maize (8%CP) and GNC (48%
CP)
Fixed ingredients – Salt, methionine, lysine, Dicalcium
phosphate and Fishmeal
• Fixed ingredients contribute 11.5% but no protein
• Fixed ingredients contribute 11.5% and 1.3% CP
17. Feed formulation using ratio
• Formulate a 18% CP ration using the following ingredients:
Corn (10% CP), Guinea corn (11% CP), Groundnut cake
(48% CP), Fish meal (65% CP) and Blood meal (80% CP)
1. Assume the following:
2. Corn and Guinea corn in the diet are in ratio 1:1
3. Groundnut cake, Fish meal and Blood meal in ratio 4:1:1
4. The proportion of fixed ingredients is 13.5% and
contributes no protein
18. Let us try this in class
• Formulate a 18% CP ration using the following ingredients:
Corn (10% CP), Guinea corn (11% CP), Groundnut cake
(48% CP), Fish meal (65% CP) and Blood meal (80% CP)
1. Assume the following:
2. Corn and Guinea corn in the diet are in ratio 1:2
3. Groundnut cake, Fish meal and Blood meal in ratio 3:2:1
4. The proportion of fixed ingredients is 13.5% and
contributes 2% crude protein
19. Feed formulation using algebra
• Formulate a 18% CP diet for weaner pigs
using cotton seed (40.9% CP) and Maize
(8.9% CP). Calculate the quantity of cotton
seed meal in the diet using simultaneous
equation.
20. Assignment
Formulate a 20% CP diet for rabbit using a commercial
concentrate (40% CP) and hay (15% CP). Calculate quantity:
1. The amount of concentrate and hay in the diet using
simultaneous equation
2. Fixed ingredient contributes 13.5% quantity no protein
3. Fixed ingredient contributes 11.5% quantity and 3%
crude protein
4. The proportion of fixed ingredients is 10.5% and
contributes 2.1% CP if Corn and Guinea corn are added
to the diet are in ratio 1:1 and concentrate (40% CP) and
hay (15% CP) in ratio 2:4
21. Use of Double pearson square in feed
formulation
• Formulate a diet that contains 2.85kcal/ME/g and
17%CP using the following feed ingredients:
• Assume –
1. No fixed ingredient
2. 3% fixed ingredients without contribution
3. 3% fixed ingredients with 1%CP and 0.085kcal/ME/g
contribution
Ingredient Energy CP
BDG 2.0 18.0
Rice bran 1.8 12.0
Maize 3.4 10.0
Full fat soya 3.5 35.0 Mix
A
Mix
B
22. Assignment
• Formulate a diet that contains 2.85kcal/ME/g and
17%CP using the following feed ingredients:
• Assume – (Work from energy to protein)
1. No fixed ingredient
2. 3% fixed ingredients without contribution
3. 3% fixed ingredients with 1%CP and 0.085kcal/ME/g
contribution
Ingredient Energy CP
BDG 2.0 18.0
Rice bran 1.8 12.0
Maize 3.4 10.0
Full fat soya 3.5 35.0 Mix
A
Mix
B
24. - Vitamin
- Mineral
- Vitamin and mineral
Source that
contains nutrient of
interest
Bulky materials
like Wheat offal,
Corn bran, SBM
e.t.c
25. Lets do this!!!
• Prepare a mineral premix that contains the
following ingredients to be added at the rate of
2kg/tonne of feed using wheat offal
Mineral
element Source
% of min
in source
Rqmt of
feed/kg
Amt of
min/tonne
Amt of
source/tonne
Mn MnSO4 28% 55mg
Fe FeSO4 21% 80mg
Cu CuSO4 25% 4mg
I KI 69% 0.35mg
Zn ZnSO4 36% 50mg
26. Lets do this also!!!
• Prepare a mineral premix that contains the following
ingredients to be added at the rate of 2kg/tonne of
feed using wheat offal. Given that: Mn (54.9g), Fe
(55.5g), Cu (63.5g), I (127g), Zn (65.4g), K (39g), S (32g)
and O (16g)
Mineral
element Source
Molecular
weight
Conc of
min in
source
Rqmt of
feed/kg
Amt of
min/tonne
Amt of
source/tonne
Mn MnSO4 55mg
Fe FeSO4 80mg
Cu CuSO4 4mg
I KI 0.35mg
Zn ZnSO4 50mg
27. Assignment!!!
• Prepare a Vitamin-mineral premix that contains the
following ingredients to be added at the rate of
3.2kg/tonne of feed using SBM as carrier.
Mineral
element Source
Conc of min
in source
Rqmt of
feed/kg
Amt of
min/tonne Amt of source/tonne
Vit A
Vit A
Acetate 325000iu/g 1500iu
Vit D3
Vit D
Acetate 325000iu/g 200iu
Biotin Biotin Pure/100mg 0.09mg
Mn MnSO4 28mg/100mg 55mg
Fe FeSO4 21mg/100mg 80mg
Cu CuSO4 25mg/100mg 4mg
I KI 69mg/100mg 0.35mg
Zn ZnSO4 36mg/100mg 50mg
28. Unit Conversions
The contents of three ingredients (Vitamin A, D, and E) are expressed as International Units (IU) on dietary
supplement and food labels. Guidelines for converting units of IU to mg are given below.
For these calculations, the formulas are:
• To convert Vitamin A as retinol:
From IU to mcg: IU * 0.00034 = mg
• To convert Vitamin A as beta-carotene:
From IU to mcg: IU * 0.00068 = mg
• To convert Vitamin D:
From IU to mcg: IU * 0.000025 = mg
• To convert Vitamin E if the product label has DL-Alpha-tocopherol as the ingredient:
From IU to mg: IU * 0.9 = mg
For example: 30 IU * 0.9 = 27 mg
From mg to IU: mg / 0.9 = IU
• To convert Vitamin E if the product label has D-Alpha-tocopherol as the ingredient:
From IU to mg: IU * 0.67 = mg.
For example: 30 IU * 0.67 = 20.1 mg
From mg to IU: mg / 0.67 = IU